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Because of early diagnosis and improved prognosis, patients with gastric cancer are now surviving longer and remnant gastric cancer after gastrectomy is becoming more common. Remnant gastric cancer is traditionally considered a malignancy with a dismal outcome. However, recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have improved outcomes. In recent years, the development of endoscopic therapy has provided us with new therapeutic ideas. Although with some drawbacks, such as limited working space, gastric fibrosis and staples under the suture line, endoscopic management is still an effective treatment option with potential long-term survival advantage. For gastrectomy patients, endoscopic surveillance should also be recommended, for prompt surveillance and detection in the early remnant gastric cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of remnant gastric cancer, especially focusing on its pathogenesis as well as new advances in the diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of early-stage remnant gastric cancer.

Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between duodenogastric reflux (DGR), Helicobacter pylori (HP) colonization, and their impact on gastric health. Given the established risks of both DGR and HP for gastric mucosal damage and the development of pre-cancerous lesions, we aimed to explore their interrelation and the effect of bile reflux on HP colonization in an acidic environment. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent gastroscopy at our hospital between December 2022 and December 2023. DGR diagnosis was based on the endoscopic observation of bile-stained fluid or reflux, while HP presence was confirmed via giemsa staining of biopsy samples. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS software, with significance set at p<.05. Results: Out of 4.316 gastroscopies performed, 743 patients were identified with DGR, and HP positivity was found in 34.9% of the cohort. Comparison of HP infection rates between patients with and without DGR revealed no significant difference, indicating the independent nature of these conditions regarding gastric colonization. Conclusion: HP and DGR synergistically inflict damage on the gastric mucosa. However, consistent with the existing literature, our study also demonstrates that, although both DGR and HP infection are significant risk factors for gastric mucosal injury independently, there is no observed association between HP colonization and DGR. Given the complexity of the gastric mucosal structure and its acidic environment, we believe further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy using radiopharmaceuticals (RPh) labeled with short-lived technetium‑99m (99mТс) has been used since the mid‑1970s and still retains its diagnostic value. The lecture focuses on key aspects of the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine analogs based on N-substitutions of iminodiacetic acid. The methodology and diagnostic significance of hepatocholescintigraphy with Bromesida® 99mTс (mebrofenin), including computer registration of RPh passage, anatomical and functional characteristics of liver, bile ducts, gallbladder and duodenum, are considered. Scintigraphic semiotics in choledochal cysts, acute and chronic cholecystitis, gallbladder and duodenum dyskinesia, are discussed. The presented clinical case illustrates the possibilities of Bromesida® 99mTс scintigraphy in the gallbladder form anomaly.

Objective: To explore the risk factors of duodenogastric reflux (DGR) in relation to different dietary habits. Methods: A total of 106 patients with symptoms of DGR who underwent electronic gastroscopy from June 2019 to June 2020 were selected and divided into the DGR group (n = 33) and the non-DGR group (n = 73) according to the diagnosis of bile reflux. Questionnaires were used to collect the basic information and dietary habits of the patients, including age, gender, body mass index, place of residence, comorbidities, dietary composition, salt intake, smoking and drinking consumption. The total bile acid (TBA) and cholesterol (CHO) of the gastric juice were measured using a fully automated biochemical analyser, with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for the serum cholecystokinin, gastrin and gastrin levels. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to predict the attendant DGR risk factors. Results: There was no significant difference in age or gender between the DGR and the non-DGR groups (P > 0.05). The proportion of patients living in the Bashang region was significantly higher in the DGR group (78.79%) than in the non-DGR group (38.36%) (P < 0.05). The levels of TBA and CHO in the gastric juice and the cholecystokinin and gastrin levels in the serum of the DGR group were higher than those in the non-DGR group, while the serum motilin levels were significantly lower in the DGR group than in the non-DGR group (P < 0.05). The univariate analysis indicated that the proportion of patients with daily consumption of dairy products and fried foods, a high salt intake and smoking and drinking consumption were significantly higher in the DGR than in the non-DGR group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The daily consumption of dairy products and a preference for fried food are independent risk factors for the occurrence of DGR (odds ratio ≥ 1, P < 0.05).

