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Nowadays, state-of-the-art for optical data storage (ODS) have emerged as a leader in the competition of data storage technologies. However, the development of optical storage technology based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) encounter the serious problems, of single storage mode and easily decoding. In this study, a series of Ba 2 SiO 4 (denoted as BS): Eu2+, Ln3+ (Ln = Dy, Ho) phosphors with adjustable trap distributions (trap depths of 0.6–0.8 eV) have been developed by high-temperature solid-phase method and exhibit intense green emission peak located at 504 nm under excitation of 360 nm. Typically, BS: 0.02Eu2+, 0.02Ho3+ phosphor owns a shallow trap depth of 0.696 eV and BS: 0.02Eu2+, 0.02Dy3+ phosphor shows a deep trap depth of 0.81 eV. Interestingly, the flexible optical information storage film prepared by BS: 0.02Eu2+, 0.02Ho3+ phosphor through spin-coating technique can storage the "National Water Conservation Logo" pattern under NUV irradiation and reappear even after more than 60 days at 75 °C. Subsequently, multimodal anti-counterfeiting strategy is proposed by BS: Eu2+, Ln3+ (Ln = Dy, Ho) phosphors with adjustable trap depths and the flexible information coding device with high transmittance has been developed, in which encrypted message of "HELLO" and "86068" can be recognized at 75 °C and 130 °C, respectively. This work not only lays the foundation for realizing the durability of optical information storage, but also provides high security with multiple levels of retrievability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly reactive fission product cesium may volatilize at high temperatures. PbO–B 2 O 3 –ZnO glass with low melting temperature and excellent chemical durability can be used as a potential matrix for immobilizing Cs. In this work, five PbO–B 2 O 3 –ZnO glasses with different contents of Pb were synthesized via a melt-quenching process. These specimens were characterized with XRD, Raman, DTA and viscosity measurements. The results showed that the melting temperature decreases, viscosity decreases and structural polymerization increases with increasing lead content. Cs-doped 35PbO–60B 2 O 3 –5ZnO glasses were synthesized at low temperatures. XRD results revealed the amorphous nature of the glass solidified bodies. EDS and ICP-MS studies confirmed that Cs is retained in the glass. Clear vitrified waste products containing up to 13.6 wt% Cs were obtained. The chemical durability of the samples was evaluated via PCT-A and MCC-1 method. For the glass solidified body comprising a Cs/matrix ratio of 0.136, the leaching rate of Cs was 1.6 × 10−1 g m−2 d−1 from the PCT test, which indicates that it has a good chemical stability. 35PbO–60B 2 O 3 –5ZnO glass was expected to be a suitable matrix for Cs immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multi-interfaced Ni/C@RGO/PTFE composites were designed for electromagnetic protection application. • Ni/C@RGO/PTF possessed outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding properties. • Carbon coating and PTFE matrix acted as dual protective barriers for metal Ni. • Ni/C@RGO/PTFE exhibited excellent environmental stability and durability. To efficiently address the growing electromagnetic pollution problem, it is urgently required to research high-performance electromagnetic materials that can effectively absorb or shield electromagnetic waves. In addition, the stability and durability of electromagnetic materials in complex practical environments is also an issue that needs to be noticed. Therefore, the starting point for our problem-solving is how to endow magnetic/dielectric multi-interfaced composite materials with excellent electromagnetic protection capability and environmental stability. In this study, magnetic/dielectric multi-interfaced Ni/carbon@reduced graphene oxide/polytetrafluoroethylene (Ni/C@RGO/PTFE) composites were developed to utilize as excellent EWA (electromagnetic wave absorption) and EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding materials. Due to their diverse heterogeneous interfaces, rich conductive networks, and multiple loss mechanisms, the Ni/C@RGO/PTFE composite exhibits an optimal reflection loss of −61.48 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.20 GHz, with a filler loading of 5 wt%. Furthermore, Ni/C@RGO/PTFE composite films have an optimal absorption effectiveness value of 9.50 dB and an absorption coefficient of 0.49. Moreover, Ni/C@RGO/PTFE can hold high EWA performance in various corrosive media and maintain more than 90% of EMI shielding effectiveness, which can be attributed to the carbon coating and PTFE matrix acting as dual protective barriers for the susceptible metal Ni, thus obviously improving the stability and durability of composites. Overall, this work presents an effective strategy for the growth of high-performance EWA and EMI shielding materials with outstanding environmental stability and durability, which have wide application prospects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel seaweed and mussel inspired bilayer anti-oil-fouling and antifogging coating was proposed. The coating shows water resistance, mechanical durability, and long-term environmental stability. The coating performs good in anti-oil-fouling and anti-fogging. [Display omitted] Ecofriendly fabrication of anti-oil-fouling materials is of interest. Surfaces with underwater superoleophobicity have been fabricated which exhibit limited mechanical durability and water resistance. In this study, we report on a bioinspired bilayer design of a transparent anti-oil-fouling coating. Seaweed surfaces show anti-oil-fouling in the sea due to its high surface hydration ability. Mussels can adhere tightly onto a surface with good stability in the sea by virtue of its levodopa-containing secretions. The surface layer was fabricated using a crosslinked combination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (AlgS) inspired by seaweed, with the addition of calcium ions. Polydopamine (PDA), a derivative of levodopa, was used as the underlayer to enhance bonding strength and water resistance. Oil that adhered to the coated surface was spontaneously detached upon immersion in water. The mechanism underlying this anti-oil-fouling effect was elucidated using Gibbs free energy theory. The coating exhibited mechanical durability and water resistance. The coating is transparent and preserves the original color of the substrate. The coated glass showed stable anti-fogging and anti-frost performance. These coatings hold promise for a wide range of anti-oil-fouling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By offering promising solutions to two critical issues – the integration of renewable energies into energy systems and the decarbonization of existing hydrogen applications – green hydrogen production through water electrolysis is set to play a crucial role in addressing the major challenges of the energy transition. However, the successful integration of renewable energy sources relies on gaining accurate insights into the impacts that intermittent electrical supply conditions induce on electrolyzers. Despite the rising importance of addressing intermittency issues to accelerate the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources, the state-of-the-art lacks research providing an in-depth understanding of these concerns. This paper endeavors to offer a comprehensive review of existing research, focusing on proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis technologies operating under intermittent operation. Despite growing interest over the last ten years, the review underscores the scarcity of industrial-scale databases for quantifying these impacts. [Display omitted] • Dynamic features, e.g. event frequency and amplitude, affect efficiency and durability of alkaline and PEM electrolyzers. • Intermittent operation promotes electrolyzer decay, but literature lacks consensus and studies on alkaline technology. • Industrial-scale assessments of intermittency impacts are significantly lacking for both alkaline and PEM technologies. • Developing standardized methods is crucial to understand how intermittency affects electrolyzer efficiency and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells require high-purity hydrogen. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a common impurity in hydrogen that significantly reduces the performance of PEM fuel cells. Currently, there are two main methods to eliminate the effect of CO: direct removal of CO and increasing the CO tolerance of PEM fuel cells. