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Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Merola is or has been a principal investigator, advisory board member, and consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc and Sanofi. Dr Chiou is or has been a principal investigator for AbbVie, Cara Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, and Sanofi; and is an advisory board member for Pfizer and consultant for Corvus Pharmaceuticals. Dr During is or has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc and Sanofi and has received grant support from Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Dr Foley reports grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; is or has been an investigator for AbbVie, Akaal Pharma, Amgen, Aslan Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, CSL, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Kymab, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Reistone Biopharma, and Sanofi; reports being or having been an advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, Pfizer, and Sanofi; is or has been a consultant for Aslan Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, and Pfizer; and has been a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and Sun Pharma. Dr Wu is an employee of and may hold stock and/or stock options in Sanofi. Dr Ardeleanu is an employee and shareholder of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr Ozturk is an employee of and may hold stock and/or stock options in Sanofi.

Background: Sleep disturbance is a prominent symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD) and can result in insomnia, daytime fatigue, drowsiness, reduced productivity and impaired quality of life (QoL)., Objectives: The Dupilumab Effect on Sleep in AD Patients (DUPISTAD) phase IV randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study evaluated the impact of dupilumab treatment on sleep and other patient- and physician-reported outcomes., Methods: Adults with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized 2 : 1 to dupilumab 300 mg once every 2 weeks (q2w) or placebo for 12 weeks; concomitant topical corticosteroids were permitted. Patients subsequently entered an open-label phase and received dupilumab 300 mg q2w for a further 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage change in sleep quality from baseline to week 12, assessed using a novel numeric rating scale (NRS). Secondary and exploratory endpoints included percentage change in peak pruritus NRS (PP NRS), change in SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), SCORAD sleep visual analogue scale (VAS), Eczema Area and Severity Index, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep-related impairment T-score and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep diary and wrist actigraphy measurements were recorded throughout the study., Results: In total, 127 patients received dupilumab and 61 patients received placebo. Demographic and baseline disease characteristics were balanced between groups. Sleep quality NRS significantly improved in patients treated with dupilumab by week 12 vs. placebo [least squares mean of the difference (LSMD) -15.5%, P < 0.001]. PP NRS (LSMD -27.9%, P < 0.001), SCORAD (LSMD -15.1, P < 0.001), SCORAD sleep VAS (LSMD -2.1, P < 0.001) and PROMIS T-score (LSMD -3.6, P < 0.001) were also significantly improved at week 12 with dupilumab vs. placebo. The overall percentage of patients reporting treatment-emergent adverse events was lower in the dupilumab group (56.7%) than in the placebo group (67.2%)., Conclusions: Dupilumab significantly improved sleep quality and perception of sleep continuity, itch, metrics of AD severity and QoL in adults with moderate-to-severe AD, with an acceptable safety profile compared with placebo., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest J.F.M. has been a principal investigator, advisory board member and consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. A.S.C. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi and AbbVie, in addition to working as an advisory board member for Pfizer. E.D. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. A.C. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. P.F. has received grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and Sun Pharma. P.F. has also been an investigator for AbbVie, Akaal Pharma, Amgen, Arcutis, Argenx, Aslan Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Celgene, Celtaxsys, CSL, Cutanea, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, Geneseq Biosciences, GSK, Hexima, Janssen, Kymab, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Teva, UCB Pharma and Valeant. P.F. has also been an advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB Pharma and Valeant, and has been a consultant for Aslan Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GenesisCare, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, MedImmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB Pharma. P.F. has received travel grants from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi and Sun Pharma, and has been a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma and Valeant. A.A. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. S.G. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. A.P. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi and has served as an advisor and/or paid speaker for and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall-Hermal, Amgen, Biogen Idec, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Celltrion, GSK, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Hexal, Janssen, Klinge Pharma, LEO Pharma, MC2, Medac, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, MSD, Novartis, Pascoe, Pfizer, Tigercat Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Roche, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Schering-Plough and UCB Pharma. R.D-G. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. D.S. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. M.T. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi and has been a consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Medac and Sanofi. R.W. has received speaker fees or meeting attendance support from AbbVie, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly and Pfizer and has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. J.-J.P.-R. has been a principal investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi and has been a consultant and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB Pharma. M.A. is an employee and shareholder of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. J.W. is an employee of and may hold stock and/or stock options in Sanofi. Z.E.O. is an employee of and may hold stock and/or stock options in Sanofi., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Association of Dermatologists.)