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Purpose: To evaluate the effects of stomach and duodenal fluid on enamel surfaces, simulating the action of refluxed liquid in patients with duodenogastric reflux.Methods and Materials: Forty bovine incisors were used to obtain enamel fragments. Only half of the enamel surface was exposed to erosive challenges; the samples were then randomly divided into the following four groups (n = 10): G1: HCl; G2: HCl + pepsin; G3: HCl + ox bile + NaHCO3; and G4: HCl + pancreatin + NaHCO3. The specimens were placed in 37°C solutions, six times per day, for 20 s, over a period of 5 days and then analysed for morphology, surface roughness and the step formed on the dental enamel using confocal laser microscopy. The data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test (p <0.05).Results: Both analyses revealed a higher step and surface roughness for the G3 group (5.6 μm ± 1.69, 2.2 μm ± 1.61), which were statistically significant compared with the G1 and G2 groups (3.9 μm ± 1.5 μm; 1.0 μm ± 0.18; 3.7 μm ± 1.45; and 0.9 μm ± 0.12) (p <0.05); only the step in the G4 group (4.9 μm ± 1.8 μm) was similar to that of the G3 group (p >0.05). Morphological analysis showed greater structural loss in the G3 and G4 groups.Conclusions: Bile and pancreatin, in combination with hydrochloric acid, may promote a greater loss of structure, increased surface roughness and loss of enamel prismatic anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionGastric delta cells (D-cells) secrete somatostatin, which is the primary paracrine suppressor of acid secretion. The number and distribution of D-cells were investigated in children exhibiting endoscopic findings of duodenogastric and gastroesophageal reflux. This study aimed to determine whether the number of D-cells in the gastric body differs from that in the gastric antrum in children using endoscopic findings.MethodsWe retrospectively used immunohistochemical assessments to determine the number of D-cells in the gastric body and antrum in 102 children who presented with abdominal symptoms. The number and distribution of D-cells were investigated according to symptoms, endoscopic findings of gastroesophageal reflux and duodenogastric reflux, and Helicobacter pylori infection status.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 13.3 ± 3.3 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.68. The mean number of D-cells per high-power field in the antrum and body did not significantly differ by symptoms. However, these values were significantly lower in the gastric body than in the antrum for all symptoms (p

Aspiration of duodenogastric refluxate may damage the respiratory epithelium of lung allografts in transplant recipients. We sought to define a mechanism by which aspiration of duodenogastric fluid augments the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplant in a murine model. We analyzed the immunological effects of acute aspiration of duodenogastric fluid (0.5 mL/kg) on transplant naive (strain DBA/2J) and transplanted mice (strain B6D2F1/J to strain DBA/2J). Serum antibodies to the lung self-antigens (SAgs) K-alpha1 tubulin and collagen-V were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exosomes were isolated from serum, and immunoblot membranes were probed for antibodies to lung SAgs. Lung sections were assessed for fibrotic burden and obliterative bronchiolitis lesions by histologic and immunohistochemical analyses, including trichrome staining. Transplanted mice that received duodenogastric fluid developed higher levels of antibodies to the lung SAgs K-alpha1 tubulin and collagen-V and exosomes with lung SAgs on posttransplant days 14 and 28 than transplanted mice with sham aspiration or transplant naive mice (with and without aspiration). All lung allografts demonstrated severe grade A4 rejection on posttransplant day 14, with the highest mean fibrotic burden and mean number of obliterative bronchiolitis-like lesions per microscopic field on day 28 in recipients with aspiration. This study links aspiration of duodenogastric fluid after lung transplant to higher autoimmune responses to lung SAgs and the release of circulating exosomes with lung SAgs, which together promote sustained immune responses leading to extensive lung parenchymal damage and, ultimately, severe obliterative bronchiolitis—the histologic hallmark of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article systematizes available data from the literature on biliary gastritis (BG) in order to increase the awareness of specialists about the latest possibilities for diagnosing the disease. BG occurs as a result of pathological duodenogastric reflux. In patients with a preserved duodenogastric junction, the dominant factor is represented by motor disorders of the upper digestive tract (primary biliary gastritis), while in patients recovering from surgical interventions it is represented by structural changes (secondary biliary gastritis). Progressive BG can lead to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial dysplasia, and eventually to gastric cancer. Diagnostic methods for BG are carried out to identify risk factors, exclude alarm symptoms and identify persistent motor disorders and pathological reflux (24 h pH-impedancemetry, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 24 h monitoring of bilirubin content in the reflux using a Bilitec 2000 photometer), as well as to diagnose gastritis itself (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, morphological gastrobiopsy examination). The diagnosis of BG should be based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines a thorough analysis of a patient's complaints, an anamnesis of the disease, and the results of endoscopic and histological research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although it is a bile-sensitive microorganism in vitro, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) has been detected in human bile and gallbladder tissue. Recently, it is reported that bile acids eliminate Hp after gastric surgery. However, the data about the relationship between Hp and bile acids in subjects without surgery are limited. We aimed to evaluate the clinical features and Hp gastritis rate among patients with and without reflux of gastric bile acid. Methods: Patient data were collected through reviewing medical records of 1-18-years old children who underwent gastroscopy during the study period. The rapid urease test (RUT) result, the presence of gastric or bulbar erosion/ulcer, and duodenogastric reflux (DGR) were obtained from gastroscopy reports. Histologic changes of alkaline gastritis and other types of gastritis were noted. Hp infection was accepted as "present" if both RUT and histopathological findings confirm the Hp presence. Results: Among 754 diagnostic esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD), 521 subjects were eligible. Bile was visible at the stomach in 114 children (mean age: 11.29±3.90 years, 76.3% girls). The remaining 407 children without bile in the stomach were served as controls (mean age: 9.09±4.53 years, 52.1% girls). Girl gender was a risk factor for bile in the stomach during EGD (aOdds Ratio [aOR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.77, p<0.05). Hp was present in 35 (30.7%) subjects in the study group and 210 (51.6%) controls (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.25-2.24, p<0.05). Foveolar hyperplasia was present in 98 (86.0%) cases in the study group and 2 (0.5%) controls. Alkaline gastritis was correlated with bile in the stomach (r2: 0.89, p<0.01), older age (r2: 0.18, p<0.01), and girl gender (r2: 0.21, p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: The rate of Hp infection was lower in patients with DGR compared to controls. Furthermore, DGR was significantly more frequent in girls and grown-up children. A high percentage of patients with bile reflux had alkaline gastritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims The anastomotic site after distal gastrectomy is the area most affected by duodenogastric reflux. Different reconstruction methods may affect the lesion characteristics and treatment outcomes of remnant gastric cancers at the anastomotic site. We retrospectively investigated the clinicopathologic and endoscopic submucosal dissection outcomes of remnant gastric cancers at the anastomotic site. Methods We recruited 34 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection for remnant gastric cancer at the anastomotic site after distal gastrectomy. Clinicopathology and treatment outcomes were compared between the Billroth II and non-Billroth II groups. Results The tumor size in the Billroth II group was significantly larger than that in the non-Billroth II group (22 vs. 19 mm; p=0.048). More severe gastritis was detected endoscopically in the Billroth II group (2 vs. 1.33; p=0.0075). Moreover, operation time was longer (238 vs. 121 min; p=0.004) and the frequency of bleeding episodes was higher (7.5 vs. 3.1; p=0.014) in the Billroth II group. Conclusions Compared to remnant gastric cancers in non-Billroth II patients, those in the Billroth II group had larger lesions with a background of severe remnant gastritis. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for remnant gastric cancers in Billroth II patients involved longer operative times and more frequent bleeding episodes than that in patients without Billroth II.

