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Ruminant animals are known for their dairy and meat products worldwide. They are the best converters of poor quality fibrous feed ingredients, and presence of rumen, the anaerobic chamber that harbours vast category of microbes, is attributable to this phenomenon. The microbes include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea and bacteriophages that work on synergistically for optimal performance of ruminant animals. These microbes help not only in digestion of fibrous materials, but also involved in various biological functions, such as probiotic activity, antimicrobial metabolite production, synthesis of health promoting bioactive fatty acid molecules, biomass conversion, etc. Earlier, the probiotic organisms used in food animals (calves, sheep, goat, swine and poultry) were mainly originated from dairy products but today organisms of autochthonous origin are being used, as they show better adaptability. Since, rumen do possess organisms with probiotic and fibre utilising activity, these organisms are now explored for their suitability as a probiotic and fibrolytic agent in monogastric food animals. Diversity of rumen microbes was not properly understood through the conventional culture methods, however with advancement in ‘Omic’ technologies, researchers could identify new class of organisms from the rumen and their potential use for the commercial and industrial purposes.

The steel wall measuring 120 mm in length and 210 mm in height was manufactured by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) using ER347 wire and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The mechanical integrity and microstructure of the WAAM treated plate were examined. It was found that the steel plate was well formed, no clear boundaries between the layers were observed, and different thermal history leads to a variety of microstructures. The hardness of the WAAM-processed plate gradually varied from top to bottom and was between 203.5 HV and 248.2 HV. Microstructure of WAAM 347 consists of columnar dendrites and equiaxed dendrite in the multilayer deposition. The percent volume fraction of delta ferrite in the as-deposited WAAM plate was 4.2 and the predicted ferrite number from WRC-1992 diagram is 4.1. The mechanical properties of the welded parts were anisotropic; the sample at 45° orientation has a higher tensile strength compared to 0° and 90° orientation samples. The fractured tensile specimens in the as-deposited state were characterized by dimple-like structures revealing the ductile fracture. SEM line mapping confirms the presence of intermetallic compounds (NbC) in the WAAM 347 plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental implants are designed to ensure natural tooth replacement based on improved design, simplified placement, and long-term survival. This study aimed to compare one-piece implant (OPI) and two-piece implant (TPI) to determine the success rate over the TPI. This study conducted on 15 patients selected with the age range of 20–60 years to place OPI and TPI. The surgical consent form duly signed by the patients was procured. The implants used were of Adin Implant System, and a follow-up examination was done at 3, 6, and 9 months after implant loading and various clinical and radiographic parameters were noted for both OPI and TPI. The clinical parameters measured were Silness, and Loe gingival index and probing depth and the radiographic parameters included crestal marginal bone loss. Independent Sample t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the OPI and TPI based on the gingival index, probing depth, and crestal bone loss. On the contrary, there was a statistical significance in comparing the same parameters during the follow-up period of 3, 6, and 9 months. Over a protracted period, OPIs are better than TPIs by the design and placement procedure. Further research with a higher sample size shall possibly establish esoteric results on a large scale.

The most common sequela of wearing removable dentures is denture stomatitis. This review article uses a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) format to collect data regarding articles that report on the treatment of denture stomatitis using tissue conditioners modified with antifungal drugs, inorganic compound, and phytomedicines. Their advantages, disadvantages, and mechanism of action are discussed.

This study aimed to estimate the changes in the milk yield, milk fat, energy indicators [NEFA, BHBA, Dry Matter Intake (DMI) and Body Condition Score (BCS)] and concentration of innate immune molecules (Haptoglobin: Hp, Serum Amyloid A: SAA, TLR-4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), during the transition period in primiparous and multiparous dual-purpose zebu (Deoni) cows. The blood sample was collected at weekly intervals during pre-partum (-21±2, -14±1, -7±1, d), date of calving (day 0), and postpartum period (3±1, 7±1, 14±1, 21±2 d) for estimation of the above plasma variables using commercially available bovine specific ELISA kits. DMI and BCS during the corresponding period were also recorded. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model considering group, time and their interaction as fixed effects. Group, time and their interaction had significant effect on DMI where primiparous cows consumed higher DMI during early postpartum period as compared to multiparous cows. Group alone had significant effect on milk yield, milk fat per cent and BHBA level while time alone influenced BCS. The interaction of group and time had significant effects on plasma TLR-4 and IL-8 concentration. Group also had significant effect on Hp and TNF-α levels. It was concluded that parity had significant effect on metabolic and immune indicators where higher DMI during transition period resulted in more milk yield in primiparous than multiparous indigenous (Deoni) cows.

Increasing the consumption of natural substances has increased the demand for biological sources such as Spirulina platensis. The study quantitatively investigates the antioxidant potential and phytonutrient contents in aqueous and ethanol extracts of spirulina. The spirulina was collected from a local farm of Pondicherry and mass cultured in our research laboratory. The spirulina biomass was evaluated for antioxidant potential viz. catalase, SOD, GPx, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and reduced GSH; phytonutrients contents like total phenol, flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrates, and proteins in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of spirulina. Significant enzymatic antioxidant activity was observed for ethanolic extract. However, aqueous extracts were higher for catalase, SOD, and GPx activity. The same trend was observed for non-enzymatic activities. Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content were observed and high in aqueous extract. However, protein and carbohydrate content were higher in ethanolic extract. We observed a significant change in antioxidant activity and phytonutrient content in ethanolic extract than in aqueous extracts. The strong antioxidant property and higher phytonutrient contents of spirulina can play a vital role in the dietary supplement and combating malnutrition.