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1 *04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1 *04:04 and HLA-DRB1 *04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1 *04:01 and HLA-DRB1 *04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1 *04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1 *04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia with dream enactment and presence of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). RBD diagnosed manually via polysomnography (PSG) scoring, which is time intensive. Isolated RBD (iRBD) is also associated with a high probability of conversion to Parkinson's disease. Diagnosis of iRBD is largely based on clinical evaluation and subjective PSG ratings of REM sleep without atonia. Here we show the first application of a novel spectral vision transformer (SViT) to PSG signals for detection of RBD and compare the results to the more conventional convolutional neural network architecture. The vision-based deep learning models were applied to scalograms (30 or 300 s windows) of the PSG data (EEG, EMG and EOG) and the predictions interpreted. A total of 153 RBD (96 iRBD and 57 RBD with PD) and 190 controls were included in the study and 5-fold bagged ensemble was used. Model outputs were analyzed per-patient (averaged), with regards to sleep stage, and the SViT was interpreted using integrated gradients. Models had a similar per-epoch test F1 score. However, the vision transformer had the best per-patient performance, with an F1 score 0.87. Training the SViT on channel subsets, it achieved an F1 score of 0.93 on a combination of EEG and EOG. EMG is thought to have the highest diagnostic yield, but interpretation of our model showed that high relevance was placed on EEG and EOG, indicating these channels could be included for diagnosing RBD.

Isolated rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is caused by motor disinhibition during REM sleep and is a strong early predictor of Parkinson's disease. However, screening questionnaires for iRBD lack specificity due to other sleep disorders that mimic the symptoms. Nocturnal wrist actigraphy has shown promise in detecting iRBD by measuring sleep-related motor activity, but it relies on sleep diary-defined sleep periods, which are not always available. Our aim was to precisely detect iRBD using actigraphy alone by combining two actigraphy-based markers of iRBD - abnormal nighttime activity and 24-hour rhythm disruption. In a sample of 42 iRBD patients and 42 controls (21 clinical controls with other sleep disorders and 21 community controls) from the Stanford Sleep Clinic, the nighttime actigraphy model was optimized using automated detection of sleep periods. Using a subset of 38 iRBD patients with daytime data and 110 age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched controls from the UK Biobank, the 24-hour rhythm actigraphy model was optimized. Both nighttime and 24-hour rhythm features were found to distinguish iRBD from controls. To improve the accuracy of iRBD detection, we fused the nighttime and 24-hour rhythm disruption classifiers using logistic regression, which achieved a sensitivity of 78.9%, a specificity of 96.4%, and an AUC of 0.954. This study preliminarily validates a fully automated method for detecting iRBD using actigraphy in a general population.Clinical relevance- Actigraphy-based iRBD detection has potential for large-scale screening of iRBD in the general population.

Background: Isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is in most cases a prodrome of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, affecting 1% to 2% of middle-aged and older adults; however, accurate ambulatory diagnostic methods are not available. Questionnaires lack specificity in nonclinical populations. Wrist actigraphy can detect characteristic features in individuals with RBD; however, high-frequency actigraphy has been rarely used., Objective: The aim was to develop a machine learning classifier using high-frequency (1-second resolution) actigraphy and a short patient survey for detecting iRBD with high accuracy and precision., Methods: The method involved analysis of home actigraphy data (for seven nights and more) and a nine-item questionnaire (RBD Innsbruck inventory and three synucleinopathy prodromes of subjective hyposmia, constipation, and orthostatic dizziness) in a data set comprising 42 patients with iRBD, 21 sleep clinic patients with other sleep disorders, and 21 community controls., Results: The actigraphy classifier achieved 95.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 88.3-98.7) sensitivity and 90.9% (95% CI: 82.1-95.8) precision. The questionnaire classifier achieved 90.6% accuracy and 92.7% precision, exceeding the performance of the Innsbruck RBD Inventory and prodromal questionnaire alone. Concordant predictions between actigraphy and questionnaire reached a specificity and precision of 100% (95% CI: 95.7-100.0) with 88.1% sensitivity (95% CI: 79.2-94.1) and outperformed any combination of actigraphy and a single question on RBD or prodromal symptoms., Conclusions: Actigraphy detected iRBD with high accuracy in a mixed clinical and community cohort. This cost-effective fully remote procedure can be used to diagnose iRBD in specialty outpatient settings and has potential for large-scale screening of iRBD in the general population. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society., (© 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.)