Background: Most studies of the relationship between duodenogastric reflux (DGR) and Helicobacter pylori have reported that the presence of DGR decreases H. pylori colonization, while H. pylori infection increases the frequency of DGR by impairing antroduodenal motility. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between primary DGR and the prevalence of H. pylori in children, as well as the degree of colonization and the presence and severity of gastritis. Methods: Included in the study were 410 patients between the ages of 2 and 18 years, referred to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic with complaints of dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting, who underwent upper gastrointestinal system endoscopic examination and stomach biopsy. The study group included 60 patients with DGR, while 350 non-DGR patients formed the control group. Results: The mean age of patients with DGR was 15.7 ± 2.1 years, while the mean age of the control group was 14.2 ± 3.8 years (p = 0.02). Of those with DGR, 50 (83.3%) were girls, while in the control group, 215 (61.4%) were girls (p = 0.001). Of patients with DGR, 16 were H. pylori (+) (26.7%), while in the control group, 168 were H. pylori (+) (48%) (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to H. pylori degree of colonization (p = 0.08). Gastritis was present in 56 (93.3%) patients in the DGR group and 322 (92%) patients in the control group (p = 0.72). A significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of gastritis severity (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The mean age of patients with DGR was significantly higher than that of patients without DGR, and DGR was found to be more common in girls. In patients with DGR, H. pylori prevalence was significantly lower than in those without DGR; however, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups with respect to the colonization degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) causes bile reflux gastritis (BRG) and may develop into gastric cancer. DGR is classified as primary in non-operated stomachs or secondary to surgical intervention. Primary DGR and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection are reportedly related. However, the mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between H. pylori infection and pyloric incompetence in a non-operated stomach. A total of 502 non-operated participants who underwent an upper intestinal endoscopy were prospectively enrolled. Endoscopic findings (EAC, endoscopic atrophy classification; nodular gastritis; xanthoma; fundic gland polyp; and incompetence of pylorus), sex, age, gastrin, pepsinogen (PG) I and PG II levels were evaluated. PG I/PG II ratio, anti-H. pylori-Ab positivity, and atrophic gastritis status were significantly different between the normal and incompetent pylori (p = 0.043, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Open-type atrophic gastritis was significantly higher in the incompetent pylori. Incompetence of the pylorus and EAC were moderately correlated (Cramer's V = 0.25). Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of anti-H. pylori-Ab was the only independent factor associated with the incompetence of the pylorus, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.70 (95% CI: 1.47–4.94, p = 0.001). In conclusion, pyloric incompetence was associated with H. pylori infection and moderately correlated to the severity of atrophic gastritis in non-operated stomachs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to study the clinical course and features of violations of the motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract in chronic duodenal insufficiency. Materials and methods. The study included 40 patients with chronic duodenal insufficiency (CDI): 18 (48.2%) women, 22 (51.8%) men, mean age 37.1 ± 13.8 years. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals: 10 (33.3%) women, 20 (66.7%) men, mean age 40.5 ± 13.47 years. In the examination of patients, anamnestic and physical data, the results of biochemical, X-ray and endoscopic studies, intracavitary manometry, and electrogastroenterography were used. Parameters reflecting psycho-emotional state and vegetative status were evaluated. Results. In 19 (46.8%) patients with CDI, the pain syndrome occurred after eating, most often localized in the right hypochondrium in 11 (29.0%) and in the epigastric region in 18 (44.9%) patients. Patients with CDF presented some dyspeptic complaints that were not observed in the control group: 22 (57%) noted belching with bitterness, 31 (77.6%) — a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, 21 (53%) — heartburn, flatulence — 25 (53.3%) and mushy stools 28 (71%). In patients with CDI, compared with the control group, there was a decrease in the content of total protein (62.24 ± 0.17 and 72.3 ± 0.21 g/l, p = 0.0002), triglycerides (0.42 ± 0.0021 and 1.5 ± 0.04 mmol/L, p = 0.022), fat-soluble vitamin B12 (188.0 ± 0.21 and 328.6 ± 18.9 pg/ml, p = 0.0048), 25-OH vitamin D (26.87 ± 0.12 and 64.7 ± 1.25 ng/ml, p = 0.018). With CDI, compared with control, a significant increase in gastrin (29.7 [25.7; 32.5] and 19.2 [18.8; 20.1] pmol/L, p = 0.0004) and cortisol (471, 8 ± 1.09 and 365.3 ± 2.6 nmol/L, p = 0.0001). The insulin level was significantly lower than the values of the control group: (2.89 [2.5; 3.0] and 3.8 [2.2; 4.5] μmol/L, p = 0.006). According to the gastroenteromanitor in the postprandial period, impaired propulsive motility in all parts of the digestive tube was established, which proves a decrease in the rhythm coefficient (K-ritm) of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum on an empty stomach by 1.5 times in both phases of the study (p = 0.000). The ratio of intraduodenal pressure to intragastric pressure in chronic heart failure was 1.26 [1.19; 1.32], which is significantly lower than the values in the control group (1.7 [1.0; 2.4], p = 0.0004) and indicates a violation of the closure function of the gatekeeper. Alarm scale RH. Spielberger (adaptation of Yu.L. Khanin) showed an increase in comparison with the control group in the levels of situational (57 [54; 60] and 47.0 [45; 50] points, p = 0.0021) and personal anxiety (25.1 [22.6; 27.4] and 21.9 [19.5; 23.9] points, p = 0.003) in patients with CDI. Conclusion. In connection with the non-manifest course and the absence of specific symptoms of chronic duodenal insufficiency, in the examination of patients for the diagnosis, it is necessary to use, in addition to clinical data, X-ray, endoscopic, manometric and electrophysiological studies.