In this study, we evaluated the peripheral concentrations of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-4 during transition period in relation to postpartum productive and reproductive performances of Deoni (zebu) cattle. Accuracy and threshold values of TLR-4 to predict the postpartum performance, were also estimated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals during transition period (from 21 days before to 21 days after calving) and TLR-4 concentration was estimated using bovine specific ELISA kits. Plasma TLR-4 concentration was significantly higher on third day of postpartum in cows that became pregnant within breeding period than the cows that remained non-pregnant (4.48 vs 1.80 ng/mL). ROC analysis revealed that the accuracy of TLR-4 for predication of ability to become pregnant within breeding period was acceptable (AUC: 0.75) with a threshold value of 2.13 ng/mL. It is concluded that concentrations of TLR-4, during transition period, could be used for predicting the possibilities of Deoni cows getting pregnant within the breeding period with moderate accuracy.

Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis is a popular method to discriminate between the two conditions of tested animals. In this study, we estimated accuracy and threshold values of metabolic (Dry matter Intake; DMI and Body Condition Score: BCS, NEFA and BHBA) and immune indicators (Haptoglobin: Hp, Serum Amyloid A: SAA, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-8) during transition period (–21, –14, –7, 0, +3, +7, +14 and +21 days) to predict the high yielding (HY) and pregnant Deoni cows. ROC analysis revealed that SAA (–21 d), IL-6 (–21 and –7 d), BCS (–7 d) and BHBA (–7 d) during pre-partum period, differentiated HY from low or medium yielder (LY/MY) cows with moderate to excellent accuracy (AUC >0.8). During postpartum period, IL-6 (+7 d), TNF-a (+21 d), DMI (+21 d), NEFA (+14 d and +21 d) and BHBA (+21 d) levels had moderate to excellent accuracy to differentiate HY from LY or MY cows. IL-6 (–14 d and –7 d), TNF-a (–14 d) and DMI (–21 d; above 2 kg/100 kg BW) during pre-partum period while, SAA (+3 d and +7 d), IL-6 (+3 and +21 d) and TNF-a (+7 and +21 d) during postpartum period were significantly predicted the pregnant cows with moderate to excellent accuracy. Altogether, it is concluded that SAA, IL-6 and TNF-a levels had higher accuracy in discrimination of HY and pregnant cows from LY or MY and non-pregnant cows, respectively. Therefore, their corresponding threshold values could be used for predicting HY and pregnant Zebu (Deoni) cows.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), its innate immunity and to compare the efficacy of indirect diagnostic tests [California mastitis test (CMT), differential electrical conductivity (DEC), absolute EC, enzyme based color detection method (Tanucheck kit) and brothymol blue strip (BTB) tests] to milk somatic cell count (SCC) method using 200×103 cells/ml as a cut off value in Deoni (N=27) and HF crossbred (N=32) cows. Cumulative prevalence of SCM was 38% and 63% in Deoni and HF crossbred cows, respectively on milk SCC basis (N=215). Breed, udder health status and its interaction had significant effect on SCC level. The overall sensitivity and specificity of above indirect tests were 38 and 99%; 52 and 72%; 52 and 69%; 76 and 31%, and 1 and 100%, respectively. mRNA expression of serum amyloid A (SAA), IL-1β and TNF- α genes were significantly up-regulated while, TNF-α gene was significantly down-regulated in PBMC of SCM affected HF crossbred and Deoni cows, respectively. It is concluded that, DEC is more suitable indirect method to detect SCM and mRNA expression of SAA and TNF-α was strongly related to SCM in HF crossbred and Deoni cows, respectively.

The uniqueness of Zn is that, it is the second most abundant trace element in the animal body but can't be stored in the body, thus regular dietary intake is required. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP) particles are being extensively used in paints, skin lotions pigments, food, electronics appliances, biological and pharmaceutical applications and many more. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are the specially prepared mineral salt having particle size of 1 to 100 nm. It promotes growth can act as antibacterial agent, modulates the immunity and reproduction of the animals. Both in lower and higher doses of specifications it has exhibited a variety of effects on animal performances. Apart from being highly bio-available, reports have already pointed out the growth promoting, antibacterial, immuno-modulatory and many more effects of nano zinc (nZn). These can be used at lower doses and can provide better result than the conventional Zn sources and indirectly prevents environmental contamination also. The toxicological studies provide mixed results in animal models. Studies been undertaken in diversified animal species and encouraging effects have been reported with nZn supplementation. However, there is a need to optimize the dose and duration of ZnO NP supplementation for human and livestock, depending on its biological effects. Actual bioavailability of ZnO NP in livestock is still to be worked out. In this review we have attempted to summarize, conclude the beneficial effects of nZnO and its possible usage as mineral supplement to different categories of human and livestock.

