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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a quick, reliable, minimally invasive and cost effective diagnostic modality for evaluation of superficial lymph nodes and has been accepted as a first line investigation in most centres. The aim of the study was to identify the patterns of pathologies in aspiration cytology of lymph nodes in a tertiary care hospital located in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was undertaken as a retrospective study using data in the Department of Pathology, G.S Medical College and Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India. 235 lymph node FNACs that were performed during the two year span of 2018-19 were analysed. Females comprised 59.6% of the total patients who underwent lymph node FNAC procedure, 95 (40.4%) were males. The youngest patient was a 3 month old and the oldest happened to be 78 years. Lymph node enlargement was traced to malignant processes exclusively above 40 years of age. Uptill that age, tuberculosis seems to be the major cause underlying lymphadenopathy, mostly presenting as granulomatous lymphadenitis. Out of all cases which showed granulomatous or necrotic features, 27% showed the presence of AFB, hence confirming tuberculosis. A vast majority of the FNACs were performed for cervical lymphadenopathy (92.8%). 42.1% of the FNACs revealed reactive morphology. This diagnosis was closely followed by granulomatous lymphadenitis in 29.4% patients. Together with a definite diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, patients with granulomatous lymphadenitis comprised 42.6% of all diagnoses. 12 patients received a diagnosis of suppurative lymphadenitis, 9 received necrotizing lymphadenitis. 12 patients were diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma and 1 was suggestive of lymphoma. Most of the lymph nodes whose sizes were under 1 cm were reactive on cytology. Lymphadenopathy due to malignant etiology presented with lymph nodes measuring at least 2 cm. Granulomatous/tuberculous lymphadenitis presented in lymph nodes of varying sizes, from as small as 0.5 cm to larger ones.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the urinary bladder biopsies for non-neoplastic lesions. Materials and Methods: This study includes 41 non-neoplastic bladder lesion cases out of 125 urinary bladder samples received by histopathology laboratories of two medical colleges between October 2017 and January 2020. The samples included transurethral tumor resections and bladder biopsies. Results: In the present study, seventy-two (59%) cases had neoplastic lesions, 29 (24%) cases had non-neoplastic lesions and 12 (10%) cases showed neoplastic in association with non-neoplastic lesions. The most common non-neoplastic lesions encountered were follicular cystitis, chronic cystitis, and hemorrhagic cystitis. Conclusion:In symptomatic lower urinary tract disease, cystoscopy and histopathological evaluation is rewarding in the diagnosis of various non-neoplastic causative lesions. Awareness of these entities facilitates easy diagnosis and differentiation from malignant processes.

A Talbot effect is observed in a Kagome lattice photonic crystal (KPC) at the Dirac-like cone. The Dirac-like cone and Dirac-like point are achieved at the center of the Brillouin zone (BZ) with triply degenerate bands with two linear bands and one flat band intersecting the cone at the same frequency. Using band-structure calculations, it is shown that the Dirac-like cone is formed in a relatively high-frequency region and composed of interchangeable but opposite cones which are formed by two linear dispersion curves of the KPC in the vicinity of the Dirac-like point. Near the point of degeneracy, in addition to Talbot effect, unique wave propagation phenomena such as defect-insensitive propagation characteristics and cloaking of objects are observed.

A bi-layered twisted F-shaped chiral metamaterial is proposed in this work to realize efficient cross-polarizer convertor (CPC). Reported CPC design exhibited high optical activity owing to...

Bovine tuberculosis is an economically important disease with very high zoonotic potential. Single intradermal cervical tuberculin test (SICT) is considered a gold standard assay for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. However, bovines especially buffaloes may produce a false negative result when the animal becomes cell-mediated immune (CMI) anergic in the advanced stage of the disease. In the present study, ELISA and PCR assays were successfully demonstrated to be useful in diagnosing tuberculosis especially in the CMI anergic buffaloes infected with Mycobacterium bovis. ELISA and PCR assays are able to detect 8.94% and 8.13%, respectively, more animals as positive in comparison to standard SICT assay in a selected population of 123 buffaloes. The moderate agreement between SICT and ELISA (k: 0.528; 0.249-0.807), a substantial agreement between SICT and PCR (k: 0.648; 0.364-0.931), and high agreement between ELISA and PCR (k: 0.856; 0.697-1.0) highlight that ELISA and PCR, if used in parallel with SICT, will provide better sensitivity over single assay. Reduction of false negative reactors may help in minimizing the zoonotic threat from bovine tuberculosis especially in disease endemic region where human and livestock interface is quite high.

Today stress has become a major problem. Most of the people can be seen in the state of stress. Even young children are not an exception. It is essential to understand the physiology of stress if we wish to cope with the stress. The stress response involves the involvement of both nervous as well as endocrine systems. Though research on stress has provided invaluable insight and increased our understanding about the physiological and metabolic complications of stress. Stress affects most of the body systems. Though stress management has still remained a big challenge, we can manage stress by making some little changes in our lifestyle.