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is parasomnia and a prodromal manifestation of Parkinson's disease. The current diagnostic method relies on manual scoring of polysomnograms (PSGs), a procedure that is time and effort intensive, subject to interscorer variability, and requires high level of expertise. Here, we present an automatic and interpretable diagnostic tool for RBD that analyzes PSGs using end-to-end deep neural networks. We optimized hierarchical attention networks in a 5-fold cross validation directly to classify RBD from PSG data recorded in 143 participants with RBD and 147 age-and sex-matched controls. An ensemble model using logistic regression was implemented to fuse decisions from networks trained in various signal combinations. We interpreted the networks using gradient SHAP that attribute relevance of input signals to model decisions. The ensemble model achieved a sensitivity of 91.4 % and a specificity of 86.3 %. Interpretation showed that electroencephalography (EEG) and leg electromyography (EMG) exhibited most patterns with high relevance. This study validates a robust diagnostic tool for RBD and proposes an interpretable and fully automatic framework for end-to-end modeling of other sleep disorders from PSG data. Clinical relevance- This study presents a novel diagnostic tool for RBD that considers neurophysiologic biomarkers in multiple modalities.

Study Objectives: To define the clinical implications of cutaneous phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-syn) and its association with subjective and objective measures of autonomic impairment and clinical features including antidepressant use in isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD)., Methods: Twenty-five iRBD patients had quantified neurological and cognitive examinations, olfactory testing, questionnaires, autonomic function testing, and 3 punch skin biopsies (distal thigh, proximal thigh, neck). Skin biopsies were stained for the pan-axonal marker PGP 9.5 and co-stained with p-syn, and results were compared to 28 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 18 healthy controls. Equal numbers of iRBD patients on and off antidepressants were recruited. The composite autonomic severity scale (CASS) was calculated for all patients., Results: P-syn was detected in 16/25 (64%) of iRBD patients, compared to 27/28 (96%) of PD and 0/18 controls. The presence of p-syn at any biopsy site was correlated with both sympathetic (CASS adrenergic r = 0.6, p < 0.05) and total autonomic impairment (CASS total r = 0.6, p < 0.05) on autonomic reflex testing in iRBD patients. These results were independent of the density of p-syn at each site. There was no correlation between p-syn and antidepressant use., Conclusions: In patients with iRBD, the presence of cutaneous p-syn was detected in most patients and was associated with greater autonomic dysfunction on testing. Longitudinal follow-up will aid in defining the predictive role of both skin biopsy and autonomic testing in determining phenoconversion rates and future disease status., (© Sleep Research Society 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Little is known about the quality of life of people with dystonia and DBS beyond 5 years. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the long-term quality-of-life outcomes in a large cohort of people with dystonia and DBS, (2) to determine the incidence of stimulation-induced parkinsonism, and (3) to elucidate the potential long-term cognitive impact of DBS in this cohort., Methods: Fifty-four subjects with dystonia and DBS for more than 5 years were contacted via social media and were offered to complete a quality-of-life survey comparing current-day life and life prior to DBS. The primary study outcomes were the Short Form survey, a parkinsonian symptoms questionnaire, the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Measurement of Every Day Cognition., Results: Thirty-seven of 54 subjects consented to the study. Average age was 39.7 ± 16.6 years, 16 were female, and 23 were DYT1+. Average time from implantation was 10.5 years. Average total Short Form survey scores improved, from 43.7 pre-DBS to 69.5 current day (P < 0.0005). Mean total self-reported parkinsonian symptom score was 13.8 ± 14.7, with worsening balance and hypophonia the most common. Average Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment was 20.1 ± 1.6, with 3 of 29 scores (10.3%) in the impaired range (score of 18 or less). Average total Every Day Cognition score was 1.25 ± 0.35, with 3 subjects (10.3%) scoring in the range of impaired cognition (>1.81)., Conclusions: DBS for dystonia results in long-term quality-of-life improvements that persist on average 10 years or more after surgery. The prevalence of stimulation-induced parkinsonism and cognitive impairment is low. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society., (© 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.)

