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This paper aims to investigate the effect of internal heat gains on the cooling load of a building. The house occupiedby three adult men is selected as the case study for paper. The house is in the third floor of the apartment. Theapartment has four flats and it has no insulation around the external walls. The heat dissipation from lightingdevices, electrical equipment and the occupants are calculated by using the DesignBuilder v4 Beta releasesimulation program. The temperature of the house is observed during three weeks by using hobo data loggers andcalibration of the measurements is made with respect to weather data file of the flat. Detailed schedule based ontime of operation and occupancy is prepared to get more accurate results. Annual energy consumption and coolingload of the house is determined by using the dynamic simulation program.&nbsp

In this study a group of students who are unfamilar the urban pattern of an area are requested to draw the urban pattern of that area by using Lynch’s (1960) principal city image patterns. It explores which city images are predominantly used in visual memory of the students and also which drawing styles are used by the students to construct the area in their mind. Research findings show that predominantly used map style is sequential, and most of the students primarily identify and emphasize landmarks and paths. Furthermore, research findings also suggest that environmental perception develops and changes with time and the experience gained from construction of relationship with the space, Bu çalışmada araştırmanın yapıldığı kentsel dokuya yabancı bir grup öğrencinin tanımlanmış bir alanın Lynch’in (1960) ortaya koyduğu temel kentsel imge çeşitlerinden faydalanarak taslak haritasını çizmeleri istenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında öğrencilerin görsel belleklerinde öncelikli olarak hangi imaj öğelerini kullandıkları ve bu alanı hangi çizim stillerinden faydalanarak zihinlerinde kurguladıkları incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları taslak haritaların ağırlıklı olarak ardışık tarzda çizildiklerini, bireylerin en çok referans noktaları ve yolları öncelikli olarak vurguladıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca çevresel algının zaman ve dokuyla kurulan ilişkiden ortaya çıkan deneyimle gelişip farklılaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır

Thesis (Doktoral)-İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2003, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 417-463), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, xxv, 540 leaves, This dissertation aims at developing a sustainable design process prioritizing locality in social, cultural, ecological, political, economic, technological, legalistic,and architectural terms. To this end, it aims first of all at developing an approach for elimination of misconceptions.primarily informed by technological, morphological and numerical indicators.about what constitutes the concept of sustainability in architectural practice today and therefore starts out from a critical historical overview of approaches and practices for sustainability in the world and in Turkey. The thesis undertakes the critique of sterile projects in sterile environments and calibrates the replicable and exemplary aspects of international and national sustainable design practices so as to introduce, promote and guide realistic, practicable, and case-specific sustainable architectural solutions. The specific focus in both the critical evaluation of extant sustainable practices abroad and the proposed process for the municipality of Seyrek in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey, is the distinction between the assets and needs of industrialized northern geographies and southern geographies which are in the process of industrialization and which are frequently misguided by economic exigencies imposed by the industrialized north. As a village located in an Important Bird Area, in the vicinity of a Ramsar Site and on the edge of a First-Degree Natural Conservation Area, the case area in question provides a trenchant example for the study of the meaning of sustainability in a southern socio-politico-economic zone and a challenge for the architectural designer. Seyrek is a mirror of global as well as local problems today. It is located in the middle of Gediz Delta, the large agricultural land as well, and on the edge of several specialized industrial districts of the urban sprawl of Izmir.Placing the analysis of the case area in the context of the wider framework of international policy, the thesis proceeds to propose specific design tools for a sustainable housing development project in a crucial typical new residential segment of the semi-rural settlement of Seyrek.

9th Mediterranean Conference of HVAC: Historical Buildings Retrofit in the Mediterranean Area, Climamed 2017; Matera; Italy; 12 May 2017 through 13 May 2017, Mosques differ from other types of buildings by having an intermittent operation schedule. Due to five prayer times per day throughout the year, mosques are fully or partially, yet periodically, occupied. This paper examines the potential of using an underfloor heating system for improvement of indoor thermal comfort in a historic mosque, which is naturally ventilated, heated and cooled, based on adaptive thermal comfort method. The selected Salepçioǧlu Mosque, housing valuable wall paintings, was built in 1905 in KemeraltI, Izmir, Turkey. It requires specific attention with its cultural heritage value. Firstly, indoor microclimate of the Mosque was monitored for one-year period of 2014-15. Then, dynamic simulation modelling tool, DesignBuilder v.4.2 was used to create the physical model of the Mosque. The ASHRAE Guideline 14 indices were utilized to calibrate the model, by comparing simulated and measured indoor air temperature to achieve hourly errors within defined ranges. The results of calibrated baseline model indicate that the Mosque does not satisfy acceptable thermal comfort levels for winter months that provided by the adaptive method. Then, the effect of underfloor heating was examined in the second model by the.