Premature acrosomal exocytosis in cryopreserved semen is one of the reasons attributed to low fertility among livestock. In the present study, we attempted to enhance the cryopreserved semen quality by selective removal of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa using FITC-PNA conjugated iron magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Further, the effect of nano purification on other sperm functional attributes was also assessed. Iron MNPs were prepared using co-precipitation method and dextran-coated MNPs were conjugated with FITC-PNA (0.04 mg/mL). A preliminary experiment was conducted to standardise the dose of FITC-PNA conjugated iron MNPs (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg). Among the different doses used, 0.6 mg FITC-PNA conjugated iron MNPs significantly (p < 0.05) removed higher acrosomal reacted spermatozoa from the semen, and therefore, this dose was used in further experiments. Cryopreserved semen from Holstein Friesian breeding bulls (n = 6) were thawed and washed using Sperm-TALP to remove residual extender. Washed spermatozoa (2 × 10 6 ) were exposed to 0.6 mg of FITC-PNA conjugated iron MNPs for 10 min at 37°C. The nano purified semen was assessed for various vital sperm parameters viz., viability, intracellular calcium, apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential using flow cytometry. We found that nanopurification using FITC-PNA conjugated iron MNPs significantly (p < 0.05) improved the sperm quality. The proportion of viable non-apoptotic spermatozoa with low intracellular calcium levels was significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in nano purified semen. Nano purification did not affect sperm mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production. In conclusion, these preliminary findings indicate that FITC-PNA coated iron MNPs effectively removed acrosome reacted spermatozoa and significantly improved sperm functional attributes in the purified fraction., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Malaria is one of the most known vector-borne diseases caused by female Anopheles mosquito bites. According to WHO, about 247 million cases of malaria and 619,000 deaths were estimated worldwide in 2021, of which 95% of the cases and 96% of deaths occurred in the African region. Sadly, about 80% of all malaria deaths were of children under five years old. Despite the availability of different insecticides used to control this disease, the emergence of drug-resistant mosquitoes threatens public health. This, in turn, highlighted the need for new larvicidal agents that are effective at different larval life stages. This study aimed to identify novel larvicidal agents. To this end, a series of ethyl 2,4,6-trisubstituted-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates 8a-i was synthesized using a three-step chemical synthetic approach via a Biginelli reaction employed as a key step. All title compounds were screened against Anopheles arabiensis to determine their larvicidal activities. Among them, two derivatives, ethyl 2-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate 8b and ethyl 2-((4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)amino)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate 8f , showed the highest larvicidal activity, with mortality of 94% and 91%, respectively, and emerged as potential larvicidal agents. In addition, computational studies, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, were carried out to investigate their mechanism of action. The computational results showed that acetylcholinesterase appears to be a plausible molecular target for their larvicidal property.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Background & objectives Hospital-based cancer registry does not represent the true burden of cancer in the community. Initiating a Primary Health Centre (PHC)-based cancer registry may better estimate population-level data for cancer cases in an area. This study aimed to set up a system for facilitating a PHC-based cancer registry and to assess the registration status of cancer cases in various PHCs of Puducherry. The facilitating and limiting factors while setting up this registry were also assessed. Methods A quasi-experimental study with an embedded mixed-method design was conducted in 31 PHCs/Community Health Centres (CHCs) from March 2021 to November 2022. The interventions were implemented in all PHCs/CHCs of Puducherry with the involvement of the State Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) cell. The line list of cancer cases from the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) Hospital-based cancer registry was shared with all PHCs/CHCs. Sensitization sessions for all Community Health Workers (CHWs) were conducted, and feedback on cancer registration status was given to the State NCD cell. Focus group discussion (FGD)/Key informant interview (KII) was undertaken to understand strengths, challenges, and suggestions. The logic model was used to understand the various indicators while setting up this PHC-based cancer registry. Results Over a one-year intervention period, 1270 cancer cases were registered at Puducherry's PHCs/CHCs, 1203 (88%) from the shared list and 67(5%) from other facilities. However, only 53 per cent of the expected living cases were captured in the various PHCs. Major limitations for registration were the COVID-19 pandemic, stigma, inadequate manpower, infrastructure issues, and privacy concerns during screening. Interpretation & conclusions It was feasible to set up a PHC-based cancer registry in all PHCs of Puducherry. However, registration of cancer cases was suboptimal, as population-based screening of cancer cases, as recommended in the National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) programme, was weak due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Once this is strengthened, the PHC-based cancer registry will better represent the population.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of nanocomposites containing vitamin K2, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP), and chitosan (Chito)-coated dental implants against clinically relevant microbial strains., Materials and Methods: Four test compounds were prepared: vitamin K2 + nHAP, K2 + Chito + nHAP, vitamin K2, and vitamin K2 + Chito. Agar well diffusion test was conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results: The vitamin K2 + nHAP nanocomposite exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with E. faecalis showing the highest sensitivity (25 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). The K2 + Chito + nHAP nanocomposite demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity with C. albicans displaying the highest sensitivity (28 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). Pure vitamin K2 showed limited antimicrobial activity, vitamin K2 combined with chitosan exhibited significant susceptibility to C. albicans , resulting in a substantial inhibition zone of 24 mm diameter at a concentration of 100 µL., Conclusion: The synergistic effects of vitamin K2 with nHAP and chitosan highlight the potential of these nanocomposites for biomedical applications. These findings contribute to the development of effective nanocomposites to address antimicrobial resistance and improve infection control in various biomedical fields., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Duraisamy et al.)

