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Background: In the United States, hypertension disproportionately afflicts over half of African American adults, many of whom also experience racial discrimination. Understanding gene × discrimination effects may help explain racial disparities in hypertension., Methods: We tested for the main effects and interactive effects of 5 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs2116737, rs11190458, rs2445762, rs2597955, and rs2416545) and experiences of discrimination on blood pressure (BP) in African Americans not taking antihypertensive medications in the Jackson Heart Study from Mississippi (n = 2,933). Multiple linear regression models assumed an additive genetic model and adjusted for ancestry, age, sex, body mass index, education, and relatedness. We additionally tested recessive and dominant genetic models., Results: Discrimination was significantly associated with higher diastolic BP (P = 0.003). In contrast, there were no main effects of any SNP on BP. When analyzing SNPs and discrimination together, SGCD (Sarcoglycan Delta; rs2116737) demonstrated a gene × environment interaction. Specifically, an SGCD × Discrimination interaction was associated with systolic BP (β =1.95, P = 0.00028) in a recessive model. Participants carrying a T allele, regardless of discrimination experiences, and participants with a GG genotype and high experiences of discrimination had higher systolic BP than participants with a GG genotype and low experiences of discrimination. This finding suggests the SGCD GG genotype may have a protective effect on systolic BP, but only in a setting of low discrimination., Conclusions: The inclusion of culturally relevant stressors, like discrimination, may be important to understand the gene-environment interplay likely underlying complex diseases with racial health inequities., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a potentially life-threatening postoperative arrhythmia in children with specific congenital heart defects and can contribute significantly to postoperative morbidity for at-risk populations. In adults, β1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) and β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) genotypes have been associated with increased risk for arrhythmias. However, their association with arrhythmia risk in children is unknown. We aimed to test associations between ADRB1 and ADRB2 genotypes and postoperative JET in patients with congenital heart defects. Children who underwent cardiac surgery were genotyped for the ADRB1 p.Ser49Gly (rs1801252; c.145A>G), p.Arg389Gly (rs1801253; c.1165C>G), ADRB2 p.Arg16Gly (rs1042713; c.46A>G), and p.Glu27Gln (rs1042714; c.79G>C) polymorphisms. The occurrence of postoperative JET was assessed via cardiologist-interpreted electrocardiograms. Genotype associations with JET were analyzed via logistic regression, adjusted for clinical variables associated with JET, with separate analysis in patients not on a β-blocker. Of the 343 children included (median age 8 months, 53% boys, 69% European ancestry), 45 (13%) developed JET. The Arg389Arg genotype was not significantly associated with JET in the overall population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96-4.03, p = 0.064), but was nominally associated in patients not taking a β-blocker (n = 324, OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.05-4.80. p = 0.034). None of the other variants were associated with JET. These data suggest that the ADRB1 Arg389Arg genotype may predict risk for JET following cardiac surgery in pediatric patients in the absence of β-blockade. Whether treatment with a β-blocker ameliorates this association requires further research., (© 2021 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with differential beta-blocker (BB) effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction in various patient populations. This study aimed to determine if SNPs previously associated with BB response are also associated with differential survival in heart failure (HF) patients receiving BBs. HF patient data were derived from electronic health records and the Social Security Death Index. Associations and interactions between BB dose, SNP genotype, and the outcome of death were assessed using a Cox proportional-hazard model adjusting for covariates known to be associated with differential survival in HF patients. Two SNPs, ADRB1 Arg389Gly and ADRB2 Glu27Gln, displayed significant interactions (P int  = 0.043 and P int  = 0.017, respectively) with BB dose and their association with mortality. Our study suggests that ADRB2 27Glu and ADRB1 389Arg may confer a larger survival benefit with higher BB doses in patients with HF., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Study Objective: This study aimed to determine if variants in NR3C2, which codes the target protein of spironolactone, or CYP11B2, which is involved in aldosterone synthesis, were associated with spironolactone response, focused on the primary end point of diastolic function (E/e'), in Aldosterone Receptor Blockade in Diastolic Heart Failure (Aldo-DHF) participants., Design: Post-hoc genetic analysis., Data Source: Data and samples were derived from the multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Aldo-DHF trial., Patients: Aldo-DHF participants treated with spironolactone (n = 184) or placebo (n = 178) were included., Intervention: Participants were genotyped for NR3C2 rs5522, NR3C2 rs2070951 and CYP11B2 rs1799998 via pyrosequencing., Measurements: In the placebo and spironolactone arms, separate multivariable linear regression analyses were performed for change in E/e' with each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), adjusted for age, sex, and baseline E/e'. To discern potential mechanisms of a genotype effect, associated SNPs were further examined for their association with change in blood pressure, circulating procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), and left atrial area., Main Results: Carriers of the rs5522 G allele in the placebo arm had a greater increase in E/e' over the 12-month course of the trial compared to noncarriers (β = 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05-2.16; p = 0.04). No corresponding E/e' worsening by rs5522 genotype was observed in the spironolactone arm. None of the other genotypes were associated with change in E/e'. Compared to noncarriers, rs5522 G carriers also had a greater increase in left atrial area with placebo (β = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.17-1.48; p = 0.01) and a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure with spironolactone (β = -3.56; 95% CI: -6.73 to -0.39; p = 0.03). Serum PIIINP levels were similar across rs5522 genotypes., Conclusions: Our results suggest that spironolactone attenuates progression of diastolic dysfunction associated with the NR3C2 rs5522 G allele. Validation of our findings is needed., (© 2021 Pharmacotherapy Publications, Inc.)