Conservation of library collections requires an interdisciplinary approach. Dealing with the agents of deterioration via curative and preventive conservation methods has become a significant goal with new standards and norms in recent years. Preventive conservation aims indirect physical interventions such as climate control, good housekeeping and pest management. The aim of this study is to assess the degradation potential of indoor climate on valuable manuscripts that date back to 12th century, in a historic library in Tire-Izmir, Turkey. Through the study, first the library, namely Necip Pasa Library was continuously monitored by measurements of thermo-hygrometric parameters for one year. Then, the measured data were evaluated for the risk assessment based on the control classes of ASHRAE Chapter 21 to evaluate the mechanical, chemical and biological degradation risks. Finally, the conservation-oriented measures were proposed in order to keep the manuscripts under the better conditions. Results suggest that introducing a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system to the building should be considered as the last option since natural hygrothermal behavior of the library gives reasonably sufficient evidences to prevent the manuscripts from degradations to some extent. Therefore, passive solutions should be given higher priorities not to disturb environmental past of the historic library.

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, Izmir, 2019, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 113-118), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, Predicting current energy demand and future energy consumption of buildings is the challenging experience for architects. Although there are various dynamic simulation tools that enable them to calculate building energy performance, the complexity of tools poses problems to model, understand process-centered simulation studies and interpret the results. This thesis aims to present, test, verify and criticize the modeling, simulation and calibration processes of residential building from architect's perspective. One of the effective ways to overcome global warming problem is by immediate involvement of architects into energy modeling process. Therefore, the study criticizes the role of architect in process-centered modeling. Process-centered modeling is tested with existing residential building conditioned with air-source heat pump in İzmir-Turkey. Indoor and outdoor environment were monitored from July 2009 to June 2010. Digital model of the building was created by using DesignBuilder dynamic modelling tool, and calibrated for three different periods of heating, cooling and transition. The problems faced during modeling and simulation based on professional knowledge of the architect and simulation tool was exemplified. Finally, the survey was conducted to verify the role of architect tool users in modeling process. Consequently, case study exemplified how the architect conducts a processcentered modeling, and survey showed how his/her modelling experience and knowledge is essential for right management of design process. Mechanical systems modeling is still challenging issue requiring knowledge and experience for architect users.., Binaların mevcut enerji talebi ve gelecekteki enerji tüketimini tahmin etmek mimarlar için zorlu bir deneyimdir. Her ne kadar bina enerji performansını hesaplayabilmelerini sağlayan çeşitli dinamik simülasyon araçları olsa da, araçların karmaşıklığı model oluşturma, süreç-merkezli simülasyon çalışmalarını anlama ve sonuçları yorumlama konusunda sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu tez, bir konutun modelleme, simülasyon ve kalibrasyon süreçlerini mimarın bakış açısından sunmak, test etmek, doğrulamak ve eleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Küresel ısınma probleminin üstesinden gelebilmenin en etkili yollarından biri de mimarların enerji odaklı modelleme sürecine derhal dahil olmalarıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, mimarın süreç-odaklı modellemedeki rolünü değerlendirmektedir. İzmir'de hava kaynaklı ısı pompasıyla iklimlendirilen mevcut bir konutta süreçodaklı modelleme deneyimi test edilmiştir. İç ve dış iklim koşulları Temmuz 2009 Haziran 2010 arasında izlenmiştir. Evin dijital modeli DesignBuilder dinamik modelleme aracı kullanılarak oluşturulmuş, ısıtma, soğutma ve geçiş dönemi olarak üç farklı periyotta kalibre edilmiştir. Modelleme ve simülasyon sırasında, mimarın karşılaştığı mesleki bilgi ve simulasyon aracına dayalı sorunlar örneklenmiştir. Son olarak, mimar kullanıcıların modelleme sürecindeki rolünü doğrulamak üzere anket yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, alan çalışması mimarın süreç-odaklı modellemeyi nasıl yürüttüğünü örneklemiş, anket ise modelleme deneyim ve bilgisinin tasarım sürecini doğru yönetmede nasıl önem kazandığını göstermiştir. Mekanik sistemlerin modele entegrasyonu mimar kullanıcılar için halen bilgi ve tecrübe gerektiren bir konudur.

Buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union, yet at the same time they have considerable energy saving potentials. Historic buildings should be treated different from contemporary ones when it comes to energy improvements. The specifications which underline historical, sociocultural and architectural values require certain care during realization of energy saving implementations to sustain these values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the energy efficient retrofitting in historic buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary approach with a case study conducted on the historic building in ̄zmir - Turkey. A detailed building energy simulation tool was used to determine the impacts of energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of case building was based on the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the cultural heritage values, were eliminated with a transdisciplinary approach. Later appropriate retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving of more than 34% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values., Swedish Energy Agency within the national R&D program for energy efficiency in historic buildings

9th Mediterranean Conference of HVAC: Historical Buildings Retrofit in the Mediterranean Area, Climamed 2017; Matera; Italy; 12 May 2017 through 13 May 2017, The indoor climate of historic libraries should meet rigorous requirements related to human thermal comfort and conservation of books, manuscripts and cultural proper-ties. Paper based collections in historic libraries can be deteriorated chemically, mechanically and biologically because of inadequate indoor climate conditions. In this paper, Necip Paşa Library, the historic library located in Tire-Izmir, Turkey, was selected as a case study. The chemical, mechanical and biological degradation risks on the manuscripts were evaluated based on the indoor climate parameters measured for one year period. The Library, consisting of a main hall, a manuscript zone and an entrance hall, was modelled via the dynamic simulation software, Design Builder. Calibration of the model was conducted with respect to the measured indoor temperature and relative humidity values. The portico/Revak at the south facade of Library was converted into the entrance hall by wooden framed windows in 1930. To be able to see the effect of that intervention on the indoor climate (correspondingly on degradation risk of the manuscripts), a new model, namely semi-open model, was created and simulated. A remarkable change has not been observed on chemical degradation risk when the results of semi-open and existing library models were compared, while mechanical and biological degradation risks were less in semi-open model.

Identifying the building parameters that significantly impact energy performance is an important step for enabling the reduction of the heating and cooling energy loads of apartment buildings in the design stage. Implementing passive design techniques for these buildings is not a simple task in most dense cities; their energy performance usually depends on uncertainties in the local climate and many building parameters, such as window size, zone height, and features of materials. For this paper, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most significant parameters for buildings in hot-humid climates by considering the design of an existing apartment building in Izmir, Turkey. The Monte Carlo method is selected for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses with the Latin hypercube sampling (LHC) technique. The results show that the sensitivity of parameters in apartment buildings varies based on the purpose of the energy loads and locations in the building, such as the ground, intermediate, and top floors. In addition, the total window area, the heat transfer coefficient (U) and the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glazing based on the orientation have the most considerable influence on the energy performance of apartment buildings in hot-humid climates.