Enset ( Ensete ventricosum ) is one of Ethiopia's most important food crops. The objective of the present study is to evaluate (using multivariate analysis) the effect of fermentation time, varietal differences, and treatment with gammicho on the physicochemical and nutraceuticals of kocho obtained from false banana in highly cultivated areas such as Disa Kera and Koysha Gorta of Dawro zone, Loma Woreda, South Nations' Nationalities People Regions, Ethiopia. The analyses were carried out for fresh and fermented (with and without local starter, gammicho) enset kocho varieties (Meazia and Katania) harvested in two locations. Statistical analysis of the acquired data was performed using Minitab software version 19. It was discovered that each factor influenced significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) the qualities of kocho independently and with interaction. After four months of fermentation with gammicho, various parameters such as fat (1.69 to 0.62%), fiber (11.46 to 2.79%), pH (6.50 to 3.00), and moisture were dramatically decreased (9.34 to 2.8%). On the other hand, some dietary elements in both kinds were reduced with increasing fermentation time, including ash (2.07 to 3.57%), protein (3.08 to 5.52%), and carbs (71.87 to 84.55%). The results of this study suggest that Meazia has superior physicochemical and nutritional qualities over Katania., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Tewodros Birhanu et al.)

A polysaccharide molecule called starch exists in nature and is cheap, renewable, biodegradable, and readily accessible. The main objective of this project is to extract and characterize anchote ( Coccinia abyssinica ) starch, as well as to generate bio-ethanol from its pulp/waste. The anchote sample used in this investigation came from Ethiopia's western Oromia region. Anchote ( Coccinia abyssinica ) starch was extracted, and the pulp from the tuber was peeled and the supernatant isolated for bio-ethanol production. The extracted starch from anchote and bio-ethanol from pulps were characterized by physicochemical, functional properties and FT-IR analysis. The result of physicochemical and functional properties of anchote starch was found to be pH (4.44), WHC (112%), Solubility (5.03%), swelling power (5.781%), Gelatinization temperature (53.33 °C), WAC (2 g/g), bulk density (0.605 g/cm 3 ) and OAC (3 g/g). According to this FTIR research, anchote starch has a chemical structure that is similar to corn, cassava, and potato starch. As the results showing a promising alcoholic content (25% v/v) and the existence of bioethanol being validated by a combustion test, the pulps/wastes recovered from anchote are also good sources of bioethanol. Finally, the FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that ethyl alcohol was produced from anchote pulps/waste after acid hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)

A dental implant mimics the tooth and restores its function. It has flourished as a replacement of missing natural teeth that has a success rate over 90% over the years. However, this root-form implant has also been associated with some complications after its application. Crestal bone loss, one of the biggest challenges in dental implant placement, occurs around the dental implant neck within a few months post-loading. The aim of this study was to determine survival rates and to measure crestal bone changes after placement of a single crown prosthesis. Data collection was done in a private dental university setting. Data from approximately 296 cases were retrieved after analyzing 86,000 case sheets. The following parameters were evaluated based on dental records: age, sex, implant placement area, implant diameter and length, and presence or absence of exudate. Crestal bone loss was assessed radiographically. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 23 were used for data analysis. Chi-square testing was done to correlate various parameters used in this study. Incipient crestal bone loss was commonly observed. It was seen that the association between crestal bone loss and exudate was statistically significant (Chi-square, p < 0.05). Within the limits of this study, incipient crestal bone loss was observed in most dental implants irrespective of bone density, implant length, implant diameter, and implant placement area.