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. It is important to consider the specific application when choosing between these methods. This review summarizes the mechanism of CO poisoning and its effect on the operation and durability of PEM fuel cells, as well as hydrogen purification and CO-tolerant techniques. Then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used techniques and predicts future research directions for PEM fuel cells using impure hydrogen containing CO, aiming to expand the application scenarios, and promote the large-scale application of PEM fuel cells. • Mechanisms of CO poisoning on PEM fuel cells are summarized. • Impacts on potential oscillation and durability are reviewed. • Various hydrogen purifications techniques are compared. • CO-tolerant techniques for PEM fuel cells are discussed. • Futher directions for research on eliminating CO effect are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of commercial solar panels is directly correlated with the amount of light absorbed. The purpose of this study was to create a spray-coated self-cleaning coating utilizing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for glass surfaces. The coated substrates were thoroughly analyzed using several techniques, such as contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmittance measurements. The AFM analysis substantiated the presence of flake-like particles, contributing to a surface roughness of 0.052 µm (root-mean-square roughness, Rq = 0.069 µm). The findings demonstrated that the concentration of PDMS solutions had a direct impact on the hydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties of the coated surfaces. As the concentration of PDMS varied from 0 to 1.5%, there was a corresponding increase in the contact angle from 74.8° to 135.58°. Throughout this concentration range, the transmittance exhibited consistent behavior. The coating underwent rigorous UV exposure and peel tests, affirming its excellent stability and durability on glass substrates. The peel test indicated a slight decrease in the contact angle from 133 to 131°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing and thawing (F/T) is an important occurrence in cold regions influencing soil geotechnical characteristics. Current study investigates effects of lime, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Nano-clay on unconfined compressive strength and F/T of loess under open and closed schemes. Loess was treated with 2, 4, 6 and 8% lime and RHA and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% Nano-clay and compacted at optimum conditions. Samples were cured for 1, 7, 14 and 28 days at 35 °C before freezing at −23 °C and thawing at room temperature for 24 h intervals. Tests conducted on untreated and RHA and Nano-clay treated samples showed total loss of strength after one F/T cycle with noticeable weight and volume changes by samples subjected to open F/T. Exposing samples to closed F/T resulted in smaller changes in volume and strength. Samples treated independently with lime or concurrently with RHA and Nano-clay showed significant resistance to F/T particularly with curing time. Formations of chemical compounds bind particles, reduce void ratio resulting in a solid durable structure resisting freezing. Open F/T proved more detrimental than closed F/T scheme exhibiting moisture accessibility to be a dominant factor on F/T process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials can improve the performance of cement-based materials. This article discusses the influence of graphene with different substitution rates on the performance of concrete. The addition of graphene will have an adverse effect on slump. The zeta-potential test shows that the addition of graphene leads to the adsorption of cations, which leads to the precipitation of particles. Therefore, the water absorption and cation of graphene are the main reasons for the decrease in fluidity. The strength of concrete increases first and then decreases with the increase of substitution rate, but the flexural strength increases all the time. The nanoindentation shows that graphene changes the properties of hydration products. The results of ultrasonic pulse velocity and mercury intrusion porosimetry show that the incorporation of graphene can improve the pore structure of cement-based materials. The chloride ion test shows that graphene can absorb chloride ions, and the addition of graphene can improve the performance of cement-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, a comparison of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (FMWCNTs) incorporated in Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC) mortar was carried out to find their influence on mechanical and durability properties. It has been observed that Pozzolana Portland Cement Carbon-Based Nano-Composites (PCCNCs) mortar has outstanding mechanical and durability properties. The finding shows that the PPC-1G (0.0015% of GO by weight % of cement) and the PPC-1C (0.0015% of FMWCNTs by weight % of cement) showed the greatest improvement in mechanical and durability performance over the curing period of 90 days (d). When PPC-1G and PPC-1C were compared with the reference (PPC-Control) sample, their compressive strengths increased by 11.67% and 8.73%, respectively. In terms of tensile splitting strength, PPC-1G and PPC-1C had shown a 26.35% and a 20.61% increment, respectively, as compared to PPC-Control. The C-S-H gel grows efficiently in the PCCNCs mortar, as per Powdered X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) data. It is possible to determine the carbonates present in the PCCNCs mortar by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, the microstructural behavior of PCCNCs mortar revealed by the Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) indicates that the production of ettringite and needle-shaped structures contributes to the enhancement of the mechanical strength and durability properties of the PCCNCs mortar. The research paves the way for incorporating GO and FMWCNTs in cement-based materials. This tremendous advancement holds enormous promise for the advancement of the building and infrastructure sectors. Implementing high-performance mortars has the potential to increase the strength, durability, and sustainability of structures, hence contributing to the development of safer and more resilient built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the characterization of sulfur-modified mortars made with amorphous carbon powder (ACP). To this end, modified paste samples were fabricated initially with different ACP content through a dry mixing method, considering varying mixing times. The reinforcement efficiency was evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Subsequently, the sulfur-modified mortar samples were prepared following the results of the paste assessment. A series of properties of modified and raw sulfur mortar samples, including mechanical performances and durability behaviors, were investigated. Microstructural investigation of the paste samples showed that the degree of modification increased by increasing the ACP content and reducing the mixing time. Results from mechanical measurements revealed that the addition of 20% ACP by weight of sulfur enhanced the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar sample by up to 26% and 57%, respectively, which aligns with the outcomes from the helium porosimetry and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests. The incorporation of ACP led to a significant reduction in the sorptivity and water absorption of the mortar samples by enhancing the hydrophobicity properties of the mortar. Durability assessments demonstrated that mortar samples containing ACP are less prone to corrosion damage compared with raw sulfur mortar. However, these positive effects were less pronounced in mortar samples including a large amount of ACP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of four 1.5-mm HDPE geomembranes from the same manufacturer each with a different resin and additive package is examined in a synthetic municipal solid waste leachate at five temperatures (40, 65, 75, 85, 95 °C) for 7.5 years. Two geomembranes used polyethylene with raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) resins and two used more conventional polyethylene resins. All four geomembranes were inferred to contain hindered amines stabilizers (HAS) and had very high off-the-roll stress crack resistance (SCR o) values that decreased to stable, more representative SCR m values shortly after immersion and it was found that the 3-stage GMB degradation model applied to both Std-OIT and HP-OIT. The time to nominal failure is predicted for a range of temperatures using Arrhenius modelling and the representative SCR m values. Despite the fact that all four GMBs had similar times to nominal failure at constant elevated temperatures (65–95 °C), it is shown that the HAS used in one of the PE-RT GMBs served a useful function in extending its life in situations such as elevated temperature landfills where there is a time-temperature history to be accommodated by the GMB. The value of considering both Std- and HP-OIT is also demonstrated. • Paper highlights: • First long-term study on PE-RT HDPE geomembranes to report the change in physical-mechanical properties with time all the way to nominal failure. • First In-depth analysis on the three stages of geomembrane degradation for two PE-RT GMBs. • Shows the beneficial role that hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) played in protecting a leachate immersed HDPE GMB not subjected to UV exposure. • In-depth analysis and discussion on polymer annealing, Arrhenius modelling, and the representative stress crack resistance of HDPE geomembranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3-δ (BCZYYb) is one of the most popular electrolyte materials in proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). The synthesizing method and properties of BCZYYb powders have a significant impact on the sintering activity of electrolyte materials. In this work, the BCZYYb electrolyte was synthesized by ammonium bicarbonate co-precipitation method (CPT), and was compared with the powder produced by solid-state reaction (SSR) and sol-gel (SG) methods. XRD results show the BCZYYb powder synthesized by the CPT method belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of Pmcn (No. 62) and the refined lattice parameters are a = 8.774 Å, b = 6.173 Å, and c = 6.203 Å. In humid air atmosphere, the total conductivity at 650 °C and the activation energy for the BCZYYb powder prepared via the CPT method was 2.1 × 10−2 S cm−1 and 0.46 eV, respectively, as compared with 1.9 × 10−2 S cm−1 and 0.45 eV for the SSR method, and 1.8 × 10−2 S cm−1 and 0.44 eV for the SG method. Under similar testing conditions, the measured peak power densities were 0.51, 0.35, and 0.40 W cm−2 at 650 °C for the anode supported PCFCs using electrolyte powder prepared via CPT, SSR and SG methods, respectively, which proves the CPT method is an effective and viable route for PCFCs applications. • BCZYYb powders are successfully prepared by CPT, SG, and SSR methods. • The CPT method shows better conductivity and performance than the other methods under similar testing conditions. • A 600-h test showed the cell with electrolyte prepared by the CPT method has a good long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lameness in dairy cattle is mainly caused by affection of the under feet. This affection can be caused by an infection of the skin (e.g., digital dermatitis or interdigital phlegmon) or by non-infectious claw horn lesions (e.g., sole ulcers, white line lesions, or toe necrosis). The latter of these are sometimes infected secondarily by environmental bacteria like Spirochetes, and those lesions were for many years considered to be non-healing and responsible for the premature culling of dairy cows. In a clinical pilot study with a one-group post-test-only design, dairy cows with such infected claw horn lesions were claw trimmed, topically treated, and additionally injected with tilmycosin parenterally. A follow-up after 3 months showed not only a better cure, but also an almost normal locomotion and better production, even in comparison with non-affected herd mates. Non-healing claw horn disorders are a serious problem in dairy herds because of the long duration of the disorder and the chronic pain derived from it, seriously affecting animal welfare and causing decreased production and premature culling from the herd. In a clinical trial, 40 cows in 13 herds (12 dairy herds and 1 herd with cow–calf operations) with toe necrosis (TN, 27x) or a non-healing white line disorder (NHWLD, 13x) were treated topically with an unguent-containing zinc sulphate and acetyl acid in combination with a parenteral injection of tilmycosin. An evaluation was conducted 3 months after treatment using locomotion scoring (LS), a clinical observation of the lesion, and the lactation value (the lactation value is the Net Profit of the individual animal divided by the average Net Profit of the entire herd. The mean is 100, so >100 is related to better production (combination of kg milk, %fat, and protein)) (LV) before and after treatment. The mean LS improved significantly from 4.0 (SD: 0.2) before treatment to 1.2 (SD: 0.4) 3 months after treatment (p < 0.001). The clinical presentation showed that all of the cows were cured from horn shoe infection (both TN and NHWLD). The LVs of the treated cows increased significantly from 111.2 (SD: 12.2) to 116.8 (SD: 15.1; p = 0.003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the chemical and mechanical durability of membranes used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, highlighting the essential role of electrochemical tests in understanding the relationship between durability and performance. Our methodology integrates various electrochemical evaluation techniques to assess the degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes. The results highlight the considerable improvement in the chemical and mechanical durability of annealed 3M PFSA-reinforced composite membranes (RCMs) compared with their non-annealed counterparts and other membrane types, indicating their superior resilience under challenging conditions. Moreover, the results of using a combined open-circuit voltage-accelerated stability testing protocol demonstrate that annealed 3M PFSA RCMs exhibit enhanced resilience, reaching 18,000 cycles before failure, considerably outperforming NR 211 (5000 cycles) and other membranes. In addition, membrane deterioration over time can be precisely measured by interpreting electrochemical indicators (electrochemically active surface area, circuit resistance, high-frequency resistance, and proton resistance). This approach provides a clear relationship between electrochemical data and durability, offering a comprehensive understanding of how different membranes withstand operational stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited "nano" approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a cellulosic textile material as cotton, considering its high ease of flammability, yearly production, and extended use. Being a surface-localized phenomenon, the flammability of cotton can be quite simply and effectively controlled by tailoring its surface through the deposition of nano-objects, capable of slowing down the heat and mass transfer from and to the textile surroundings, which accounts for flame fueling and possibly interacting with the propagating radicals in the gas phase. In this context, the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has definitively demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness in providing cotton with enhanced flame-retardant features, through the formation of fully inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic nanostructured assemblies on the fabric surface. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the current state of the art related to the use of nanostructured LbL architectures for cotton flame retardancy, offering an overview of the latest research outcomes that often highlight the multifunctional character of the deposited assemblies and discussing the current limitations and some perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on recent advances in concrete durability using graphene oxide (GO) as a nanomaterial additive, with a goal to fill the gap between concrete technology, chemical interactions, and concrete durability, whilst providing insights for the adaptation of GO as an additive in concrete construction. An overview of concrete durability applications, key durability failure mechanisms of concrete, transportation mechanisms, chemical reactions involved in compromising durability, and the chemical alterations within a concrete system are discussed to understand how they impact the overall durability of concrete. The existing literature on the durability and chemical resistance of GO-reinforced concrete and mortar was reviewed and summarized. The impacts of nano-additives on the durability of concrete and its mechanisms are thoroughly discussed, particularly focusing on GO as the primary nanomaterial and its impact on durability. Finally, research gaps, future recommendations, and challenges related to the durability of mass-scale GO applications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for maintaining concrete infrastructure. The data collected by these sensors are processed and analyzed using various analysis tools under different loadings and exposure to external conditions. Sensor-based investigation on concrete has been carried out for technologies used for designing structural health monitoring sensors. A Sensor-Infused Structural Analysis such as interfacial bond-slip model, corroded steel bar, fiber-optic sensors, carbon black and polypropylene fiber, concrete cracks, concrete carbonation, strain transfer model, and vibrational-based monitor. The compressive strength (CS) and split tensile strength (STS) values of the analyzed material fall within a range from 26 to 36 MPa and from 2 to 3 MPa, respectively. The material being studied has a range of flexural strength (FS) and density values that fall between 4.5 and 7 MPa and between 2250 and 2550 kg/m3. The average squared difference between the predicted and actual compressive strength values was found to be 4.405. With cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, the shear strength value ranged from 4.4 to 5.6 MPa. The maximum shear strength was observed for a water–cement ratio