Türkiye'deki binaların enerji ve çevresel performansını arttırmak için kullanılan tasarım karar desteğindeki sistematik yaklaşım eksiklikleri , bu çalışmanın ana konusu olarak ele alınmıştır. Bina performansının değerlendirilmesinde ve geliştirilmesinde sayısal yöntemlerin nadiren kullanımı, tasarımda bilgilendirme desteğine duyulan ihtiyaç ve sistematik bilgi birikimi ile yapı uygulamaları arasındaki bağ lantının kurulamaması , ikincil sorunlar olarak görülmüştür. Bu tez esas olarak, erken tasarım aşamasındaki konut yapılarında mimarlara yardımcı olan karar destek sürecinin kullanılabilirliğini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır . Türkiye'nin sıcak ve nemli iklim bölgesinde bulunan, erken tasarım aşamasındaki konut yapılarının yıllık ısıtma, soğutma tüketimi için harcanan enerji ve kullanıma ait karbon dioksit salınımındaki en etkili parametrelerin belirlenmesi açısından tasarım parametreleri ve iklim değişikliğinin bina performansı üzerinde yol açtığı belirsizliklerin hesaplanması bu çalışmanın önemli bir hedefidir. Tezde, girdi değişkenleri ve bina performans göstergeleri arasındaki ilişki, İzmir, Türkiye'de bulu nan bir konut yapısı için belirsizlik ve kapsamlı hass asiyet analizleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu süreç, piyasadaki bir mimar ile yapılan kullanıla bilirlik testiyle de desteklenmiştir. Sonuçlar, girdi ve çıktı parametreleri arasındaki hassasiyetin, öngörülen iklim koşulları ve binadaki farklı kat seviye lerine göre de ğiştiğini göstermektedir. Güney - batı , kuzey - doğu cephelerindeki pencerelerin güneş ısısı kazanım katsayısı ve pencerelerin U değerlerinin, enerji ve çevresel performans üzerindeki en etkili parametreler olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Önerilen karar destek sürecinin , seçilen yapının erken tasarım aşamalarında uygulanabilir olduğu onaylanmış ve sistematik karar destek yaklaşımının önemi konusunda yapı uzmanı üzerinde bir farkındalık yaratmaya yardımcı olduğu gözlenmiştir. Deficiencies in systematic approaches for design decision support to increase energy and environmental performance of buildings in Turkey are projected as the major problem of this study. Rare us age of computational methods for evaluating and improving building performance, need for informational assistance in design, as well as lack of interaction between systematic knowledge and building practice are the secondary problems. Thi s thesis mainly ai ms to test usability of the decision support process assisting architects in early design stages of residential buildings. Assessing the uncertainties in building performance caused by design parameters and climate change, in terms of determining the most significant parameters on annual energy consumption for heating, cooling and operational CO 2 emissions in hot humid climatic region of Turkey is the significant objective of the study. The relation between input parameters and building performance indicat ors is examined by the uncertainty and global sensitivity analyses for a residential buildi ng in İ zmir, Turkey. The process is supported by usability testing held with the architect in practice . The results indicate that , the sensitivity between input an d output parameters changes according to the projected weather conditions and different floor s of the building. The SHGC of windows on south - west, north - east facades, and window U values are the most effective parameters on energy and environmental perform ance. The proposed decision support process is approved to be applicable for early design stages of the selected building, and helps creating consciousness about the importance of systematic design decision approach for the building professional. 150

