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This research investigated the impact of social undermining on counterproductive work behavior and also assessed the gender differences with regards to counter-productive work behavior considering the context of higher education institutes in Balochistan. Data was collected from 330 faculty members working in three public sector universities in Quetta Pakistan. Stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data for the current study. Results of the study revealed that social undermining had a positive significant relationship with counterproductive work behavior. The results further showed that the counterproductive work behavior of males was significantly higher than females. The results indicated that social undermining is a detrimental phenomenon which negatively effects a both individuals and organizations.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a mixture of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) molecules that can consist, respectively, of natural plant metabolites such as sugars, carboxylic acids, amino acids, and ionic molecules, which are for the vast majority ammonium salts. Media such as DESs are modular tools of sustainability that can be pointed toward the extraction of bioactive molecules due to their excellent physicochemical properties, their relatively low price, and accessibility. The present review focuses on the application of DESs for protein extraction and purification. The in-depth effects and principles that apply to DES-mediated extraction using various renewable biomasses will be discussed as well. One of the most important observations being made is that DESs have a clear ability to maintain the biological and/or functional activity of the extracted proteins, as well as increase their stability compared to traditional solvents. They demonstrate true potential for a reproducible but more importantly, scalable protein extraction and purification compared to traditional methods while enabling waste valorization in some particular cases.

Peroxygenases are promising catalysts for preparative oxyfunctionalization chemistry as they combine the versatility of P450 monooxygenases with simplicity of cofactor-independent enzymes. Though many interesting applications have been reported, today ‘we have only scratched the surface’ and significant efforts are necessary to solve issues related to selectivity of the wild type enzymes and low product titers. For this, further elucidation of the vast natural diversity as well as protein and reaction engineering approaches are discussed., BT/Biocatalysis