The objective of this study was to examine Nerolidol (NER) and Cisplatin (CIS) performed against human laryngeal carcinoma (Hep 2) cells. We evaluated the effect of NER, CIS, and NER + CIS on cell viability, cell migration, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, nuclear condensation, apoptotic induction, and DNA damage in Hep 2 cells. We used the MTT assay to assess the cytotoxicity effect of NER and CIS on Hep 2 cells in terms of morphological alterations. Present results demonstrated that IC 50 values of NER and CIS have potential cytotoxicity against Hep 2 cells. NER effectively inhibited cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species generation, apoptotic induction, and DNA damage in Hep 2 cells. In addition, the docking study evaluated the structural binding interaction of NER with PI3K/Akt and PCNA protein. Furthermore, NER with PI3K/Akt, PCNA has a higher crucial score and affinity. Present results infer that NER could be used to target signaling molecules in anticancer studies. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nerolidol is a dietary phytochemical with high biological activity that can find in a variety of plants. Many researchers focused on Nerolidol to treat various diseases including cancer. However, there is no studies exist on laryngeal cancer. This study uses Nerolidol and Cisplatin to generate oxidative stress and stimulate apoptosis and DNA damage in human laryngeal cancer cells. Based on present findings, Nerolidol could be a choice of anticancer medication, either alone or in combination against oral squamous cell carcinomas in both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Dentists, especially the clinicians, struggle to achieve comfort, stability, and retention in removable dentures, which eliminates need of denture adhesives, and often prescribe denture adherents as an adjunct aid in denture aftercare. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of dentists in Tamil Nadu toward use of denture adhesives in clinical practice. This survey was conducted among 150 dentists in Tamil Nadu, of which 128 dentists responded. The survey had 22 close-ended questions circulated through online forms. The data were collected, tabulated, and interpreted. Respondents were 24.2% general practitioners, 14.8% undergraduate students, 25.8% postgraduate students - prosthodontics, 30.5% other than prosthodontics, and 4.7% were prosthodontists. Awareness of usage of denture adhesives, 99.2% of the population responded positively and 1.6% respondents had no awareness. Majority of clinicians were not familiar with the toxic effects and thus a difference in recommendation was seen. The results of this survey conclude that knowledge and attitude of dentists in state of Tamil Nadu pertaining to use of denture adhesives as a retentive adjunct in denture fabrication is good overall, but depth of knowledge about its indication in clinical practice, toxicity, and complications needs some improvement., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.)

N20 omission or addition to the combination of an opioid and neuroleptic is referred to as neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia, respectively. Conscious sedation is the result of this evolution. The requirement for high-quality anesthesia that is also related with speedier recovery, improved comfort, and lower costs all support the concept of neuroleptanesthesia. A set of eight questions was formulated and circulated among the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Saveetha Dental College. Responses were collected and the data were entered into MS Excel sheet and transferred to SPSS for the analysis. Results were made into graphs and interpreted. In the present study, among the students who took part in the study, 36.3% of the students were postgraduates and 63.7% of them were undergraduates. About 45.2% of the students were not aware and 54.8% of the students were aware that neuroleptanalgesia refers to the combination of a potent sedative analgesic agent and a tranquillizer. Many of the students were not aware of what neuroleptic esthetic is and how it evolved. The current study showed that most students did not have enough knowledge about neurolept anesthesia. However, dentists should make efforts to improve knowledge, awareness of neurolept anesthesia for further advancement, and the need for high-quality anesthesia., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.)

This study focuses on formulating and optimizing complementary foods using oat, yellow maize, chickpea, avocado pulp powder, and sugarcane Jaggery to obtain nutritious infant food. Different proportions of the composite food were optimized using Minitab v.19 software upon mixture design by keeping the constant amount of Jaggery (10%). The formulated composite foods had a better proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, and lower amounts of antinutrients. Most attributes have shown significant differences ( p < 0.05) among those formulations. The better-optimized formulation is selected from nutritional and antinutritional values through overlaid contour design. The study concludes the optimal complementary food composition ratio: oat (40 g), chickpea (25.81 g), yellow maize (13.78 g), avocado powder (10.4 g), and Jaggery (10 g). Thus, the proposed formulated product becomes nutritious complementary food that may help children's and medium-age hold communities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsabet Getachew Aynalem and Ramesh Duraisamy.)

An elaborate multiple regression analysis was done to arrive a nutrient requirement equation for goat including dry matter intake, DMI (kg/day), total digestible nutrient, TDN (g/day) and crude protein, CP (g/day) based on animal body weight (BW) (kg) and average daily gain (ADG)(g/day). The derived equations were highly significant (p < 0.001) and had high R 2 (0.99) values. The estimated values of TDN, CP and DMI are compared with NRC (1981), Kearl (Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 1982), as well as ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013). The estimated total TDN and CP requirements at different body weights and ADG are close to the values of recommended feeding standards of Mandal et al. (Small Ruminant Res., 58, 2005, 201). The estimated DMI values are close to the values of ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013) but lower (26.5%-43.8%) as compared to NRC (1981). Regressed values are used to develop a linear programming (LP) model and a stochastic model (SM) for least-cost ration formulation for the Indian goat breed, whose average BW is about 45 kg and ADG is 130 (g/day), and which is solved using LP simplex and Generalised Reduced Gradient (GRG) nonlinear of Microsoft Excel. The models satisfy the nutrient requirement calculated by regression equations with minimum specified level of variation (usually 5%-10%) in CP and TDN. Both methods adequately meet the nutritional requirements. Therefore, an electronic sheet is developed in Excel to calculate DMI, TDN and CP for different body weights, ADG and formulate the ration by LP and stochastic model., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Edentulism and dental disease have a major effect on the standard of lifetime of patients. Fixed partial dentures have become the treatment of choice for many people for the replacement of edentulous space in the oral cavity. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate and compare the esthetics between monolithic zirconia and hand layered zirconia among fixed partial dentures in Saveetha Dental College. 100 patients who monolithic zirconia and hand layered zirconia had fixed partial dentures were included within the study. Pink and white esthetic scores were evaluated. Data collected were entered in SPSS and analyzed through Chi square test. It was observed that hand layered zirconia have better white esthetic score (p<0.000) and pink esthetic score (p<0.003) when compared to monolithic zirconia fixed partial dentures, which were statistically significant. It was concluded that hand layered zirconia fixed partial dentures have better esthetics than monolithic zirconia fixed partial dentures., Competing Interests: None, (© 2022 Biomedical Informatics.)