This article systematizes available data from the literature on biliary gastritis (BG) in order to increase the awareness of specialists about the latest possibilities for diagnosing the disease. BG occurs as a result of pathological duodenogastric reflux. In patients with a preserved duodenogastric junction, the dominant factor is represented by motor disorders of the upper digestive tract (primary biliary gastritis), while in patients recovering from surgical interventions it is represented by structural changes (secondary biliary gastritis). Progressive BG can lead to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial dysplasia, and eventually to gastric cancer. Diagnostic methods for BG are carried out to identify risk factors, exclude alarm symptoms and identify persistent motor disorders and pathological reflux (24 h pH-impedancemetry, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 24 h monitoring of bilirubin content in the reflux using a Bilitec 2000 photometer), as well as to diagnose gastritis itself (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, morphological gastrobiopsy examination). The diagnosis of BG should be based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines a thorough analysis of a patient’s complaints, an anamnesis of the disease, and the results of endoscopic and histological research methods.

The role of duodenogastric reflux (DGR) in malignant degeneration of the gastric mucosa. It was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to p53, PCNA, CD10, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CD31 and the polymerase chain reaction to detect CDX1, CDX2, FXR genes. The main carcinogenic components of bile are lysolecithin and conjugated bile acids. Biliary reflux increases the risk of malignant tumors in combination with Helicobacter pylori. DGR is one of the etiological factors for gastric cancer, so it determines the necessity for detailed diagnosis in clinical practice.