The leaky mode dispersion characteristics ( ω - β ) of a Dielectric Tube Waveguide Loaded with Plasma (DTWLP) is analytically solved and numerically computed using Muller’s complex root search algorithm with an aim to define its complex propagation constant behaviour. Consequently, complex leaky mode characteristics and its classification as guided mode, reactive mode and antenna mode have been investigated. These modal characteristics reveal wide fundamental antenna mode (TM01) with the variation in plasma density, which can find prospective application in high resolution radar and communication system where “re-tuning” of the antenna to a new frequency or making it electrically invisible is required. A computational cum simulation study is also performed using CST Microwave Studio software, which confirms our analytical findings.

Novel ultra-wideband compact circularly polarized (CP)antenna with 5:1 CP < 1 dB bandwidth and 3:1 VSWR < 3:1 bandwidth is designed by coupling four standard half-wave dipoles capacitively in a square loop fashion. The performance of the antenna is demonstrated in free space, with metallic and electromagnetic band gap (EBG)metamaterial ground planes. In the case of metallic ground plane the total height of the antenna is 3 cm, which is 0.15 of the wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation of 1.5 GHz. Significant reduction in the height, 0.015 of wavelength, is achieved with EBG ground plane which is almost 10 times less as compared to metallic case. The CP antenna with a feed structure including a balun and 100 Ω to 160 Ω impedance transformer has been simulated and is being fabricated currently. The measured results of the coupled dipole antenna will be presented in the IEEE- APS meeting.

In this article, we have studied propagation characteristics of ENG-cladded metamaterial-loaded helical waveguide (CMLHG) to control its slow-wave behaviour for various engineering applications such as realizing optical buffer and memory. An analytical equation has been derived and computed numerically to analyse its dispersion characteristics in THz frequency spectrum. Significant amount of phase velocity reduction is achieved in comparison with the helical guide when (i) it is in free space and not cladded and (ii) when it is cladded with doubly positive materials and loaded with metamaterial. We find that helical waveguide physical dimensions, mainly radius and pitch angle, act as a tuning tool to control the phase velocity. This type of waveguide does not require any active waveguide compensation in order to achieve slow wave at THz to optical frequency range. The electric field intensity distribution over the cross section of the waveguide has also been studied which attributes that as frequency incr...

The dispersion characteristics (!-fl diagram) of a left-handed material (LHM) loaded helical guide is analytically solved and numerically computed for difierent medium properties as well as helical guide parameters. The modal behaviour of this structure has been studied with an aim to achieve ultra slow EM wave over wide bandwidth which flnds potential applications in optical switches and memories for optical processing. Signiflcant amount of phase velocity reduction has been achieved in comparison to when helix is in free space or loaded with normal dielectric medium. Other modal properties such as presence of two fundamental modes | backward and forward wave and their lower cut-ofi frequency (LCF) as well as the bandwidth spectrum is also revealed thoroughly.

Twelve screened cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves were enrolled. Six of the calves were treated intramuscularly with sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg), and six were treated with nebulised sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg). Comparative evaluation of the two therapeutic modalities was based on repetitive analysis of hematological profile of calves on days 0, 5, and 10 post-therapy. The mortality rate in the group of calves treated with the nebulised sodium ceftiofur was significantly (p < 0.001) lower, and their clinical and hematological parameters returned to normal significantly (p < 0.001) faster than in calves treated intramuscularly. Nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur is the most effective treatment in calves with BRD under field conditions. Nasal lavage fluid analysis indicating a high rise of neutrophil count and macrophages may be used as an alternative method to detect pulmonary inflammation in BRD-affected calves.

We propose a dispersive metamaterial loaded helical waveguide (DMLHG) structure that supports slowing and stopping of Electromagnetic (EM) wave. Analytical and computational characterizations have been done to visualize various modal characteristics in detail using the Drude model as a dispersive parameter. It is observed that metamaterial insertion enhances helical guide slow wave behaviour and it supports both forward wave (FW) and backward wave (BW) as well as mode degeneracy. Obtained mode degeneracy mechanism leads to trapping of EM wave. The proposed guide structure provides a dynamic control of wave velocity by varying its physical parameters. Two possible structures are designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio Software. The simulation results verify the presence of similar characteristics as observed in analytical study such as FW, BW, mode-degeneracy, but in slightly shifted frequency spectrum.

Immunology is the study of immunity or immune system, the system which is involved in the protection of the body from various types of infections. When a foreign substance invades the body, the body evokes various mechanisms to protect itself. To comprehend the subject like immunology, it is essential to study it in its all aspects. This book is a unique approach to understand the fundamentals and emerging trends of immunology in a very simple and self-explanatory form. The book is divided into twenty s covering all important areas of immunology which are essential for proper understanding of the subject. Besides covering fundamental concepts of immunology, there is a separate on Immunotechniques which are commonly used in laboratories. A comprehensive Glossary of important terms has also been included in the book for quick reference.

A slow light waveguide, DMLHG is proposed and studied. It supports super slow wave as well as backward wave mode characteristics. To realize this structure a design and simulation study has been carried out.