Background: Low protein diets have been linked to decreased bone strength in humans. Arginine and lysine can help improve the healing process and stimulate growth factors., Aim: To evaluate if dietary arginine and lysine combination aids in reducing the time frame for osseo-integration process and bone formation in animal models., Materials and Methods: Controls (Group I) and Experimental (Group II) consisted of twelve New Zealand rabbits. Animals in the experimental group were fed a conventional pellet food, water, and the amino acids L-Lysine and L-Arginine (Biovea, USA), whereas those in the control group were offered a standard diet. In both groups of animals, titanium implants measuring 2.5mm* 6mm were implanted in each tibial osteotomy. At the end of two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks, the animals were euthanized. The tibial bone was removed and preserved in 1% formalin. The samples were analysed histologically for presence or absence of Necrosis, presence or absence of clot formation, Vascularization, Fibroblast, Osteoblasts and Osteoid Bone growth., Results: Histological outcomes on vascularization, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoid bone growth inferred no significant variation between the control and experimental groups after 8 weeks (P>.05)., Conclusion: Vascularity, clot organisation, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoid bone production in the protein fed experimental group animals were better in initial stages of healing when compared to control groups., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

The objective of this study is to examine the chemopreventive effects of Nerolidol (NER) on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBC) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in male golden Syrian hamsters. In this study, oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of an oral painted hamster with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times weekly for 12 weeks. To assess DMBA-induced hamster buccal tissue carcinogenesis, biochemical endpoints such as Phase I and II detoxification enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products, and renal function markers, as well as histopathological examinations, were used. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical studies of interleukin-6 were investigated to find the inflammatory link in the HBC carcinogenesis. In our results, DMBA alone exposed hamsters showed 100% tumor growth, altered levels of antioxidants, detoxification agents, LPO, and renal function identifiers as compared to the control hamsters. The outcome in  present biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry studies has been found a reverse in NER-treated hamsters against the tumor. This study concluded that NER modulated the biochemical profiles (antioxidants, detoxification, LPO, and renal function markers) and inhibited tumor development in DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A massive amount of fruit peels generated from fruit processing industries and household kitchens has resulted in nutritional loss and environmental problems. Pectin is a polysaccharide that is isolated from fruit peels and has been attributed to various applications. By proper waste management practices and the use of efficient methods for retrieval of pectin from fruit, peels would benefit from resource management. This study has aimed at the extraction of pectin from locally available fruit peels. Pectin extraction from banana-papaya peel was done by microwave-assisted extraction. The influence of temperature, time, and pH on extraction yield and anhydrouronic acid content was analyzed using software Design Expert 11. The optimum operating conditions such as temperature, time, and pH to achieve maximum yield (23.74%) and anhydrouronic acid (69.97%) were determined as 73°C, pH 2, and 35 min, respectively. Physicochemical assets of the extracted pectin, such as moisture, ash, protein, methoxyl content, degree of esterification, equivalent weight, and acetyl value, were determined as 7.2 ± 0.27%, 6.20 ± 1.26%, 3.92 ± 0.05% 8.37 ± 0.42%, 67.91 ± 0.33%, 783.69 ± 0.46 g/mol, and 0.48 ± 0.11%, respectively, and some functional properties like water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, and emulsifying activity and emulsion stability are found as 8.23%, 18.44%, 22.73%, 45.16%, and 29.33%, respectively., Competing Interests: All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Mini-implants were introduced as an alternative to standard implants for use in narrow alveolar ridges due to their smaller length and size. They are also used to provide anchorage in orthodontic treatments. Mini-implants offer simplified treatment procedures with a flat learning curve, low cost, and a possible flapless surgical procedure that can decrease post-surgical morbidity. Before being implemented into clinical practice, they were subjected to in vivo testing using animal models as is with all implant research. The biomechanical properties of mini-implants have earned them a high rate of acceptance in treatment among patients. In this review, we focus on mini-implants, extrapolation from mini-implant testing on animal models, and their latest use in dentistry.