BACKGROUNDObesity has been associated with attenuated vaccine responses and an increased risk of contracting pneumococcal pneumonia, but no study to our knowledge has assessed the impact of obesity and genetics on 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV23) efficacy. We assessed the relationship of obesity (primary analysis) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING1) genotype (secondary analysis) on PPSV23 efficacy.METHODSNonobese (BMI 22-25 kg/m2) and obese participants (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) were given a single dose of PPSV23. Blood was drawn immediately prior to and 4-6 weeks after vaccination. Serum samples were used to assess PPSV23-specific antibodies. STING1 genotypes were identified using PCR on DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples.RESULTSForty-six participants were categorized as nonobese (n = 23; 56.5% women; mean BMI 23.3 kg/m2) or obese (n = 23; 65.2% women; mean BMI 36.3 kg/m2). Obese participants had an elevated fold change in vaccine-specific responses compared with nonobese participants (P < 0.0001). The WT STING1 group (R232/R232) had a significantly higher PPSV23 response than individuals with a single copy of HAQ-STING1 regardless of BMI (P = 0.0025). When WT was assessed alone, obese participants had a higher fold serotype-specific response compared with nonobese participants (P < 0.0001), but no difference was observed between obese and nonobese individuals with 1 HAQ allele (P = 0.693).CONCLUSIONSThese observations demonstrate a positive association between obesity and PPSV23 efficacy specifically in participants with the WT STING1 genotype.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02471014.FUNDINGThis research was supported by the NIH and the University of Florida MD-PhD Training Program.

Objective: Health literacy and health insurance literacy affect healthcare utilization. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between health insurance knowledge, self-efficacy, and student healthcare utilization in the past year. Participants: A random sample of 1,450 respondents, over the age of 18, attending a public university in the southeastern United States completed a survey in March 2017. Methods: A model was constructed to test the effect of health insurance self-efficacy on the relation between knowledge and healthcare utilization in the past year. Results: Health insurance knowledge ( M = 5.8, range 0-10) and self-efficacy ( M = 2.48, range 1-4) were low. Self-efficacy was a significant moderator when explaining healthcare utilization in the past year. Conclusions: College students have low knowledge and self-efficacy regarding health insurance. These findings can be used for developing policies and self-efficacy-based health education programs that may increase student healthcare utilization.