of 0.4, with 5.5 MPa, followed by a water–cement ratio of 0.3, with 5 MPa. Optimizing the water–cement ratio achieves robust concrete (at 0.50), while a lower ratio may hinder strength (at 0.30). PZT sensors and stress-wave measurements aid in the precise structural monitoring, enhanced by steel fibers and carbon black, for improved sensitivity and mechanical properties. These findings incorporate a wide range of applications, including crack detection; strain and deformation analysis; and monitoring of temperature, moisture, and corrosion. This review pioneers sensor technology for concrete monitoring (Goal 9), urban safety (Goal 11), climate resilience (Goal 13), coastal preservation (Goal 14), and habitat protection (Goal 15) of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of offshore wind farms requires robust bonding solutions that can withstand harsh marine conditions for the easy integration of secondary structures. This paper investigates the durability performance of two adhesives: Sikadur 30 epoxy resin and Loctite UK 1351 B25 urethane-based adhesive for use in offshore wind environments. Tensile tests on adhesive samples and accelerated aging tests were carried out under a variety of temperatures and environmental conditions, including both dry and wet conditions. The long-term effects of aging on adhesive integrity are investigated by simulating the operational life of offshore installations. The evolution of mechanical properties, studied under accelerated aging conditions, provides an important indication of the longevity of structures under normal conditions. The results show significant differences in performance between the two adhesives, highlighting their suitability for specific operating parameters. It should also be noted that for both adhesives, their exposure to different environments (seawater, distilled water, humid climate) over a prolonged period showed that (i) Loctite adhesive has a slightly faster initial uptake than Sikadur adhesive, but the latter reaches an asymptotic plateau with a lower maximum absorption rate than Loctite adhesive; and (ii) a progressive deterioration in the tensile properties occurred following an exponential function. Therefore, aging behavior results showed a clear correlation with the Arrhenius law, providing a predictive tool for the aging process and the aging process of the two adhesives followed Arrhenius kinetics. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this study is intended to inform best practice in the use of adhesives, thereby improving the reliability and sustainability of the offshore renewable energy infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement production requires considerable energy and natural resources, severely impacting the environment due to harmful gas emissions. Coal bottom ash (CBA) and coal boiler slag (CBS), byproducts of coal-fired powerplants having pozzolanic properties, can be mechanically ground and replace cement in concrete, which reduces waste in landfills, preserves natural resources, and reduces health hazards. This study was performed to determine the optimum cement replacement amount of ground CBA (GCBA) and ground CBS (GCBS) in concrete, which was 10% for GCBA and 5% for GCBS. GCBA-based concrete exhibited superior tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and durability compared to the control. In the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test, 10% GCBA concrete resulted in 2026 coulombs at 56 days, compared to 3405 coulombs for the control, indicating more resistance to chloride penetration. Incorporating 2.5% nanoclay in GCBA-based concrete increased the optimum GCBA content by 5%, and the compressive strength of 15% GCBA concrete increased by 4 MPa. The mortar consisting of the finest GCBA(L1) having Blaine fineness of 3072 g/cm2 yielded the highest compressive strength (32.7 MPa). The study discovered that the compressive strength of GCBA and GCBS-based mortars increases with fineness, and meeting the recommended fineness limit in ASTM C618 enhances concrete or mortar properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poisoning of undesired intermediates or impurities greatly hinders the catalytic performances of noble metal‐based catalysts. Herein, high‐entropy intermetallics i‐(PtPdIrRu)2FeCu (HEI) are constructed to inhibit the strongly adsorbed carbon monoxide intermediates (CO*) during the formic acid oxidation reaction. As probed by multiple‐scaled structural characterizations, HEI nanoparticles are featured with partially negative Pt oxidation states, diluted Pt/Pd/Ir/Ru atomic sites and ultrasmall average size less than 2 nm. Benefiting from the optimized structures, HEI nanoparticles deliver more than 10 times promotion in intrinsic activity than that of pure Pt, and well‐enhanced mass activity/durability than that of ternary i‐Pt2FeCu intermetallics counterpart. In situ infrared spectroscopy manifests that both bridge and top CO* are favored on pure Pt but limited on HEI. Further theoretical elaboration indicates that HEI displayed a much weaker binding of CO* on Pt sites and sluggish diffusion of CO* among different sites, in contrast to pure Pt that CO* bound more strongly and was easy to diffuse on larger Pt atomic ensembles. This work verifies that HEIs are promising catalysts via integrating the merits of intermetallics and high‐entropy alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poisoning of undesired intermediates or impurities greatly hinders the catalytic performances of noble metal‐based catalysts. Herein, high‐entropy intermetallics i‐(PtPdIrRu)2FeCu (HEI) are constructed to inhibit the strongly adsorbed carbon monoxide intermediates (CO*) during the formic acid oxidation reaction. As probed by multiple‐scaled structural characterizations, HEI nanoparticles are featured with partially negative Pt oxidation states, diluted Pt/Pd/Ir/Ru atomic sites and ultrasmall average size less than 2 nm. Benefiting from the optimized structures, HEI nanoparticles deliver more than 10 times promotion in intrinsic activity than that of pure Pt, and well‐enhanced mass activity/durability than that of ternary i‐Pt2FeCu intermetallics counterpart. In situ infrared spectroscopy manifests that both bridge and top CO* are favored on pure Pt but limited on HEI. Further theoretical elaboration indicates that HEI displayed a much weaker binding of CO* on Pt sites and sluggish diffusion of CO* among different sites, in contrast to pure Pt that CO* bound more strongly and was easy to diffuse on larger Pt atomic ensembles. This work verifies that HEIs are promising catalysts via integrating the merits of intermetallics and high‐entropy alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical utilization of Li metal anodes has been significantly plagued by the challenges of uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and poor interphase instability. Here, the study reports a novel strategy to strengthen interphase and give highly efficient active seeds concurrently to stabilize Li metal via a highly lithiophilic In2O3 decorated porous scaffold. In situ configurated fast‐ion‐transport Li2O‐strengthened interphase layer cooperatively with highly efficient Li13In3 nucleation induction can endow the uniform Li nucleation/growth and high Li utilization efficiency. As a result, the achieved modified Li metal manifests high Coulombic efficiency, ultrahigh rate performance (5 mA cm−2), and ultra‐long lifespan cycling durability (7975 cycles). Importantly, the established Li|LiFePO4 cells exhibit long‐term cycling durability over 600 cycles at 1 C with an ultralow decay rate of ca. 0.017% per cycle. Moreover, the Li|LiCoO2 pouch cells with ultrahigh areal capacity of ca. 3.89 mAh cm−2 also exhibit extraordinarily prolonged cycling performance with excellent capacity retention despite extremely harsh cycling conditions of low negative‐to‐positive‐capacity (N/P) ratio of ca. 1.7 and lean electrolyte of ca. 4.9 g Ah−1. This work enlightens a facile and effective avenue toward highly stable Li metal anode toward reliable practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a benchmark triple‐conducting cathode, BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3−δ (BCFZY) has been widely investigated for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFC) in recent years. However, the reported electrochemical performance of BCFZY cathode differs, which is determined in this work to originate from the thermal expansion mismatch between BCFZY and electrolyte. Accordingly, two strategies for enhanced thermo‐mechanical compatibility are examined: impregnation and thermal expansion offset. In contrast to the impregnation of BCFZY nanoparticles on electrolyte backbones that only helps improve electrochemical performance, negative thermal expansion oxide Sm0.85Cu0.15MnO3−δ (SCM)‐offset BCFZY exhibits superior durability and activity simultaneously. Specifically, the polarization resistance decay rate of the SCM‐offset BCFZY is only ~0.2%/100 h, compared with ~18.75%/100 h for "impregnated BCFZY." Moreover, pure SCM