Kütüphaneler eğitim ve kültür merkezi olarak görülmüştür. Kütüphanelerdeki yetersiz iç ortam iklim koşulları (sıcaklık, bağıl nem ve bunlardaki dalgalanmalar) ve partiküller, el yazması eserler üzerinde kimyasal, fiziksel ve mekanik bozulmalara neden onlabilir. Bu tezin amacı, tarihi kütüphanelerdeki elyazması eserlerin korunması için iç ortam iklim koşullarının önleyici korunum yöntemi kullanılarak geliştirilmesidir. Necip Paşa kütüphanesi örnek çalışma olarak seçilmiştir. Kütüphane 1827 yılında Tire-İzmir-Türkiye'de yapılmıştır, 1147 elyazması esere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır ve revak bölümü haricinde herhangi bir ısıtma-soğutma sistemine sahip değildir. Önleyici koruma yöntemi üç safhada uygulanmıştır. İlk safhada, iç ortam iklim koşulları bir yıl boyunca izlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, ölçümlere göre el yazması eserler üzerinde kimyasal, mekanik ve biyolojik bozulma analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre eserler üzerinde kimyasal bozulma riski gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, kütüphane DesignBuilder v4.2.054 ile modellenmiştir ve modelin kalibrasyonu ASHRAE 14 standartlarına göre yapılmıştır. Kimyasal bozulma riskini azaltmak için, doğal ve mekanik havalandırma modele adapte edilmiştir. Doğal havalandırmanın kimyasal bozulma üzerinde bir etkisi olmamıştır, diğeri kimyasal bozulma riskini belirli bir seviyede azaltmıştır. Binaya iki ana müdahele olmuştur: giriş bölümüne yarı açık revak kısmının eklenmesi ve bu kısmın ahşap çerçeveli camlarla kapatılması. Bu değişimlerin etkisini hesaplamak için DesignBuilder aracılığıyla iki model oluşturulmuştur. Modellerin simulasyon sonuçlarını şuan ki yapı ile karşılaştırıldığı zaman, iç iklim hava koşulları arasında herhangi bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Tüm bu senaryolar ve müdaheleler değerlendirildiği zaman, mekanik havalandırma sistemi en etkili çözüm olarak görülmektedir. Libraries were seen as an education and cultural center. Cultural properties in libraries can deteriorate chemically, mechanically and biologically because of inadequate indoor climate (temperature, relative humidity and whose fluctuations) and substrates. The aim of the thesis is to improve indoor climate of the historic libraries to preserve paper based collections by preventive conservation approach. As a case study, Necip Paşa Library was selected. The Library, which houses 1147 valuable manuscripts, was built in 1827 in Tire-İzmir-Turkey and has no heating-cooling system except entrance zone. Preventive conservation approach was performed in three phases. As the first phase, the indoor microclimate of the Library was monitored for one year. Secondly, the chemical, mechanical and biological degradation risk analyses are carried out on the manuscripts based on the measurements. According to the measurements, only the chemical degradation is observed. Lastly, the library was modelled via DesignBuilder v4.2.054, and calibrated with respect to ASHRAE Guideline 14. To minimize chemical degradation risk, natural and mechanical ventilation strategies are integrated into DesignBuilder. The natural ventilation scenario did not influence on chemical degradation risk, while the latter diminishes the chemical degradation risks for some extent. The building had two main interventions: the addition of a semi-open entrance space and the closure of this space by wooden-framed windows. To evaluate the effect of these interventions, two different models are developed via DesignBuilder. The simulations of the models did not exhibit any difference on the indoor climate comparing with the existing construction. Evaluation of the scenarios and interventions result with that the mechanical ventilation system is the most effective solution for the Library. 91

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Energy Engineering, Izmir, 2013, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 97-99), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, xii, 99 leaves, Primary objective of this thesis is to find out energy level of an existing building and investigate the opportunities in order to improve its energy level by retrofitting the envelope and using exergy analysis methods on alternative HVAC systems. To arrive at the objective, an existing building, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), Faculty of Architecture Block C, has been used as the case study. This building cannot comply with TS-825 standards (Turkish Standard Assessment) and energy efficiency parameters due to the building components and HVAC systems. According to the recorded outdoor climatic conditions, the building was modeled and simulated; and the retrofitting was tried in EDSL-TAS energy simulation software package. Simultaneously, exergy analyses for the situations before and after refurbishments were employed. Different from the most studies in the literature, this thesis carries out the exergy analyses using the dynamic data instead of the steady state ones. By the evaluation of these analyses together, energy level and the climatic comfort of the building have been seriously increased and the building’s loads have been decreased with ratio of 69.42% for heating system and 34.4% for cooling system after retrofitting. In exergy calculations, exergy efficiency of the system ranges between 2-14% with existing HVAC applications, 4-18% with Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) and 8-21% with Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP).