Introduction: MD-PhD training programs train physician-scientists to pursue careers involving both clinical care and research, but decreasing numbers of physician-scientists stay engaged in clinical research. We sought to identify current clinical research training methods utilized by MD-PhD programs and to assess how effective they are in promoting self-efficacy for clinical research., Methods: The US MD-PhD students were surveyed in April-May 2018. Students identified the clinical research training methods they participated in, and self-efficacy in clinical research was determined using a modified 12-item Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory., Results: Responses were received from 61 of 108 MD-PhD institutions. Responses were obtained from 647 MD-PhD students in all years of training. The primary methods of clinical research training included no clinical research training, and various combinations of didactics, mentored clinical research, and a clinical research practicum. Students with didactics plus mentored clinical research had similar self-efficacy as those with didactics plus clinical research practicum. Training activities that differentiated students who did and did not have the clinical research practicum experience and were associated with higher self-efficacy included exposure to Institutional Review Boards and participation in human subject recruitment., Conclusions: A clinical research practicum was found to be an effective option for MD-PhD students conducting basic science research to gain experience in clinical research skills. Clinical research self-efficacy was correlated with the amount of clinical research training and specific clinical research tasks, which may inform curriculum development for a variety of clinical and translational research training programs, for example, MD-PhD, TL1, and KL2., (© The Association for Clinical and Translational Science 2019.)

Background: Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are first-line medications for treating uncomplicated hypertension. However, their use has been associated with adverse metabolic events, including hyperglycemia and incident diabetes mellitus, with incompletely understood mechanisms. Our goal was to identify genomic variants associated with thiazide-like diuretic/chlorthalidone-induced glucose change., Methods and Results: Genome-wide analysis of glucose change after treatment with chlorthalidone was performed by race among the white (n=175) and black (n=135) participants from the PEAR-2 (Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses-2). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms with P <5×10 -8 were further prioritized using in silico analysis based on their expression quantitative trait loci function. Among blacks, an intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs9943291) in the HMGCS2 was associated with increase in glucose levels following chlorthalidone treatment (ß=12.5; P =4.17×10 -8 ). G-allele carriers of HMGCS2 had higher glucose levels (glucose change=+16.29 mg/dL) post chlorthalidone treatment compared with noncarriers of G allele (glucose change=+2.80 mg/dL). This association was successfully replicated in an independent replication cohort of hydrochlorothiazide-treated participants from the PEAR study (ß=5.54; P =0.023). A meta-analysis of the 2 studies was performed by race in Meta-Analysis Helper, where this single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs9943291, was genome-wide significant with a meta-analysis P value of 3.71×10 -8 . HMGCS2 , a part of the HMG-CoA synthase family, is important for ketogenesis and cholesterol synthesis pathways that are essential in glucose homeostasis., Conclusions: These results suggest that HMGCS2 is a promising candidate gene involved in chlorthalidone and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)-induced glucose change. This may provide insights into the mechanisms involved in thiazide-induced hyperglycemia that may ultimately facilitate personalized approaches to antihypertensive selection for hypertension treatment., Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00246519 and NCT01203852., (© 2018 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

Pathologic vascular adaptation following local injury is the primary driver for accelerated intimal hyperplasia and an occlusive phenotype. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation within the wall, and migration into the developing intima, is a major component of this remodeling response. The primary objective in the current study was to investigate the effect of the local biomechanical forces on early vein graft adaptation, specifically focusing on the spatial and temporal response of SMC proliferation and conversion from a contractile to synthetic architecture. Taking advantage of the differential adaptation that occurs during exposure to divergent flow environments, vein grafts were implanted in rabbits to create two distinct flow environments and harvested at times ranging from 2 h to 28 days. Using an algorithm for the virtual reconstruction of unfixed, histologic specimens, immunohistochemical tracking of DNA synthesis, and high-throughput transcriptional analysis, the spatial and temporal changes in graft morphology, cell proliferation, and SMC phenotype were catalogued. Notable findings include a burst of cell proliferation at 7 days post-implantation, which was significantly augmented by exposure to a reduced flow environment. Compared to the adjacent media, proliferation rates were 3-fold greater in the intima, and a specific spatial distribution of these proliferating cells was identified, with a major peak in the sub-endothelial region and a second peak centering on the internal elastic lamina. Genomic markers of a contractile SMC phenotype were reduced as early as 2 h post-implantation and reached a nadir at 7 days. Network analysis of upstream regulatory pathways identified GATA6 and KLF5 as important transcription factors that regulate this shift in SMC phenotype.