generates moderate cathodic performance (area‐specific resistance = 0.11 Ω cm2, 700 °C), X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal an in‐situ formed intergranular Ba2Cu3SmO7−δ phase at the boundaries of BCFZY and SCM. Thus, SCM can serve as a "three‐effect" additive, i) offset thermo‐expansion, ii) strengthen electrode structure and adhesion, and iii) provide acceptable oxygen‐reduction‐reaction activity, being favorable for superior performance. A PCFC using a SCM‐offset BCFZY cathode achieves the highest power density (1455 mW cm−2) yet recorded for PCFCs with BCFZY‐based cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological sites constitute one of the main tourist attractions in the heritage offerings of most populations. Their ability to convey the ways of life and construction techniques of past societies through physical remains positions them as a culturally significant alternative for visitors. However, their physical conservation, essential for efficiently ensuring information with precision, poses a serious challenge for the various professionals involved, as numerous social and anthropic risks threaten long-term preservation for the enjoyment of future generations. Of all traditional building materials, earth is undoubtedly one of the most fragile and sensitive to loss in the absence of the original protection systems, so that a precise assessment of its threats is essential to minimizing the destruction of these non-renewable assets. The objective of this study is to evaluate the most determining human risk factors within the territorial scope of the Iberian Peninsula, including aspects such as its musealization, suitable interpretation, visit planning, agricultural land use, vandalism and rural depopulation. This is achieved through a literature review and on-site data collection from 85 archaeological sites, as well as the development of an analysis tool to assess the degree of vulnerability, aiming to develop prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the challenge of recycling adhesive bonds, as their disassembly is irreversible and damages the substrates. It explores the use of thermally expandable particles (TEPs), which, when heated, expand and weaken the bond. The magnetization of TEPs allows us to control their distribution using a magnetic field. The work aims to obtain magnetized TEPs, study their influence on resin curing, mechanical performance, and durability, test their mobility in graded bonds, and analyze the temperature-induced debonding process. TEPs are characterized using various techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the impact of 25 wt.% TEPs on epoxy resin curing is examined using the Kamal model. Adhesion and disassembly assessments were conducted through tensile shear tests using single-lap-joint specimens, while the bond durability was determined via wedge testing. It was found that magnetization reduces the debonding time, though it decreases shear strength while increasing bond durability. The crack formation energy is higher with magnetic TEPs, and total crack length is lower in long-term wedge tests. Once debonded, the substrates are sanded and reused as raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at the evaluation of different formulations of concrete made with calcined clays and limestone (LC3 cement) exposed to aggressive environments. The study includes the evaluation of fresh and hardened properties and a comprehensive evaluation of durability over 24 months. The inclusion of calcined clays in cement increases the specific surface area of the cements, and thus the water demand. However, the high reactivity of calcined clays compared to any other pozzolan, and the synergy that occurs with limestones, enables the use of cements with very low clinker content that achieve strengths similar to those of Portland. Comparisons of LC3 formulations with Portland cement and with concrete containing silica fume prove the superiority of calcined clays in terms of strength and durability. The best results are obtained with LC3-50 cement with 50% clinker produced through co-grinding. Results of concrete made with a blend of 70% Portland cement with 30% LC2 (60% calcined clay, 35% limestone, 5% gypsum, separate ground) are also promising. All concretes made with LC3 show good durability in terms of the results of effective porosity, chloride permeability, and resistivity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the corrosion resistance of marine engineering structures, a large number of epoxy reinforced concrete structures are used in large -scale sea -related projects. In view of the difficulties in the detection and fatigue life prediction of epoxy reinforced concrete structures under fatigue loads, fatigue tests and electrochemical detection tests were carried out. Based on the characteristics of impedance changes, a nondestructive detection method for cracking of epoxy coating on reinforcements was established to study the cracking characteristics of epoxy coating and the fatigue life of epoxy reinforced concrete beams under fatigue action. Research has found that the coating cracking detection method established in this paper can accurately identify coating damage; the first cracking location of the epoxy coating on reinforcements is at the anchorage end of the reinforcement, the fatigue times of the first cracking of the epoxy coating on reinforcements accounts for 40% of the fatigue life; After fatigue failure of the beam, there are multiple fatigue damages on the epoxy reinforcement, mainly occurring at the connection between the main reinforcement and stirrup, as well as the anchorage end of the reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During prolonged running at moderate‐to‐high intensity, running economy (RE) deteriorates and attainable maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) decreases. Whether these changes appear similarly in trained and untrained runners exercising at the same relative intensity is not clear. We recruited 10 trained runners (TR) and 10 active adults (AA), and compared RE and attainable VO2max before and after 1 h of running at 70% of VO2max. Submaximal VO2 increased more (p = 0.019) in AA (0.20 ± 0.13 L min−1) than in TR (0.07 ± 0.05 L min−1). Attainable VO2max decreased in AA (−0.21 ± 0.15 L min−1, p = 0.002), but remained unchanged in TR (−0.05 ± 0.10 L min−1, p = 0.18). Relative intensity (i.e., VO2/attainable VO2max), increased more (p = 0.001) in AA (8.3 ± 4.4%) than in TR (2.6 ± 1.9%). These results demonstrate that the ability to resist changes in RE and VO2max following prolonged running is superior in trained versus untrained runners, when exercising at the same relative intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concern over the combustion cost and environment has made road engineers and scientists to explore the possible use of locally available materials for the construction of roads. The present study evaluated the strength and durability characteristics of five sites having locally available silty soils using lime and cement–sand stabilization technique. The test results showed that the cement–sand stabilization technique using 6% cement and 5% local sand resulted in higher strength and durability as compared to lime stabilization. There is also a significant increase in the value of the soaked California bearing ratio (CBR). As unconfined compressive strength (UCS) attained the threshold strength as prescribed by IRC SP 72 2015 for the granular sub-base (GSB) layer, by the use of sand cement stabilization, this technique of stabilization for local silty soils could be used for GSB for low volume road (LVR) construction. As observed from microstructural results which were performed by analysing SEM images, sand cement stabilisation leads to CSH gel and agglomerate formation thereby increasing strength and durability properties. The cost analysis for the replaced stabilized GSB layer showed that using sand–cement stabilization, the estimated cost can be reduced by 56% of the total cost as compared to the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, lignin fiber widely used in asphalt mixture is derived from logs, and its large-scale production will consume a lot of forest resources. Bamboo is a good substitute for lignin fiber because of its rapid growth characteristic and good physical and mechanical properties. To evaluate the freeze–thaw cycle durability of bamboo fiber asphalt mixture, using AC-13, AC-16, SMA-13 and SMA-16 gradation schemes, the freeze–thaw resistance of bamboo fiber asphalt mixture was studied by splitting test under different freeze–thaw cycles. Non-fiber asphalt mixture and lignin fiber asphalt mixture were used as control group. Based on the reliability and damage theory, the freeze–thaw damage evolution model was established, the freeze–thaw damage characteristics of bamboo asphalt mixtures were analyzed, and a method for estimating the freeze–thaw damage residual life of bamboo fiber asphalt mixture was proposed. The results show that bamboo fiber and lignin fiber have