This study focuses on the processing, characterization, and sugar and ethanol production potential of red-fleshed sweet potatoes (RFSP) and white-fleshed sweet potatoes (WFSP). These feedstocks were used for the production of sugar; and bioethanol from its pulp by the action of five different microbes. The characterization of raw sweet potatoes and desired products of raw sugar, and bioethanol were carried out through proximate analyses, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) method, measurement of pol% by using a Refractometer, Polarimeter, Saccharimeter. The proximate analyses of feedstocks show the presence of a respectable amount of dry solids 25 ± 0.03g/100g with a lower amount of fat (0.025 ± 0.002) and ash (0.533 ± 0.076) contents make them promising crops for the production of sugar and ethanol. Comparatively, RFSP raw sugar ( o Z: 95.25 ± 0.05) is considered purer than WFSP raw sugar ( o Z: 94.6 ± 0.015). FTIR spectrums of the presently studied raw sugar and bioethanol have characteristic bands. It shows that the raw sugars products are rich in sucrose content, and confirms that the bioethanol was produced from the selected raw materials is at a satisfactory level. The efficiency of microbes was evaluated by taking a sample from the fermented wash to measure the residual sugar in ( o Brix). Comparatively, fermented wash with sweet potato extracted yeast was found 14% Brix o (consume 86% of pulp) in RFSP, and 17% of Brix o (consume 83% pulp) in WFSP within 24 hours of fermentation. The alcohol level of bioethanol's produced from RFSP and WFSP pulps was tested using Ebuliometer and the result was found to be ranged 78 °C - 80 °C which is closer to the boiling point of absolute anhydrous alcohol (78.3 °C). Thus, the results of the present study proved that the sweet potato and its pulp are considered as a potential alternative sugar/energy feedstock., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

The dairy farmers in the tropical region have limitations regarding "feedstuffs" available. A software program is required to meet the nutrient requirement with the available feeds at the cheapest cost. There are many techniques/software that are implemented to meet dairy animal nutrient requirements. However, there are no specific techniques that are appropriate for formulating rations for dairy cattle in the least cost manner. An android application Dairy Cattle Nutrition and Feed Calculator (DCN & FC) is developed with an aim of least-cost feed balancing system which will help a farmer to choose feeds to meet the nutrient requirement set for ration. The quantity of feed, fed to the cattle to meet the required needs, is determined by nutrient content, dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of the feed. This program works in three phases. The first phase consists of creating equations for the estimation of DMI, TDN and CP based on the nutrient tables provided by ICAR (2013) for different categories of cattle such as Milch cattle, dry cattle, male calves, female calves and pre-ruminant animals for different physiological stages such as body weight, average daily gain, fat and milk, using regression analysis. The second phase is the development of a linear programming (LP) model to solve different cases of nutrient requirements for least cost. The final phase is the use of the android framework that uses linear programming to suggest sufficient feed that meets the nutrient requirements. The developed application is user friendly and available in different languages. With the combination of linear programming and regression analysis, the ration can be effectively formed using available feeds, and control the cost of the feeds.

Objectives: Emerging shreds of evidence indicates that the risk of diabetic foot ulcer and associated morbidity can be reduced through the intensive glycemic control. There are very few studies which assessed the effects of glycemic control on diabetic foot problems among Indian patients. We aimed to assess the effect of glycemic control on the outcomes of diabetic foot problems among adult type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with foot ulcers., Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the T2DM patients from a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. The demographic characters, risk factors, treatment characters, glycemic status were collected among the patients and analyzed against the outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers by reviewing their medical records. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. The Chi-square test and ANOVA were used for was used for the categorical variables and continuous parameters to identify the factors affecting the outcomes, respectively. All analysis was performed in SPSS v21., Results: Out of the 100 participants included in the study, 70% were male. The majority (78%) were from an age group of 40 to 70 years, and the mean age was found to be 59.91 ± 10.6 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 9.66 years. Only ankle-brachial Index score (p=0.001) was significantly associated with the type of ulcers, whereas other factors not (p>0.05). A high level of average HbA 1c , BMI, ABI index and poor glycemic status was associated with a significant debridement strategy and longer duration of hospitalization; however, it was not substantial., Conclusion: Our study inferred that poor glycemic status is associated with a significant debridement strategy and longer duration of hospitalization. However, these findings need to be strengthened with adequately powered prospective studies., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Dental practice has had a turning point with the introduction of implants. A major prerequisite for implant success is the presence of primary stability at the time of implant placement and during loading. Poor primary stability can be one of the causes of implant failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone density, implant site, and crestal position of implants and their association with implant primary stability. A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College. Data was collected from a total of 86,000 patients who visited Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 and March 2020. The data of 500 patients in whom implants were placed in this time frame and who were between 25 and 50 years of age were retrieved and tabulated in SPSS for Windows, version 20. Chi-square testing was done to determine the association of bone density, implant site, and crestal position of implants with implant primary stability. There was no significant association between primary stability and crestal position (P = 0.297), implant site (P = 0.467), or bone density (P = 0.378).

The first rubidium and cesium enediamide complexes based on bulky 1,4-diaza-1,3-diene ligands (DADs) have been prepared by metalation of either 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene ( 1 , = H2 DAD Dipp ) or 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene ( 2 , = Me2 DAD Dipp ) with an excess of Rb or Cs metals in coordinating solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). All new complexes were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)