Background. The known methods of duodenogastric reflux treatment which include prokinetics administration against the background of chronic gastritis standard therapy, as a rule, have the low therapeutic efficacy. The aim of the research was to assess the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide and sulpiride combination (dual prokinetic treatment) for duodenogastric reflux in comprehensive treatment of patients with chronic gastritis. Materials and methods. The study is based on the retrospective analysis of the findings obtained while examining and managing 30 patients with duodenogastric reflux and chronic gastritis aged from 22 to 45 years. The patients received treatment in accordance with the Standardized Clinical Protocol of Primary Care “Dyspepsia”, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 600 of August 3, 2012, and recommended by Maastricht III (2005) and Maastricht IV (2010). The basic therapy for chronic gastritis was combined with two drugs of synergistic effect, namely, prokinetic metoclopramide and sulpiride with prokinetic properties by similar principle in the regimen of short-term step therapy. The statistical processing of data was carried out according to the algorithm for qualitative data analysis with MedCalc 2019 software package. The study includes the analysis of manifestation incidence of qualitative binary variables with calculation of 95% confidence interval. When determining the effect of dual prokinetic treatment on the change of clinical syndromes manifestation incidence, we used McNemar test for related groups. The study evaluated the risk of side effects of metoclopramide and eglonil combination on the basis of assessment the significance value 95% confidence interval, considering binominal distribution of a sign (presence or absence of complication). The study presented formulation of the null and alternative statistical hypotheses. Results. The manifestations of dyspeptic, abdominal and astheno-vegetative syndromes were detected in 24 ((80.0 ± 7.3) %; 95% CI 51.26–119.03 %), 13 ((43.00 ± 9.04) %; 95% CI 23.07–74.10 %) and 18 patients ((60.00 ± 8.94) %; 95% CI 35.56–94.83 %), respectively. After 20 days of dual prokinetic treatment, the statistically significant changes in the incidence of dyspeptic, abdominal and astheno-vegetative syndromes manifestations were observed in patients against the background of endoscopic signs of bile reflux elimination (bilateral values p < 0.0001; p = 0.0005 and p < 0.0001, respectively, according to the McNemar test). The synergism of metoclopramide and eglonil effect as dopamine receptor antagonists and prokinetic effect potentiation in combination with standard therapy contribute to the rapid elimination of the most clinical manifestations of the bile reflux syndrome, make it possible to achieve clinical and endoscopic recovery and ensure steady and long-term remission. The tolerability of drug combinations was good in all patients; they did not present with side effects. Moreover, the risk of side effects did not exceed 12 % with 95% probability. Conclusions. The short-term administration of metoclopramide and sulpiride combination in step therapy regimen is not only effective but also safe, which corresponds to the alternative statistical hypothesis.

The purpose of the review is to determine the relationship between the clinical symptoms of diseases and disorders of the motor function of the esophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb, to present modern methods of their diagnosis and pathogenetic principles of treatment of diseases. Depending on the pathogenesis, it is possible to distinguish secondary motility disorders resulting from organic lesions, and primary (functional) changes. The emergence of clinical symptoms is associated with impaired motor - evacuation function of the digestive tract, which can be divided into two large groups: changes in the peristaltic activity of the organ wall and the work of the sphincter apparatus. The basis of the regulation of motility of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum is the interaction of nervous and humoral factors, the central processing of impulses is carried out in the cerebral cortex. In case of violation of the coordinated action of inhibitory and excitatory regulation systems, pathological contractile activity occurs, which manifests itself as hypo - or hyper - motor dyskinesia. X-ray, ultrasound, high resolution manometry of the esophagus, pH-meter, scintigraphy, computed tomography, antroduodenal manometry and a number of others are used to diagnose disorders of the motor function of the digestive tract, which can determine the mechanism of the development of symptoms and prescribe pathogenetic treatment to the patient. Thus, the occurrence of clinical symptoms is associated with changes in the motor - evacuation function of the digestive tract due to a violation of the coordinating action of inhibitory and excitatory factors. The use of modern diagnostic methods for the study of motor function makes it possible to determine the mechanism for the development of clinical symptoms, which allows the patient to prescribe an effective pathogenetic treatment.

Objectives: To investigate the risk factors for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in children with primary duodenogastric reflux (DGR) and its impact on gastritis and antibioticresistance., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 2 190 children who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Wuxi Children's Hospital from January 2019 to February 2022, among whom 308 children were diagnosed with primary DGR. According to the presence or absence of HP infection, the children were classified to HP infection group (53 children) and non-HP infection group (255 children). The risk factors for HP infection and its impact on the incidence rate and severity of gastritis were analyzed. According to the presence or absence of primary DGR, 331 children with HP infection were classified to primary DGR group (29 children) and non-primary DGR group (302 children), and then the impact of primary DGR with HP infection on antibiotic resistance was analyzed., Results: The HP infection group had a significantly higher age than the non-HP infection group ( P <0.05), and there was a significant difference in the age distribution between the two groups ( P <0.05), while there were no significant differences in the incidence rate and severity of gastritis between the two groups ( P >0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age was a risk factor for HP infection in children with DGR ( P <0.05). Drug sensitivity test showed that there were no significant differences in the single and combined resistance rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin between the primary DGR group and the non-primary DGR group ( P >0.05)., Conclusions: Older age is closely associated with HP infection in children with DGR. Primary DGR with HP infection has no significant impact on gastritis and antibiotic resistance in children.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the role of omeprazole and nitrites on the gastric mucosa of rats submitted to specific techniques to induce duodenogastric reflux. Methods: One hundred and twenty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group I (n=40) -gastrotomy; Group II (n=40) - duodenogastric reflux after gastrojejunoanastomosis latero-lateral (DGR); Group III (n=40) - retrograde duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus (DGR-P). The groups were divided into 4 subgroups of 10 animals, respectively treated for 16 weeks with water, omeprazole 1.6 mg / rat / day, nitrite 600 mg / kg / day and omeprazole plus nitrite simultaneously. Results: The proliferative lesions found were: squamous hyperplasia - 69.1%, adenomatous hyperplasia in the anastomosis - 29.1% and prepyloric adenomatous hyperplasia - 42.5%. Adenocarcinomas were registered in 7 animals (5.8%): one in Group I (omeprazole plus nitrite), two in Group II (omeprazole and nitrite plus omeprazole) and four in Group III (water, nitrite, omeprazole and omeprazole plus nitrite). Conclusions: The occurrence of squamous hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma increased after gastrojejunal anastomoses, which cause duodenogastric reflux. The association of omeprazole did not protect the development of proliferative lesions and cancer induced by duodenogastric reflux in rats.