basically the same improvement effect on the freeze–thaw cycle durability of asphalt mixture. The freeze–thaw cycle durability of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) gradation mixture is better than that of asphalt concrete (AC) gradation mixture. The freeze–thaw damage evolution model can better reflect the freeze–thaw damage characteristics and damage evolution law of bamboo fiber asphalt mixture. The actual freeze–thaw time corresponding to the splitting strength damage degree of bamboo fiber asphalt mixture up to 25% can be taken as its anti-freeze–thaw life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration of the concrete and glass windows of St. Mauritius Church in accordance with the preservation requirements The development of repair systems for use on heritage‐listed concrete structures represents a major challenge in terms of materials and aesthetics. The reinforced concrete structures of the St. Mauritius Church in Wiesbaden, in particular the artistically designed concrete and glass window bands, are severely corroded and need to be repaired. Based on historical data collections and visual inspections of the degree of damage to these window bands, a restoration approach was developed to extend the service life of the glass surrounds under current conditions of use. Taking into account the material compatibility, dedicated fiber‐reinforced concretes were developed for the repair. Care was taken to ensure that the materials used were matched to each other in order to achieve an optimized packing density. In this way, a similar structural density was achieved for the repair concrete as for high‐strength or ultra‐high performance concretes. The physical and mechanical properties were adapted to the old concrete; especially compressive strength, flexural strength and adhesive tensile strength as well as the modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, thermal fatigue resistance and water absorption. It was experimentally proven that fiber reinforcement significantly improves the adhesive tensile strength of the repair concrete and increases its durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, sustainable polypropylene terephthalate (PPT) coating was synthesized from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and applied onto a hydraulic concrete substrate to improve its durability. For the first step, PET bottle wastes were ground and depolymerized by glycolysis using propylene glycol (PG) in a vessel-type reactor (20–180 °C) to synthesize bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-terephthalate (BHPT), which was applied as a coating to one to three layers of hydraulic concrete substrate using the brushing technique and polymerized (150 °C for 15 h) to obtain PPT. PET, BHPT, and PPT were characterized by FT-IR, PET, and PPT using TGA, and the PPT coatings by SEM (thickness), ASTM-D3359-17 (adhesion), and water contact angle (wettability). The durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT was studied using resist chloride ion penetration (ASTM-C1202-17), carbonation depth at 28 days (RILEM-CPC-18), and the absorption water ratio (ASTM-C1585-20). The results demonstrated that the BHPT and PPT were synthetized (FT-IR), and PPT had a similar thermal behavior to PET (TGA); the PPT coatings had good adhesion to the substrate, with thicknesses of micrometric units. PPT coatings presented hydrophilic hydrophilic behavior like PET coatings, and the durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT (2–3 layers) improved (migration of chloride ions decreased, carbonation depth was negligible, and the absorption water ratio decreased). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the challenges of resource utilization posed by construction waste, the substitution of natural aggregate (NA) with public fill (PF) contents was investigated for load reclamation and road grassroots applications. A comprehensive assessment of road performance for the recycled mixture was conducted, focusing on parameters such as unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, compressive resilience modulus, dry shrinkage, and frost resistance. Additionally, the impact of incorporating PF at various types and replacement ratios on the microstructure of cement-stabilized aggregate (CSA) was analyzed. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized recycled mixture with varying PF contents meets the base strength requirements for heavy, medium, and light traffic pavement on secondary and sub-secondary roads in China. Notably, the unconfined compressive strength and resilience modulus follow a similar pattern, reaching their peak at a 25% PF content. Microscopic examination reveals that an appropriate PF content leads to the predominant formation of C(N)-A-S-H, hydrotalcite, Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3 as paste reaction products. As the replacement of public fill increases from 0% to 25%, there is a gradual stacking of gel products, which enhances the compactness of the microstructure by cementing together unreacted particles. Consequently, this process reduces dry shrinkage strain and effectively mitigates the formation of reflection cracks. Applying large quantities of public fill to road construction can effectively deal with various waste accumulation problems and produce a novel road material with significant social, economic, and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For solid waste-based cementitious materials, most scholars focus their research on the hydration reaction of cementitious materials, but there is still a lack of solid waste design that comprehensively considers mechanical properties and durability. Therefore, this article focuses on exploring the mix of design and the microscopic and macroscopic properties of multi solid waste cementitious materials (MSWCMs), namely steel slag (SS), slag powder (SP), desulfurization gypsum (DG), fly ash (FA), and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). According to the orthogonal experimental results, the compressive strength of MSWCMs is optimal when the OPC content is 50% and the SS, SP, DG, and FA contents are 10%, 20%, 5%, and 15%, respectively. The MSWCMs group with an OPC content of 50% and SS, SP, DG, and FA contents of 5%, 15%, 5%, and 25% was selected as the control group. The pure OPC group was used as the blank group, and the optimal MSWCMs ratio group had a 28-day compressive strength of 50.7 megapascals, which was 14% and 7.6% higher than the control group and blank group, respectively. The drying shrinkage rate and resistance to chloride ions were also significantly improved, with maximum increases of 22.9%, 22.6%, and 8.9%, 9.8%, respectively. According to XRD, TG-DTG, and NMR testing, the improvement in macroscopic performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect between various solid wastes. This synergistic effect produces more ettringite (AFt) and C-(A)-S-H gel. This study provides a good theoretical basis for improving the comprehensive performance of MSWCMs and is conducive to reducing the use of cement, with significant economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly growing interest in using structural timber, a need exists to inspect and assess these structures using non-destructive testing (NDT). This review article summarizes NDT methods for wood inspection. After an overview of the most important NDT methods currently used, a detailed review of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Ultrasonic Testing (UST) is presented. These two techniques can be applied in situ and produce useful visual representations for quantitative assessments and damage detection. With its commercial availability and portability, GPR can help rapidly identify critical features such as moisture, voids, and metal connectors in wood structures. UST, which effectively detects deep cracks, delaminations, and variations in ultrasonic wave velocity related to moisture content, complements GPR's capabilities. The non-destructive nature of both techniques preserves the structural integrity of timber, enabling thorough assessments without compromising integrity and durability. Techniques such as the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) and Total Focusing Method (TFM) allow for reconstructing images that an inspector can readily interpret for quantitative assessment. The development of new sensors, instruments, and analysis techniques has continued to improve the application of GPR and UST on wood. However, due to the hon-homogeneous anisotropic properties of this complex material, challenges remain to quantify defects and characterize inclusions reliably and accurately. By integrating advanced imaging algorithms that consider the material's complex properties, combining measurements with simulations, and employing machine learning techniques, the implementation and application of GPR and UST imaging and damage detection for wood structures can be further advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attributes of diversity and concealment pose