Abstract: Although there are reports of narcolepsy type 1 caused by lesions of the central nervous system, there are far fewer reports of narcolepsy type 2 (NT2) caused by discrete brain lesions. We report a case of a patient in whom NT2 was diagnosed after a viral illness, and inflammatory lesions in the right thalamus and amygdala were found. In addition, symptoms of autonomic impairment developed and postural tachycardia syndrome was subsequently diagnosed in this patient. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of NT2 resulting from central nervous system lesions in these discrete locations, as well as the first reported case of postural tachycardia syndrome associated with narcolepsy., (© 2018 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

Purpose: Data on the prevalence of RBD in patients with PAF are limited, with discrepancies in the literature regarding prevalence. We aimed to provide further data on this association with a series of eight patients with PAF., Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients seen at the Stanford neurology clinics from 2012 to 2016 who were given a provisional diagnosis of PAF (343 patients), and further screened by procedure codes to identify those patients who underwent both attended video-polysomonography and autonomic testing (18 patients), and met strict exclusionary criteria (8 patients)., Results: The mean age of our patients was 69 years, and 63 % were women. The mean duration of autonomic symptoms was 11.2 years, and the mean duration of dream enactment was 3.75 years. All patients demonstrated evidence of adrenergic failure on autonomic testing. Five out of 8 (63 %) met diagnostic criteria for RBD, confirmed on vPSG., Conclusions: Our series supports the concept that RBD in PAF may be more common than previously reported, and that the presence of RBD suggests brainstem involvement in some cases of PAF. In addition, the timing of RBD symptoms relative to the emergence of autonomic symptoms may be useful to help distinguish these conditions.

Previous studies have suggested a link between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and dementia risk. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between SDB severity, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease-biomarkers, and the ApoE alleles. A total of 95 cognitively normal elderly participants were analyzed for SDB severity, CSF measures of phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), total-tau (t-tau), and amyloid beta 42 (Aβ-42), as well as ApoE allele status. In ApoE3+ subjects, significant differences were found between sleep groups for p-tau (F[df2] = 4.3, p = 0.017), and t-tau (F[df2] = 3.3, p = 0.043). Additionally, among ApoE3+ subjects, the apnea and/or hypopnea with 4% O2-desaturation index was positively correlated with p-tau (r = 0.30, p = 0.023), t-tau (r = 0.31, p = 0.021), and Aβ-42 (r = 0.31, p = 0.021). In ApoE2+ subjects, the apnea and/or hypopnea with 4% O2-desaturation index was correlated with lower levels of CSF Aβ-42 (r = -0.71, p = 0.004), similarly to ApoE4+ subjects where there was also a trend toward lower CSF Aβ-42 levels. Our observations suggest that there is an association between SDB and CSF Alzheimer's disease-biomarkers in cognitively normal elderly individuals. Existing therapies for SDB such as continuous positive airway pressure could delay the onset to mild cognitive impairment or dementia in normal elderly individuals., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