Binaların enerji kullanımındaki payı dikkate alındığında, enerji tasarruf potansiyelinin yüksek olduğu ve bu alanda yapılacak olan verimlilik çalışmalarının enerji tüketimini azaltacağı belirtilmektedir. Yeni yapılacak olan binalarda, enerji verimliliği hususu dikkate alınırken, mevcut binalarda ise enerji verimli iyileştirme çalışmalarına hız verilmiştir. Tarihi binalara bu kapsamda yapılacak olan enerji verimliliği çalışmalarında mevcut binalara yapılan uygulamalarla müdahalede edilmemesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, enerjinin korunmasının yanında tarihi binaların kültürel ve mimari miraslarının korunması da önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı, tarihi, mimari ve kültürel değeri olan binalarda yapılabilecek enerji vermliliği çalışmalarında nasıl bir yol izlenmesi gerektiğini disiplinlerarası yaklaşımla belirtilmek, örnek bir çalışma ile uygulamalı olarak göstermektir. Çalışmada, İzmir'in Basmane semtinde bulunan tarihi Basmane Semt Merkezi binası incelenmiştir. Yapılacak olan enerji verimli iyileştirmelerin etkisinin hesaplanması için detaylı bina enerji simülasyonu (DesignBuilder) kullanılmıştır. Binanın geçmiş dönem enerji tüketim değerleri, elektrik faturaları ve yakıt tüketiminden yola çıkarak hesaplanmıştır. Bina enerji simülasyonu, iç ortam sıcaklıkları ve enerji tüketimi simülasyon sonuçlarının gerçek verilerle karşılaştırılması ile kalibre edilmiştir. Yapılacak olan enerji verimli iyileştirmelerin, binanın tarihi, mimari ve kültürel miras değerleri üzerindeki riskleri disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşım ile değerlendirilmiş, bu değerlere uygun olmayan iyileştirmeler elenmiş ve uygun olanlar üç iyileştirme paketi altında toplanarak enerji tüketimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, bu yaklaşımla binanın mimari ve kültürel miras değerlerine zarar vermeden %41'lik bir enerji tasarrufu sağlanabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca iyileştirmelerin bileşik etkileri, tekil etkilerinin toplamı ile karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçlarda oluşabilecek farklılıkların ekonomik hesaplamalarda hatalara yol açabileceği görülmüştür. Buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union yet at the same time it is foreseen that they have a considerable energy saving potentials. Along with the issued energy efficiency related laws and regulations, energy efficient retrofitting applications of the existing buildings are getting increased and the new buildings are built considering the energy efficiency issues. At this point, historical buildings should be treated different than contemporary ones when energy efficient improvements matter. Therefore the specifications adding value to the historical buildings require attention and well-preservation while saving energy. The purpose of this study is to denote how the energy efficient retrofitting in historical buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary way with a case study conducted on a historical building, Basmane Semt Merkezi-İzmir. A detailed building energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder, was used to determine the impacts of the energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of the case building was calculated obtaining the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing of the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the heritage and cultural values, were eliminated with an interdisciplinary approach. Later appropriates retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving up to 41% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values. Besides, the results of combined and aggregated effects of single retrofits show considerable alterations that might cause errors in economical calculations. 97

High levels of energy consumption in residential buildings and global warming are important issues. Thus the energy performance of buildings should be improved in the early stages of design. This article describes an approach for developing guidelines on sensitive and robust design parameters for the present, the 2020s, the 2050s and the 2080s. Such guidelines can help architects to design low-rise apartment buildings that require less energy for various purposes, such as heating or cooling. The article consists of a general literature review, interviews with architects, the generation of case-specific information and a mock-up presentation and a meeting with professionals. An example guideline that aims to reduce annual cooling energy loads under global warming in low-rise apartment buildings located in hot-humid climates is presented to demonstrate how the proposed approach can be applied. For this guideline, case-specific information was generated, and a global sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo Analysis and the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique was performed. The results show that the suggested approach is feasible and could be used to provide helpful information to architects during the design of low-rise apartment buildings with high energy performance. The most sensitive design parameters that affect annual cooling energy loads in low-rise apartment buildings were natural ventilation, window area, and the solar heat-gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glazing. The results are relevant for the present, the 2020s, the 2050s and the 2080s.

