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Good teaching is ultimately deeply and thoroughly grounded in knowledge. The days of the "if you can't do anything else, then teach" mentality are long gone, ushered out due to major changes in knowledge about effective teaching. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC), the entire standards movement, brain-based research, the theory of constructivism, and an emphasis on alternative assessment strategies have made crystal clear the need for a reconstructed, clear and powerful understanding of the knowledge of teaching. This need is a result of a paradigm shift that has taken place in education, from what is taught to what students are learning. Within this new paradigm, now is the time to clarify the types of knowledge it takes to be an effective classroom teacher for actualization of student learning. The K3P3 Model of Teacher Knowledge illustrates the dynamic interplay between knowledge and pedagogy, with the intent of maximizing the actualization of student learning. The new paradigm of teaching also makes clear the need for new language to represent new thoughts. Appropriateness of instruction may now be labeled through the language of "Student Appropriate," "Learning Appropriate" and "Context Appropriate" with a clear understanding of what those terms mean for teacher and student.

The independent contributions of ethnicity and socioeconomic status to intellectual and academic functioning in children with diabetes were studied with 58 diabetic children and 58 comparisons. Findings indicate that black children with diabetes, regardless of social class, are at greater risk for intellectual deficits and learning problems than white children with diabetes or children without diabetes. (SLD)

Results of a Monte Carlo study with 4 populations (3,072 conditions) indicate that when distributions depart markedly from normality, nonparametric analysis and parametric analysis of transformed data show superior power to parametric analysis of raw data. Under conditions studied, parametric analysis of transformed data is more powerful than nonparametric analysis. (SLD)

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale was used to classify 118 hearing-impaired persons (88 percent were ages 16-21) into groups based on their ability to be trained in independent living skills. Using cluster analysis, the subjects were placed into three groups according to four domains: communication, daily living, socialization, and maladaptive behavior. (Author/JDD)

An integrated petrologic, thermochronologic, and numerical modeling study constrains the thermal evolution of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence in the Kumaun and Garwhal regions of India. South of the Tons thrust, peak metamorphic temperatures do not exceed 330[degrees]C. On the northern side, a transition toward higher temperatures adjacent to the Main Central thrust hanging wall is documented. In the immediate footwall of the Main Central thrust, peak temperatures average ~550[degrees]C. An inverted thermal field gradient of ~30[degrees]C/km beneath the Vaikrita thrust is calculated. An inverted thermal field gradient of ~20[degrees]C/km is also documented beneath a klippe of the Main Central thrust hanging wall ~25 km south of the Vaikrita thrust, and a peak footwall temperature of 530[degrees]C is recorded close to the shear zone at the base of the klippe. The mechanism for thermal metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence is interpreted to be conduction of heat from the Main Central thrust fault and/or hanging wall to the footwall. A localized thermal field gradient is also associated with the Tons thrust. The [sup.40]Ar/[sup.39]Ar thermochronology reveals that the exposed rock in the Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya underwent cooling below the closure temperature ([T.sub.c]) for white mica at different times in the late Tertiary. The proximal footwall of the Munsiari thrust experienced cooling below the white mica [T.sub.c] at ca. 8.5 Ma. South of the Munsiari thrust, in the proximal footwalls of the Chaukori and Askot klippen, muscovites ages are ca. 11.5 Ma, ~3 Ma older than samples to the north. The age differences in samples from northern and southern exposures are interpreted to document cooling related to thermal relaxation following passage of the Main Central thrust hanging wall atop the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. Results of thermal modeling achieve good fits to the data when scenarios involve an early Miocene phase of overthrusting of a hot hanging wall over a downgoing footwall, followed by the initiation of a duplex within Lesser Himalayan Sequence rocks.

The effects of skew on the standardized item alpha were examined with Monte Carlo techniques. Alphas computed from normal variables were compared with alphas from lognormal variables, ranks, and skewed versus normal Liken-type variables. The extent and direction of skew were varied, as was the size of the population interitem correlation (rho), the number of items, and the number of categories for Likert-type variables. Because the average interitem correlation affects alpha and skew affects the average interitem correlation, the effect of skew on the average interitem correlation also was examined. Results indicated that skew decreased the average interitem correlation and produced small decreases in alpha that were largest when skew was large, rho was small, items were skewed in opposite directions, and there were fewer items. Keywords: skew, internal consistency, Monte Carlo simulation

The authors demonstrated that the most common statistical significance test used with [r.sub.WG]-type interrater agreement indexes in applied psychology, based on the chi-square distribution, is flawed and inaccurate. The chi-square test is shown to be extremely conservative even for modest, standard significance levels (e.g., .05). The authors present an alternative statistical significance test, based on Monte Carlo procedures, that produces the equivalent of an approximaterandomization test for the null hypothesis that the actual distribution of responding is rectangular and demonstrate its superiority to the chi-square test. Finally, the authors provide tables of critical values and offer downloadable software to implement the approximate randomization test for [r.sub.WG]-type and for average deviation (AD)-type interrater agreement indexes. The implications of these results for studying a broad range of interrater agreement problems in applied psychology are discussed.

This study documents how the use of A. I. Huffcutt & W. A. Arthur's (1995) sample adjusted meta-analytic deviancy (SAMD) statistic for identifying outliers in correlational meta-analyses results in inaccuracies in mean r. Monte Carlo simulations found that use of the SAMD resulted in the overidentification of small relative to large correlations as outliers. Furthermore, this tendency to overidentify small correlations was found to increase as the magnitude of the population correlation increased and resulted in mean rs that overestimated the population correlation. The implications for meta-analysts are discussed, and 2 possible solutions are offered.

The effects of ethnicity and socioeconomic status on the intellectual performance of diabetic children are studied. Results show that Black children with diabetes has poorer math skills, reading ability and factual knowledge compared to Black children without diabetes and white children with diabetes. On the other hand, white children with diabetes exhibited the same math, reading and factual knowledge as white children without diabetes.

James, Demaree, Mulaik, and Ladd (1992) proposed that situational variables may act as substantive ('common') causes of relationships between individual difference variables as well as statistical artifacts (i.e., measurement unreliability) associated with these variables, thus invalidating assumptions of current validity generalization/meta-analysis procedures. In this investigation, we report the results of two large-scale studies designed to test hypothesized relationships derived from two 'common cause' models. Study 1 examines relationships between store-level organizational climate variables and employee satisfaction and performance variables for 33,097 sales personnel in 537 retail stores. Study 2 investigates relationships between store-level situational constraints and customer service perception and shopping variables for 31,611 customers from 564 retail stores. The results of these studies did not support the proposition that situational variables act as substantive causes of correlations among the respective employee and customer variables or the variances and reliabilities of these variables. The implications of these findings for meta-analyses in applied psychology as well as the generalizability of the findings are discussed.

The results of performance test batteries implemented on different hardware and software are comparable if the results are corrected for reliability attenuation. The Automated Performance Test System, written in N82-BASIC, is performed on a NEC laptop and its DELTA version written in TurboC is performed on a Compaq laptop. Although the performance of the Compaq is better, the tests show a correlation of 0.92 to 1.00. The tests measure similar variables and the results of one system can be normalized for another by bias adjustment.