Marginal adaptation is an important feature of implant-supported crowns, ensuring long-term survival and the success of the prosthetic restoration. The long-term success of a fixed prosthesis such as an implant is highly associated with its marginal adaptation. Improper marginal adaptation increases the risk of plaque accumulation, which leads to decay and periodontal diseases and eventually results in the failure of the fixed dental restoration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the marginal fit of different types of implant-supported crowns following the cementation procedure. It is a retrospective study conducted by reviewing 86,000 patient case records of the Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. A total of 196 consecutive case records of patients for a period of June 2019 to March 2020, with signed informed consent, were retrieved and analyzed. Information such as patient name, patient identification number (PID), age, gender, marginal adaptation, and type of materials was retrieved from patient case records. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. Descriptive analysis was done for the assessment of age, gender, type of materials, and marginal adaptation. A Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between marginal adaptation and type of materials. The significant level was set at less than or equal to 0.05 (p ≤ 0.05). In this study, we observed that all-metal, metal-ceramic, hand-layered, and monolithic crowns mainly have smooth margins adaptation (52.55%) following cementation. The placement of implant-supported crowns is mostly done in individuals within the 21-30 years age group (29.08%). A higher prevalence of implant-supported crowns is seen in males (61.73%) compared to females (38.27%). Within the limits of the study, placement of implant-supported crowns is done mainly in individuals within the 21-30 years age group, with higher predilection in males compared to females. Metal-ceramic crowns are commonly placed, followed by hand-layered crowns, monolithic crowns, and all-metal crowns. Most of the implant-supported crowns exhibit satisfactory marginal adaptation with smooth margins. However, there is no significant association between the types of material and marginal adaptation.

Diabetes and other medically compromising diseases may affect people in many ways. Missing teeth can be replaced by various methods including dental implants. The stability, a more natural appearance, and minimizing the risk of bone resorption attribute to its direct anchor into bones. Nevertheless, diabetic patients may experience failure of implant placement due to microvascular complications that lead to sluggish healing after surgery. In addition, some medications are believed to impair bone healing, thus compromising dental implant success. This paper evaluates osseointegration and crestal bone loss of implants placed in medically compromised patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using patient records from Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, from June 2019 to March 2020. Patients who had dental implants and were medically compromised were chosen randomly. Data were collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics analysis was done to find the correlation between crestal bone loss and medically compromised individuals. Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheets were used to collect data, which were later exported to SPSS. Among 89 patients, more than 60% experienced crestal bone loss following implant placement. Diabetic patients recorded the highest prevalence of bone loss in comparison to other medically compromised patients. A significant association was found between crestal bone loss and diabetic patients (p < 0.05) Patients whose diseases were under control with medication were also observed to have bone loss. Overall, the prevalence of crestal bone loss seems to be higher in diabetic patients compared to other medically compromised patients. There seems to be definite correlation between diabetes and crestal bone loss.

Edentulism (partial or complete) is considered a major indicator of the oral health of a population. In partially edentulous patients the alveolar bone, adjacent teeth, and supporting structures influence the choice of prosthetic restoration. Dental implants are becoming a very viable option for rehabilitation. While many studies report the success of rehabilitations using implants, there is limited literature regarding survival of implants in the concerned district taken for study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival rates of implants and prosthesis placed by undergraduate students in a dental hospital. The study was a University/Hospital based retrospective study, and included patients visiting the dental hospital. Out of 86,000 patients who visited Saveetha Dental College, a total of 79 patients were included in the study as per the inclusion criteria of patients who had undergone implant therapy done by undergraduate students. Age, gender, presence of inflammation, infection, bone loss, and mobility were evaluated and tabulated in MS Excel. The data collected was imported to IBM SPSS for analysis and results were obtained. A majority of patients (92.4%) were found to have optimum survival rate of implants placed. No significant association was found between implant survival and age (p > 0.05) and gender (p > 0.05). Within the limits of the study, it was found that implants have a high survival rate but survival is not influenced by age and gender.

We evaluate crestal bone loss in implants after loading and bone loss associated with age, gender, and implant site. This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, India. We obtained ethical clearance from the Scientific Review Board at the college. Data were collected from 86,000 patients who visited Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 and March 2020. From these, we retrieved data from 335 patients, in whom implants were placed during this time frame. We tabulated data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM; Armonk, NY), ver. 20 for Windows. Chi-squared tests determined association among bone density, implant site, crestal implant position, and primary implant stability. We observed significant correlation between age and crestal bone loss (p = 0.019), but not between gender (p = 0.792) nor implant site (p = 0.223) with crestal bone loss.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fit of nonoriginal abutments to implants at the implant abutment junction., Materials and Methods: Twenty titanium implants from a single manufacturer were randomly divided into 2 groups of ten each. Ten titanium premachined original abutments (group I) and ten titanium premachined nonoriginal abutments (from different manufacturer-group II) were connected to the implants with the recommended manufacturer torque level and then embedded into autopolymerizing clear acrylic resin blocks. After overnight curing, these blocks were vertically sectioned using water jet sectioning machine and evaluated under scanning electron microscope following the sequential cleaning procedures. The microgap at the implant-abutment interface for all the samples was measured using pixel counting software and subjected to statistical analysis using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test., Results: The mean microgap at the implant-abutment interface at the external, middle, and internal points was 1.597, 1.399, and 1.831 µm, respectively, for group I and 2.395, 2.488, and 3.339 µm, respectively, for group II samples. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test showed statistically significant difference between 2 groups at the midpoint for the nonoriginal abutments compared with the original ones., Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, the mean microgap at the implant-abutment interface at the platform level at the external, middle, and internal points for both original abutments and nonoriginal abutments was found to be within clinically acceptable limits.