Çevreye negatif etkiler ile ilişkilendirilen yapı stoku ve yapı sektörünün iyileştirilmesi, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için önem taşımaktadır. Güncel durumun analiz edilmesi ve temel sorunların belirlenmesi, günümüzde binaların çevresel etkilerini azaltmak için bir gerekliliktir. Yaşam döngü değerlendirmesi (YDD) çevresel etki değerlendirmesi alanında yaygın olarak kullanılan bütüncül ve bilimsel bir yöntemdir. YDD tekil bir yapı bileşeni veya belirli bir yaşam dönemine uygulanabileceği gibi bir yapının çevresel etkilerini beşikten mezara tüm yaşam döngüsü boyunca bütüncül bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmek de mümkündür.Bu çalışmanın amacı yapı sektöründe sürdürülebilirlik değerlendirmesinin çok önemli bir parçası haline gelen YDD metodunun güncel durumunu değerlendirmek ve Türkiye konut stokunda önemli bir paya sahip toplu konut projelerinin çevresel etkilerini YDD yöntemi ile değerlendirmektir. Son on yıl içerisinde İzmir'de inşa edilmiş bir toplu konut yerleşkesinin bir konut birimi uygulama alanı olarak seçilmiştir.Yapının yaşam döngüsü temel olmak üzere üç fazda incelenmiştir. Bu fazlar; kullanım öncesi fazı, kullanım fazı ve yaşam sonu fazlarıdır. Simapro 7.3.3. yazılımı ve güncel Ecoinvent 2.2. veritabanı YDD simülasyonu için seçilmiştir. Veri tabanına olarak, Türkiye'nin enerji verisi yerel girdi olarak yaratılmıştır.Bu çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye'de son yıllık periyoda inşa edilmiş bir toplu konut biriminin yaşam döngüsü çevresel etkisi değerlendirilmiş, yaşam döngüsü fazlarının ve yapı bileşenlerinin çevresel etkilerdeki payları, kritik etki noktaları belirlenmiştir. For a sustainable development, it is essential to improve the building stock and sector which are majorly affiliated with the negative impacts on environment. The analysis of current situation and establish the basic problems in order to decrease the environmental impacts of buildings. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a holistic and scientific method in the area of environmental impact assessment. While the LCA may be applied to individual building components or specified life cycle phases, it is also possible to assess the environmental impacts of a building from cradle to grave with an integrated approach toward whole life cycle.The purposes of this study are to evaluate the current position of the LCA method, which is a vital component of the sustainability assessment in building sector, and to make a quantitative assessment on the environmental impacts of multi-storey-mass housing which has the primary share of recent residential building stock in Turkey. One residential unit of a mass housing development in Izmir constructed at the last decade, at the edge of the expanding city boundary, was selected as the case object of this study.The life cycle of building is fundamentally examined in three phases, which are: pre-use phase, use phase and end-of-life phase. The Simapro software 7.3.3 and Ecoinvent 2.2, up-to-date database, were selected for the LCA simulation. In addition, as a local input to database, energy data for Turkey was created.As a result of this study, the environmental impacts during the life cycle of a multi-storey building residential unit have been ascertained and the life phases, building components and operational processes which have the heaviest impact on the environment have been determined. 130

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Energy Engineering, Izmir, 2010, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 50-51), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, x, 55 leaves, Space cooling and heating are needed throughout the year for commercial buildings and electricity use in these buildings accounts for about one-third of the total energy consumption in Turkey. In this study, Adnan Menderes International Airport (ADM) located in Izmir is simulated with EnergyPlus software which is a new generation building energy analysis tool. The simulation model is constructed first with Design Builder and than the measured data are used to compare the model. EnergyPlus simulations are used in this thesis to help understanding more about the ADM.s dynamics and evaluate various strategies such as different orientation and heating, cooling, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. According to simulation and different HVAC system results; cooling electricity consumption increases 2.8 times in each month. According to simulation and east orientation results, heat gains decrease between 2% and 11% in winter, autumn and spring months and increase between 3% and 14% in summer months. Measured data of ADM building showed that HVAC system had constituted almost 80% of the total energy consumption, according to the average data obtained in 2008. The difference between measured and simulation consumption values are greater more than 70%. According to simulation results, also there is 2.4 times more electricity consumption on 18 August when compared to 11 January. Finally, analysis showed that ADM building requires year-round cooling and very little heating.