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) causes bile reflux gastritis (BRG) and may develop into gastric cancer. DGR is classified as primary in non-operated stomachs or secondary to surgical intervention. Primary DGR and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection are reportedly related. However, the mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between H. pylori infection and pyloric incompetence in a non-operated stomach. A total of 502 non-operated participants who underwent an upper intestinal endoscopy were prospectively enrolled. Endoscopic findings (EAC, endoscopic atrophy classification; nodular gastritis; xanthoma; fundic gland polyp; and incompetence of pylorus), sex, age, gastrin, pepsinogen (PG) I and PG II levels were evaluated. PG I/PG II ratio, anti-H. pylori-Ab positivity, and atrophic gastritis status were significantly different between the normal and incompetent pylori (p = 0.043, H. pylori-Ab was the only independent factor associated with the incompetence of the pylorus, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.70 (95% CI: 1.47–4.94, p = 0.001). In conclusion, pyloric incompetence was associated with H. pylori infection and moderately correlated to the severity of atrophic gastritis in non-operated stomachs.

Background/Aim. Duodenogastric reflux occurs after gastroenteroanastomosis, with or without resection of the stomach (Billroth I, Billroth II), after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, gastroduodenostomy as well as in conservatively treated patients. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds (MNNG) influence in conjunction with duodenogastric reflux, in the function of time for precancerous lesions development in gastric mucosa. A particular purpose of the study has been to suggest some effective surgical procedures, which could prevent the harmful effects of duodenogastric reflux on gastric mucosa, as a potential activator of carcinogenesis. Methods. The research included 90 experimental, male Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups. The two experimental groups were subjected to two surgical procedures: Billroth II gastric resection (group B2), and the Roux-en-Y reconstruction (group RY), respectively. The control group (group C) animals did not receive any surgical treatment. All groups were administered per os chemical cancerogen MNNG. All anastomoses were performed by extra mucosal suture with monofilament polypropilene 7–0, and 8–0. The animals were sacrificed consecutively, and subjected to total gastrectomy after 8, 16 and 24 weeks. Results. Pathohistological analysis was performed on defined regions of the rat stomach in three time period. The B2 group, at the end of our experiment, showed predominant incidence of severe lesions: hyperplasia (0%), gastritis (0%), metaplasia (6.7%), dysplasia (46.7%), early carcinoma (20%) and carcinoma (26.7%). At the end of our experiment, the RY and C groups showed the similarities of the obtained results related to time with predominant incidence of mild lesions: hyperplasia (13.3% vs 0%, respectively), gastritis (13.3% vs 13.3%, respectively), metaplasia (6.7% vs 13.3%, respectively), dysplasia (66.7% vs 66.7%, respectively), with an extremely low incidence of early carcinoma (0% vs 6.7%, respectively) and no incidence of carcinoma (0% vs 0%, respectively). Conclusion. Without the presence of duodenogastric reflux, MNNG causes a low degree of precancerous gastric lesions. However, direct contacts of MNNG with gastric mucosa, including the presence of duodenogastric reflux, induce precancerous lesions and carcinoma. The percentage of reversible changes decreases with time, while the percentage of irreversible lesions and carcinoma increases. A lack of distinction in the findings between the RY and C groups confirms a gastroprotective role of the Roux-en-Y procedure.