When approaching the perplexing issue of self-knowledge, two questions should be kept in mind: What type of knowledge do we expect? and, more importantly, Why does this knowledge matter for us? Among the motivations behind such an endeavor, the ethical project of self-transformation is of particular interest, for it sheds light on the inherently constructive nature of self-knowledge. Psychologists dealing with the issue of self-realization and identity formation, however, generally tend to overlook the resources offered by ethics considered as a genuine self-transformative practice (in contrast to morality as a set of rules or principles to be applied in specific contexts). The tradition of "spiritual exercises" is considered from this self-transformative perspective, as well as Plato's conception of self-knowledge ("know thyself"). Finally, Ostad Elahi's concept of the "imperious self" is examined in detail: beyond the particular context to which it belongs (spiritual ethics), the "imperious self" appears as a valuable tool for understanding the active part played by self-modeling in the process of self-transformation., (© 2011 New York Academy of Sciences.)

Can we ever truly answer the question, "Who am I?" Moderated by Alex Voorhoeve (London School of Economics), neuro-philosopher Elie During (University of Paris, Ouest Nanterre), cognitive scientist David Jopling (York University, Canada), social psychologist Timothy Wilson (University of Virginia), and ethicist Frances Kamm (Harvard University) examine the difficulty of achieving genuine self-knowledge and how the pursuit of self-knowledge plays a role in shaping the self., (© 2011 New York Academy of Sciences.)

The Princess Anna Vasa was born in Sweden in 1568 and spent her first 19 years there. She was the daughter of the Swedish king Johan III and his wife, the Polish Royal Princess Katarina Jagellonica. She was brought up as a Catholic but converted to be a Protestant already in 1583 and remained a fervent Protestant to the end of her life. She was an exceptionally intelligent and extensively educated woman. When her brother became king, Sigismund III of Poland, she accompanied him there. She exerted great influence on Sigismund who was brought up to be a Catholic. She was persistent in her religion, yet working for religious liberty. "The Swedish Princess" was also named "the Queen of Polish Botany". She was never married and she died 57 years old in 1625. For religious reasons her body had to wait 11 years for a funeral of royal standing. The funeral took place in 1636 in St Mary's Church in Torun, Poland. During restoration work at the church in April 1994, Anna Vasa's skeleton was removed from the tomb, and an antropological investigation in order to establish her identity was carried by Dr Andrzej Florkowski at the Dept of Anthrop, Nicholas Copernicus University of Torun. I was invited to Torun to examine her remains in May 1995. The skeleton was in a rather good state of preservation. However, her grave had been plundered at least twice. Her skeleton lacked the right forearm and hand, probably as the result of the pillage of her rings and bracelets. Some other bones and teeth were also missing. At our ocular examination the skeleton revealed a number of anatomical deformations and pathological changes. A conventional radiography and CT of Anna Vasa's skeletal remains was later carried out in 1995 by M. Grzegorzewski, Z. Boron and W. Lasek at the Dept of Radiology, Med. Acad. of Bydgoszcz, Polen. A DNA-analysis was carried out by Dr Anders Götherström at the Archaeol. Res. Lab., Stockholm Univ. An odontological and radiological study was performed by Dr Sigrid I. Kvaal, Dept of Oral path., Univ of Oslo, Norway. 14C (Ua-10417) and delta 13C analyses were carried out by Prof. Göran Possnert at the Angström Lab., Uppsala Univ, Sweden. The article presents results from the different analyses. Anna Vasa's remains were reburied in the restored church in October 1995.

A method for measuring, recording, and studying fine surface irregularities in three dimensions is presented. The method, which involves recording the movements of a diamond-tipped stylus as it scans the surface being studied, is demonstrated on a Neolithic cranium from Sweden. The cranium emanates from a pile dwelling dated to about 3000 B.C. Its frontal bone exhibits distinct cut marks indicative of scalping, and the teeth show signs of enamel hypoplasia. The surface topography of the putative cut marks and hypoplastic enamel were investigated using the stylus method. Measurements of enamel hypoplasia were also carried out for comparison on a front tooth from the lower jaw, and the cut mark study was compared with scanning electron micrographs. The results of this case study demonstrate that the stylus method can obtain high-resolution measurements of fine surface details directly on the original bone without preparation of or damage to the specimen.