Enerji verimli yenileme konusunda yetersiz kanuni çerçeve, TS 825 Binalarda Isı Yalıtımı Standardı'nda tanımlanmış ısı yalıtımı detaylarının uygulama eksiklik ve yanlışlıkları, ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerinin bina kullanımı süresince hiç denetlenmemesi ve bina kalitesinden çok bina büyüklüğüne önem veren kullanıcı profili nedeniyle, Türkiye'deki mevcut konut stokunda enerji tüketimi gereğinden çok daha fazladır. Avrupa Birliği'ne uyum çalışmaları kapsamında Türkiye'deki yapı yönetmelikleri, mevcut binalarda enerji verimliliğini ve enerji tüketiminin azaltılmasını teşvik eden Avrupa Birliği yönergeleri ile uyumlu hale getirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda 2007'de yayınlanan Türkiye Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu en dikkate değer adımdır. Tez, İzmir Gaziemir Emlak Bankası Toplu Konut Alanı'ndan seçilmiş bir apartman bloğu için, Avrupa Birliği üyesi 11 ülkede gerçekleştirilmiş konut yenileme örnekleri ışığında belirlenmiş etkin ve yere özel enerji etkin yenileme senaryoları sunmaktadır. Tezin amacı, mevcut toplu konut alanlarında enerji tüketiminin, etkin enerji yenileme uygulamaları ile azaltılma potansiyeline dikkat çekmektir. Tez, seçilen apartman bloğunun ısıtma enerjisi yükünü azaltıcı senaryoları araştırmakta ve belirlenen senaryoların soğutma yükü üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Mevcut ve iyileştirilmiş yapının ısıtma ve soğutma yükü, Ecotect v 5.50 bina enerji analiz programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu tezde, İzmir Gaziemir Emlak Bankası Toplu Konut Alanındaki bir apartmanda uygun enerji yenileme senaryoları uygulanarak, mevcut yıllık enerji tüketiminin hemen hemen yarısı oranında azaltılabileceği kanıtlanmıştır. Energy consumption in the extant residential building stock of Turkey is excessive owing to an inadequate regulative framework regarding energy-efficient retrofitting, application deficiency and failures in heating insulation detailing regulated by TS 825 Thermal Insulation in Buildings. Mechanical systems through the operation period of buildings are out of inspection and occupant profile pays attention to size rather than the quality of construction. In the framework of research concerning harmonization with the EU, the building regulations of Turkey have been adapted to the EU Directives promoting energy efficiency and reduction of energy demand in existing buildings. The Turkish Energy Efficiency Law, launched in 2007 in this framework, is the most noteworthy step. In the light of retrofitted housing examples from 11 EU countries, the thesis presents effective and case-specific retrofitting scenarios for a selected residential block in Gaziemir Emlak Bank Mass Housing Area in Izmir, Turkey. The objective is to draw attention to the enormous potential for reducing energy consumption in existing mass housing areas through implementation of energy-efficient retrofitting applications. The thesis discusses scenarios to decrease the energy demand for heating and evaluates the effects of predefined scenarios on cooling loads of selected apartment block. The building energy analysis software, Ecotect v5.50, has been used for the assessment of heating and cooling energy loads based on the current and improved conditions of the building. The thesis demonstrates that it is possible to save almost half of the annual energy consumption of the residential block in Gaziemir Emlak Bank Mass Housing Area by applying appropriate retrofitting scenarios. 157

Thesis (master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2008, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 101-109), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, xv, 142 leaves, Energy consumption in the extant residential building stock of Turkey is excessive owing to an inadequate regulative framework regarding energy-efficient retrofitting, application deficiency and failures in heating insulation detailing regulated by TS 825 Thermal Insulation in Buildings. Mechanical systems through the operation period of buildings are out of inspection and occupant profile pays attention to size rather than the quality of construction. In the framework of research concerning harmonization with the EU, the building regulations of Turkey have been adapted to the EU Directives promoting energy efficiency and reduction of energy demand in existing buildings. The Turkish Energy Efficiency Law, launched in 2007 in this framework, is the most noteworthy step. In the light of retrofitted housing examples from 11 EU countries, the thesis presents effective and case-specific retrofitting scenarios for a selected residential block in Gaziemir Emlak Bank Mass Housing Area in Izmir, Turkey. The objective is to draw attention to the enormous potential for reducing energy consumption in existing mass housing areas through implementation of energy-efficient retrofitting applications. The thesis discusses scenarios to decrease the energy demand for heating and evaluates the effects of predefined scenarios on cooling loads of selected apartment block. The building energy analysis software, Ecotect v5.50, has been used for the assessment of heating and cooling energy loads based on the current and improved conditions of the building. The thesis demonstrates that it is possible to save almost half of the annual energy consumption of the residential block in Gaziemir Emlak Bank Mass Housing Area by applying appropriate retrofitting scenarios.