formidable challenges in the accurate detection and efficacious management of distresses within subgrade structures. The onset of subgrade distresses may precipitate structural degradation, thereby amplifying the frequency of traffic incidents and instigating economic ramifications. Accurate and timely detection of subgrade distresses is essential for maintaining and repairing road sections with existing distresses. This helps to prolong the service life of road infrastructure and reduce financial burden. In recent years, the advent of numerous novel technologies and methodologies has propelled significant advancements in subgrade distress detection. Therefore, this review delineates a concentrated examination of subgrade distress detection, methodically consolidating and presenting various techniques while dissecting their respective merits and constraints. By furnishing comprehensive guidance on subgrade distress detection, this review facilitates the expedient identification and targeted treatment of subgrade distresses, thereby fortifying safety and enhancing durability. The pivotal role of this review in bolstering the construction and operational facets of transportation infrastructure is underscored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of nonvolatile reconfigurable photonic elements has led to the development of Sb2S3 as a desirable phase change material for optical phase modulation in visible and near‐infrared wavebands. However, achieving long‐lasting cycling durability of the phase change remains a formidable challenge. Traditional characterization methods like transmittance or reflectance measurement fail to provide a quantitative assessment of the degree of phase change. To address this, the study focuses on enhancing the cycling durability of complete phase change in Sb2S3 films by manipulating the wavelength of a femtosecond laser for amorphization. To accurately measure optical transmission phase shifts during phase change experiments, a novel liquid‐crystal retardance matching technique based on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer is developed. This approach allows for a direct and quantitative assessment of the degree of phase change without relying on an optical model. The findings reveal that longer wavelengths and multi‐pulse irradiation with increasing pulse energy significantly enhance the cycling durability of the phase change. Additionally, the cost‐effective customization of nonvolatile photonic elements is demonstrated using laser direct writing, eliminating the need for lithography. It is anticipated that this work will drive advancements in Sb2S3‐based reconfigurable devices and contribute to the broader field of nonvolatile reconfigurable photonic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the durability of catalysts is of critical significance to industrialize green hydrogen production. Herein, a novel active site in situ refreshing strategy is proposed and demonstrated to fabricate highly active and ultra‐durable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electro‐catalytic material by HER activation. Briefly, a composite catalytic material is synthesized, which features Ni(PO3)2 active sites being embedded inside the amorphous Mo compound matrix (named NiMoO‐P). The Mo compound matrix undergoes gradual dissolution during HER followed by a dynamic equilibrium between the dissolution and deposition of the amorphous matrix. This process promotes the continuous exposure of insoluble Ni(PO3)2 and Ni2P partially converted from Ni (PO3) 2 in situ on the surface during HER activation. Thus, activated catalyst exhibits excellent HER performance featuring an extremely high current density of 1500 mA cm−2 at a rather low overpotential of 340 mV, and more attractively, an ultra‐long durability for hydrogen evolution for at least 1000 h at an industrial‐applicable current density of 900 mA cm−2. The mechanisms for the especially high HER performance are attributed to the exposure and continuous refreshing of Ni(PO3)2 and the in situ formed Ni2P during the HER process based on the DFT calculations and quasi‐in situ Raman spectroscopic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the use of recycled glass aggregate (RG) as unbound base/subbase material. The experimental tests included compaction, Los Angeles, Micro-Deval, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. In this regard, a fine proportion of course limestone aggregate (MG20) was replaced by RG with size ranging from 0 to 5 mm based on the volumetric method. Adding RG to the coarse aggregate improved durability in wet conditions, which is more representative of the field condition of Canada/Quebec, but decreased in dry conditions. CBR values decreased with increasing RG inclusion, but all blends with 0%–100% RG in the fine fraction of MG20 met minimum requirements for unbound granular layers in Quebec. A simple model predicting the resilient modulus values of these materials based on CBR values at different stress levels was suggested. This equation estimates Mr values of various aggregate-RG blends under a wide range of mean stresses based on their CBR values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current exterior wall assembly designs for new low-rise residential buildings targeting low-energy demand in heating dominated countries include split-insulation wall and thick-wall assembly designs. Both have been shown to result in thermal efficiency gains compared to building-code minimum assemblies, however long-term hygrothermal performance can vary depending on boundary conditions and the presence of construction deficiencies. Future climate scenarios estimate many heating-dominated climates will experience a reduction in heating-degree day hours and an increase in annual rainfall. Using validated assembly performance data from a Passive House certified facility, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the impact of rainwater wetting, air exfiltration and insulation material properties on the hygrothermal response of a thick-wall assembly. Results show that rainwater leakage values of 0.50% and greater of the adhering rainfall on the exterior surface of the assembly results in the greatest risk for failure. The hygrothermal response of the assembly is then examined under a global temperature rise scenario of 3.5°C for five geographic locations across Canada. Results show that an increase in average annual total rainfall does not directly result in an increase in the failure rate of the assembly when a rainwater leak is present. Additional climatic factors, including outdoor air temperature, driving rain and solar radiation received will influence the hygrothermal response of the assembly and need to be considered when modelling the performance under future climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the durability and leachate behaviour of an alkali-activated fly ash (FA) as a binder to stabilise expansive soils in deep-mixing applications. To activate FA, a liquid alkali activator (LAA) to binder ratio (LAA–FA) was introduced and varied from 1.0 to 1.5. The effects on swelling–shrinkage, consolidation and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) characteristics under wetting–drying cycles (durability) were studied on deep-mixed expansive soils. Leachate studies were conducted to determine the environmental impact of alkali-activated FA. Heavy metal and sodium ion concentrations were measured in each leachate cycle. To examine the permanent microstructural and phase changes in the mixes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were conducted. The swelling–shrinkage behaviour of soil could be marginally controlled for LAA/FA = 1.0 and 1.25 due to heavy weight loss during the wetting–drying cycles. However, even after 12 durability cycles, the UCS of soil with LAA/FA = 1.5 retained 1.0 MPa and showed non-critical swelling–shrinkage behaviour. The heavy metals and sodium ion concentrations were in acceptable range for LAA/FA = 1.25 and 1.5. XRD and SEM studies revealed that soil treated with a binder ratio of LAA/FA = 1.5, showed high crystalline peaks and aggregated structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on how admissions at selective colleges and universities represent key racialized organizations. We analyzed data from 50 individual interviews of admissions professionals, through a theory of racialized organizations to recognize admissions as practices that consistently reproduces systemic inequities. We reveal how organizational structures centering an array of institutional priorities can maintain the systemic reproduction of intersectional racial inequalities, by privileging priorities like budgetary constraints, geographic diversity, and other interests, minimizing racial diversity as a priority. Our study bears key implications for future research and practice, by demonstrating that much like a Möbius strip, admissions organizations are difficult to fundamentally change for diversity and equity goals. Even with seemingly dramatic alterations to practices (e.g. test-optional