Aim. To comprehensively study the course of gastric ulcer disease (GUD) and duodenal ulcer disease (DUD) concurrent with chronic duodenal insufficiency (CDI). Materials and methods. Ulcer disease (UD) was verified on the basis of the results of clinical and fibrogastroduodenoscopic examinations. The data of contrast duodenography and cavitary manometry were used to identify CDI. Gastroduodenal motor activity was investigated using the peripheral electrogastrograph EGG-4M. The results of pH measurements were employed to assess the state of gastric acid secretion and duodenal pH values. Results. A comprehensive examination was made in 106 patients with UD concurrent with CDI (a study group) and 30 UD patients without CDI (a comparison group). Epigastric pain was noted in the patients with GUD in the study and comparison groups (91.5 and 84.6%, respectively), but the pain was mainly aching in the patients with concomitant CDI and more intense (77.8%) in those without this condition. In the study group, heartburn was more common in patients with GUD and DUD (75.3 and 71.4%, respectively) than in those with UD in the comparison group (28.5 and 37.5%, respectively). Helicobacter pylori tests were positive in 23.8% of the patients in the study group and in 57.2% in the comparison group. Electrogastrography indicated that the patients with GUD and CDI had bradygastria and hypokinesis on an empty stomach; the electrical activity was reduced after eating. In the comparison group, tachygastria and hyperkinesis were detected on an empty stomach; these postprandial indicators were elevated. H. pylori tests were positive in 34.7% of the patients with DUD and CDI and in 63.6% of those with DUD without CDI. The postprandial electrical activity increased in patients with DUD and decreased in the comparison group. The specific features of changes in gastric and duodenal pH values in GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI in comparison with the isolated course of UD. Conclusion. The immediate and long-term follow-ups show that GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI run a more persistent course; the time of ulcer healing increases and the periods of remission decrease.

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) has been linked to the onset of gastric cancer (GC), although the precise mechanism is yet obscure. Herein, we aimed to investigate how refluxed bile acids (BAs) and macrophages are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. In both active human bile reflux gastritis and the murine DGR model, ubiquitin specific protease 50 (USP50) was dramatically raised, and macrophages were the principal leukocyte subset that upregulated USP50 expression. Enhancing USP50 expression amplified bile acid-induced NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and subsequent high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) release, while USP50 deficiency resulted in the reversed alteration. Mechanistically, USP50 interacted with and deubiquitinated apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) to activate NLRP3 inflammasome. The release of HMGB1 contributes to gastric tumorigenesis by PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. These results may provide new insights into bile reflux-related gastric carcinogenesis and options for the prevention of DGR-associated GC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhao, Mu, Li, Dong, Wang, Yao, Zheng, Sun and Yu.)

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Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the preventive effects of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and polifloral honey on the gastric carcinogenesis in a duodenogastric reflux model. Material and Method: Thirty-six rats were enrolled in the study and simple gastrojejunostomy was performed in all the animals. The rats were separated in three equal groups with 12 animals each. In the first group (control) only standard rat food and tap water were given. Additionnally, 5mg/kg/day meloxicam and 5 ml/kg/day polifloral honey were given in the second (COX-2) and third (honey) groups respectively. Forty weeks after the operation, all rats were sacrified with high dose diethyl ether inhalation. The mucosa of the anastomotic region and stomach was evaluated in light microscope with hematoxylene-eosin, and also immunohistochemistry was done with p53 and COX-2 antibodies. Results: In control and COX-2 groups gastric adenocarcinoma was found in 3 (30%) and 2 (22%) animals respectively. In the polifloral honey group no adenocarcinoma was revealed. Despite these findings, a statistically significant difference was not found between the groups due to a small sample size. Conclusion: The exocrine pancreatic secretion and bile induces a carcinogenic effect on the gastric mucosa in an experimental duodenogastric reflux model. In the present study we can conclude that the protective effect of polifloral honey is much more pronounced than the effect of COX-2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the substantiation and assessment of the effectiveness of the inclusion of ursodeoxycholic acid preparation Ukrliv suspension in the treatment protocol of children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Taking into account the results of the studies, the use of ursodeoxycholic acid drug can be recommended as a pathogenetic therapy in the combination treatment of children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The findings suggest both the efficiency and the high level of safety and tolerability of ursodeoxycholic acid, in particular Ukrliv suspension, during long-term use to prevent recurrences.

Background: Duodenal contents reflux through the pylorus into the stomach can cause chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. This study aims to propose a new classification of endoscopic findings of duodenogastric reflux (DGR) in symptomatic patients. Patients and Methods: Eighty-eight patients with symptoms of DGR were included. Endoscopic findings, Helicobacter pylori, and mucosa pathological were recorded. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed to quantify the DGR. Results: Among the 88 patients, 41 patients had normal mucosa (control group), 36 patients had bile lake (BL) (Group A), and 11 patients had bile stain (BS) (Group B). Group A significantly increases in postprandial DGR at 50 and 60 min. Group B significantly increases in fasting DGR at 50 and 60 min and postprandial DGR at 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. Group A and Group B had significant high intestine metaplasia and mucosal inflammation score than those in control group. Group B had a significantly higher incidence of gastric polyp than those patients in Group A and control group. Conclusions: Endoscopic findings of BS increased both fasting and postprandial DGR. BL had significant increased postprandial DGR. DGR increased the intestine metaplasia, mucosal inflammation, and gastric polyp in the stomach.

