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This study reports the foremost incidence of duck viral enteritis (DVE) outbreak in a freerange flock of 250 Manila ducks from Tamil Nadu, Southern India. A sudden 20% (n=50) mortality was observed in the duck flock, presenting clinical signs such as greenish or blood-stained diarrhea, anorexia, ocular discharge, incoordination, and death. Postmortem examination of randomly selected 10 carcasses revealed blood in the body cavities, hemorrhages in the heart, air sacs, proventriculus, liver, and spleen, and enlargement of kidney, spleen, and liver with necrotic foci. Histopathological examination evidenced congestion and hemorrhages in the proventriculus, heart, and air sacs. The liver exhibited diffused congestion and hepatic steatosis. Spleen evinced congestion, hemorrhages, and multifocal necrotic areas. The small intestine showed blunting and fusion of villi with mononuclear cell infiltration. Screening of pooled viscera demonstrated no specific bacterial etiology and was negative for NDV and DHAV genomes. PCR screening for the DVEV genome targeting partial UL-31 showed amplification of 446bp amplicon in all the 10 carcasses examined. Sequencing and alignment of PCR amplicon from one sample yielded 373 nucleotides encoding 94 amino acids and gene sequence submitted to the GenBank with accession number of OR725707. BLAST homology search showed 100% sequence identity with published Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 genomes available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed specific grouping along with published DVEV genomes of India, Bangladesh, China, USA, and Germany. Further, deduced amino acid comparison with established DVEV amino acid sequences also showed a 100% match to the published DVEV sequences.

Introduction: India has the highest burden of animal bite cases globally, with a large proportion of the population affected by dog bites. India is endemic for rabies and accounts for 36% of the world’s rabies deaths. Mortality can be prevented by Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) with effective vaccines that are available. Vaccines are provided free of charge in Government hospitals. Aim: To estimate the compliance rate of Anti-Rabies Vaccine (ARV) regimen managed by the intradermal route. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional record-based study from the ARV Register of Government Hospital, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu, India. The victims of animal bite cases attending the hospital for the ARV regimen for a month were selected from the register to assess adherence to the full course updated Thai Red Cross regimen and identify any constraint factors hindering them from completing the course. Results: Out of 108 patients, 79 completed the full course ARV regimen, resulting in a compliance rate of 73.1%. Factors such as the distance of the hospital, timings, and forgotten dates were identified as major constraints. Conclusion: The compliance rate was found to be moderate, with constraint factors like forgotten dates and the distance of the hospital being significant hindrances to compliance. This highlights the importance of strengthening awareness through sensitisation programs and health education in both urban and rural areas to achieve a rabies-free India.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by the gradual and age-related deterioration of nerve cells in the central nervous system. The histopathological features observed in the brain affected by AD are the aberrant buildup of extracellular and intracellular amyloid-β and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Axonal transport is a fundamental process for cargo movement along axons and relies on molecular motors like kinesins and dyneins. Kinesin’s responsibility for transporting crucial cargo within neurons implicates its dysfunction in the impaired axonal transport observed in AD. Impaired axonal transport and dysfunction of molecular motor proteins, along with dysregulated signaling pathways, contribute significantly to synaptic impairment and cognitive decline in AD. Dysregulation in tau, a microtubule-associated protein, emerges as a central player, destabilizing microtubules and disrupting the transport of kinesin-1. Kinesin-1 superfamily members, including kinesin family members 5A, 5B, and 5C, and the kinesin light chain, are intricately linked to AD pathology. However, inconsistencies in the abundance of kinesin family members in AD patients underline the necessity for further exploration into the mechanistic impact of these motor proteins on neurodegeneration and axonal transport disruptions across a spectrum of neurological conditions. This review underscores the significance of kinesin-1’s anterograde transport in AD. It emphasizes the need for investigations into the underlying mechanisms of the impact of motor protein across various neurological conditions. Despite current limitations in scientific literature, our study advocates for targeting kinesin and autophagy dysfunctions as promising avenues for novel therapeutic interventions and diagnostics in AD.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is following gastrojejunostomy due to stromal ulceration, marginal ulcer bleeding from anastomotic site, remnant cancer. Gastrojejunostomy done for benign gastric outlet obstruction has many complications. Jejunogastric intussusceptions (JGI) is a rare complication of gastrojejunostomy surgery (

BackgroundNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for nearly 75% of all deaths in Tamil Nadu. The government of Tamil Nadu has initiated several strategies to control NCDs under the Tamil Nadu Health Systems Reform Program (TNHSRP). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of NCD risk factors and determine the predictors of diabetes and hypertension, which will be helpful for planning and serve as a baseline for evaluating the impact of interventions.MethodsA state-wide representative cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-69-year-old adults in Tamil Nadu in 2020. The study used a multi-stage sampling method to select the calculated sample size of 5780. We adapted the study tools based on WHO's STEPS surveillance methodology. We collected information about sociodemographic factors, NCD risk factors and measured blood pressure and fasting capillary blood glucose. The predictors of diabetes and hypertension were calculated using generalised linear models with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsDue to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, we could cover 68% (n = 3800) of the intended sample size. Among the eligible individuals surveyed (n = 4128), we had a response rate of 92%. The mean age of the study participants was 42.8 years, and 51% were women. Current tobacco use was prevalent in 40% (95% CI: 33.7-40.0) of men and 7.9% (95% CI: 6.4-9.8) of women. Current consumption of alcohol was prevalent among 39.1% (95% CI: 36.4-42.0) of men. Nearly 28.5% (95% CI: 26.7-30.4) of the study participants were overweight, and 11.4% (95% CI: 10.1-12.7) were obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 33.9% (95% CI: 32.0-35.8), and that of diabetes was 17.6% (95% CI: 16.1-19.2). Older age, men, and obesity were independently associated with diabetes and hypertension.ConclusionThe burden of NCD risk factors like tobacco use, and alcohol use were high among men in the state of Tamil Nadu. The prevalence of other risk factors like physical inactivity, raised blood pressure and raised blood glucose were also high in the state. The state should further emphasise measures that reduce the burden of NCD risk factors. Policy-based and health system-based interventions to control NCDs must be a high priority for the state.

In this note, we study skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over the mixed alphabet R=FqR1R2, where q=pm, p is an odd prime with m odd and R1=Fq+uFq with u2=u, and R2=Fq+uFq+vFq with u2=u,v2=v,uv=vu=0. Such codes consist of the juxtaposition of three codes of the same size over Fq,R1, and R2, respectively. We investigate the generator polynomial for skew cyclic codes over R. Furthermore, we discuss the structural properties of the skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over R. We also study their q-ary images under suitable Gray maps.

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the root cause of diabetic nephropathy, a condition affecting the kidneys (T2DM). The number of people who have type 2 diabetes is growing.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common heterogeneous disease, a worldwide major public health problem with increasing morbidity and mortality. Numerous exogenous and endogenous factors are involved in colorectal malignancies: age, sex, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, intestinal microbiota, genetic factors, and ability of host immune system to respond. CRC does not represent a single pathological entity, rather a heterogeneous group of diseases arising through various molecular pathways that influence individual susceptibility to cancer, and have the potential to determine responsiveness or resistance to antitumor agents. Materials and Methods: The present study analysed the distribution, histopathology, and immunohistochemically in 30 cases of colorectal malignancy. A prospective study of 30 cases of colorectal malignancies and molecular markers such as Cyclooxygenase 2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, BRAF, and Microsatellite Instability Panel correlating with clinicopathological features of the tumour was done from April 2022 to June 2023. Results: Among the markers COX 2 is not statistically significant but MSH 2 with MSH6 and MLH1 positivity; MSH 6 with MSH 2 and MLH 1 positivity; MLH 1 with grade of tumour, MSH 2 and MSH 6 positivity; BRAF with Lympho-vascular invasion, Perineural invasion, EGFR positivity; EGFR with BRAF positive are statistically significant with chi square test. Conclusion: Thus, among the markers studied MSH 2, MSH 6, MLH 1, EGFR and BRAF can be used to assess the prognostic significance and planning for chemotherapy in colorectal cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]