policies) in isolation, Möbius strips generally maintain their structure. Institutional priorities, especially fiscal priorities, maintain the durability in racially unequal admissions outcomes through logics of racial capitalism. Unless institutional priorities fundamentally change, admissions processes will likely continue to reproduce inequalities. Research and systemic change efforts in college admissions should go beyond focusing on isolated elements (e.g. test requirements) and approaches to admissions (e.g. percent plans) to confront admissions and enrollment management systems, by interrogating underlying institutional logics and routines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Data are limited pertaining to the long‐term benefits of aflibercept treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD). The aim of this study was to provide outcomes, safety, durability and quality‐of‐life data with aflibercept using a modified treat, extend and fixed regime over 4 years. Methods: Prospective, multicentre, single cohort observational study of treatment‐naïve nAMD participants treated with aflibercept as 2‐year extension of the MATE‐trial that compared early and late Treat‐and‐Extend for 2 years. Refracted ETDRS best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), treatment interval and adverse events were assessed. Quality‐of‐life was measured using the Macular Disease Dependent Quality of Life (MacDQoL) and Macular Disease Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaires (MacTSQ). Results: Twenty‐six of 40 participants completing the MATE‐trial were enrolled with 20 completing the total 4‐year study. Mean BCVA was 60.7 at Month 0 and 64.8 ETDRS letters at Month 48 while CRT decreased from 423.7 μm to 292.2 μm. Five participants discontinued treatment due to inactivity. The mean number of treatments and visits for the remaining participants was 27 and 30.0, respectively, with treatment intervals extended to 12 weeks in four participants at Month 48. Both AMD‐specific QoL and treatment satisfaction remained stable between Months 0 and 48 and mean BCVA significantly correlated with AMD‐specific QoL scores at Months 12, 24 and 48. Conclusions: Results suggest that BCVA can be maintained over 48 months when following a treat‐extend‐and‐fix regimen of aflibercept with intervals out to 12 weeks, while maintaining AMD‐specific QoL and treatment satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of industrial waste is increasing along with the rise in industrial production. Therefore, reusing or recycling this harmful waste is quite a significant issue for waste management. A suitable use for industrial wastes is to incorporate them in concrete, the most widely used material in the world. In this study, grinding swarf, which had not been used in cementitious composites before, and metal shavings produced in the computer numerical control (CNC) milling process were used. The effects of these wastes on the strength and durability of cement mortars were investigated by using them separately and in hybrid forms. Flowability, fresh unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and high-temperature effect tests were conducted on mortar samples. Although the wastes exhibited a positive contribution when used alone, they yielded the highest contribution when combined. When the waste materials were used in a hybrid form, they increased compressive strength, flexural strength and high-temperature resistance by 29%, 12.98% and 49.50%, respectively. Owing to their physical and chemical composition, metal shavings showed fibre effects, while grinding swarf improved strength and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compressive strength retention rates of ordinary, 10wt% fly ash (FA) modified, and 15wt% silica fume (SF) modified potassium magnesium phosphate cement (MKPC) mortar blocks at different ages were measured, under the curing of water, 5%NaCl solution, and 5%Na2SO4 solution. This was used to investigate their water resistance and salt resistance abilities. The freeze-thaw cycle deterioration was further compared and analyzed. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the hydration products. The results indicated that the compressive strength retention rate of the SF-modified MKPC mortar was 82.7% when it was cured in water for 150 days and above 85% when in the two mentioned salt solutions for 150 days. Compared to FA, the water resistance, salt erosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of MKPC mortar were all improved by the SF because of its good physical filling and chemical effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite materials that aren't stable during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are unsuitable for anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE). But through manipulating their electronic structures, their performance can further increase. Among the first‐row transition metals, nickel and iron are widely recognized as prominent electrocatalysts; thus, the researchers are looking into how combining them can improve the OER. Recent research has actively explored the design and study of heterostructures in this field, showcasing the dynamic exploration of innovative catalyst configurations. In this study, a heterostructure is used to manipulate the electronic structure of LaNiO3 (LNO) to improve both OER properties and durability. Through adsorbing iron onto the LNO (LNO@Fe) as γ iron oxyhydroxide (γ‐FeOOH), the binding energy of nickel in the LNO exhibited negative shifts, inferring nickel movement toward the metallic state. Consequently, the electrochemical properties of LNO@Fe are further improved. LNO@Fe showed excellent performance (1.98 A cm−2, 1 m KOH, 50 °C at 1.85 V) with 84.1% cell efficiency in AEMWE single cells, demonstrating great improvement relative to LNO. The degradation for the 850 h durability analysis of LNO@Fe is ≈68 mV kh−1, which is ≈58 times less than that of LNO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a secondary sintering process was adopted to optimize the preparation process of single-phase high entropy A 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore-based waste forms by spark plasma sintering (SPS). This method eliminates the significant internal stress when preparing samples directly by SPS, and thus well preserves the integrity of the samples after annealing. The phase composition, microstructure, and leaching properties of high entropy A 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore were systematically investigated. Owning to the low sintering temperature (1450 °C) and short held time (3 min), the high entropy A 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore exhibited a fine average grain size of 0.8 μm. The high entropy A 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore oxides exhibit a reliable leaching resistance with low normalized release rates around 10−5 g/(m2∙d) for all elements. For the high entropy systems, the aqueous durability is mainly determined by the average grain size of ceramics and the temperature of the leaching test as well as traditional pyrochlore ceramics solidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector control is one of the principal strategies used for reducing malaria transmission. Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) are a key tool used to protect populations at risk of malaria, since they provide both physical and chemical barriers to prevent human-vector contact. This study aimed to assess the physical durability and insecticidal efficacy of LLINs distributed in Cruzeiro do Sul (CZS), Brazil, after 4 years of use. A total of 3000 LLINs (PermaNet 2.0) were distributed in high malaria risk areas of CZS in 2007. After 4 years of use, 27 'rectangular' LLINs and 28 'conical' LLINs were randomly selected for analysis. The evaluation of physical integrity was based on counting the number of holes and measuring their size and location on the nets. Insecticidal efficacy was evaluated by cone bioassays, and the amount of residual insecticide remaining on the surface of the LLINs was estimated using a colorimetric method. After 4 years of use, physical damage was highly prevalent on the rectangular LLINs, with a total of 473 holes detected across the 27 nets. The upper portion of the side panels sustained the greatest damage in rectangular LLINs. The overall mosquito mortality by cone bioassay was < 80% in 25/27 rectangular LLINs, with panel A (at the end of the rectangular bednet) presenting the highest mortality (54%). The overall mean insecticide concentration was 0.5 µg/sample, with the bednet roof containing the highest average concentration (0.61 µg/sample). On the conical LLINs, 547 holes were detected, with the bottom areas sustaining the greatest damage. The cone bioassay mortality was < 80% in 26/28 of the conical LLINs. The mean insecticide concentration was 0.3 µg/sample. After 4 years of use, the insecticidal efficacy of the LLINs was diminished to below acceptable thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]