The aim of review. To present data on pathogenic significance of bile acids for upper regions of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and to describe medical properties ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) at reflux-gastritis.Summary. Reflux-gastritis is chemical type gastritis, morphologically manifested by foveolar hyperplasia, edema, proliferation of smooth-muscle fibres of lamina propria, insignificant chronic inflammation. There is evidences of relation of intestinal metaplasia to duodenogastric reflux (DGR). Bile acids at certain conditions possess damage effect on mucosa of the stomach and all GIT. They can increase endocellular concentration of calcium which is responsible for toxic effects of bile acids as a secondary messenger. Increase of endocellular calcium stimulates secretion of pepsinogen and acid production in the stomach, that in the case of decreased cytoprotective factors by DGR can cause changes mucosal injury. According to the modern point of view bile acids are associated with a lot of neoplasms of digestive organs, including esophageal, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and colorectal cancer. Exposition of bile acids results in formation of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, damage of DNA, mutagenicity, induction of apoptosis in short-term prospect and resistance to apoptosis in long-term prospect. Gastric remnant gastritis is consideres to be a premalignant disease, thus bile acids play essential role in carcinogenesis. UDCA possesses choleretic effect and ability to displace toxic hydrophobic bile acids. It protects from oxydative stress, stabilizes cell membranes and inhibits apoptosis. At reflux-gastritis UDCA relieves clinical symptoms, improves of state of mucosa of the stomach and esophagus, and possess series of cytoprotective properties.Conclusion. Prescription of UDCA is pathogenicly proved in patients with reflux-gastritis and gastroesopha geal reflux disease (GERD) with non-acidic refluxes. Cytoprotective and antiapoptotic effects of UDCA at reflux-gastritis are especially significant from the point of view of smoothing cancerogenic potential of bile acids.

Objective: To explore the risk factors of duodenogastric reflux (DGR) in relation to different dietary habits., Methods: A total of 106 patients with symptoms of DGR who underwent electronic gastroscopy from June 2019 to June 2020 were selected and divided into the DGR group ( n = 33) and the non-DGR group ( n = 73) according to the diagnosis of bile reflux. Questionnaires were used to collect the basic information and dietary habits of the patients, including age, gender, body mass index, place of residence, comorbidities, dietary composition, salt intake, smoking and drinking consumption. The total bile acid (TBA) and cholesterol (CHO) of the gastric juice were measured using a fully automated biochemical analyser, with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for the serum cholecystokinin, gastrin and gastrin levels. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to predict the attendant DGR risk factors., Results: There was no significant difference in age or gender between the DGR and the non-DGR groups ( P > 0.05). The proportion of patients living in the Bashang region was significantly higher in the DGR group (78.79%) than in the non-DGR group (38.36%) ( P < 0.05). The levels of TBA and CHO in the gastric juice and the cholecystokinin and gastrin levels in the serum of the DGR group were higher than those in the non-DGR group, while the serum motilin levels were significantly lower in the DGR group than in the non-DGR group ( P < 0.05). The univariate analysis indicated that the proportion of patients with daily consumption of dairy products and fried foods, a high salt intake and smoking and drinking consumption were significantly higher in the DGR than in the non-DGR group ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The daily consumption of dairy products and a preference for fried food are independent risk factors for the occurrence of DGR (odds ratio ≥ 1, P < 0.05)., Competing Interests: All of the authors had no any personal, financial, commercial or academic conflicts of interest separately. This work was supported by the 2020 medical science research project of Hebei Province, “Research on the relationship between dietary habits and bile reflux in Zhangjiakou area” (No. 20200532)., (© 2023 Zhao Peng et al.)

Introduction: Gastric delta cells (D-cells) secrete somatostatin, which is the primary paracrine suppressor of acid secretion. The number and distribution of D-cells were investigated in children exhibiting endoscopic findings of duodenogastric and gastroesophageal reflux. This study aimed to determine whether the number of D-cells in the gastric body differs from that in the gastric antrum in children using endoscopic findings., Methods: We retrospectively used immunohistochemical assessments to determine the number of D-cells in the gastric body and antrum in 102 children who presented with abdominal symptoms. The number and distribution of D-cells were investigated according to symptoms, endoscopic findings of gastroesophageal reflux and duodenogastric reflux, and Helicobacter pylori infection status., Results: The average age of the patients was 13.3 ± 3.3 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.68. The mean number of D-cells per high-power field in the antrum and body did not significantly differ by symptoms. However, these values were significantly lower in the gastric body than in the antrum for all symptoms ( p  < 0.05). Children with reflux had a higher mean number of D-cells (9.6 ± 8.8) in the gastric body than did those without reflux (4.3 ± 3.4) ( p  = 0.007). Furthermore, the number of D-cells in the gastric body was marginally significantly lower in Helicobacter pylori -positive children (4.9 ± 6.5) than in Helicobacter pylori -negative children (8.5 ± 8.2) ( p  = 0.053)., Conclusion: The number of D-cells in the gastric body decreased in Helicobacter pylori -positive children but significantly increased in children with duodenogastric reflux. Therefore, somatostatin peptide secretion by D-cells may be a major pathophysiological pathway in gastrointestinal reflux disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Kim, Na, Paik, Jee, Lee and Kim.)