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1. Index

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

2. Contents

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

3. Foreword

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

4. 7 | Resilience and the Indiana Way: Hoosiers Respond to Environmental Change

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

5. 11 | Building Resilience to the Energy Transition in Indiana

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

6. 12 | Conclusion: Moving Forward toward Resilience

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

7. 2 | Climate and Water Systems

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

8. 6 | Built Environments and Green Infrastructure: Growing Long-Lasting Urban Resilience

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

9. 10 | Equitability, Health, and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

10. 9 | Tools and Leadership for Community Resilience

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

11. 8 | Communicating Resilience: Challenges and Examples

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

12. 5 | Hoosier Agriculture in a Changing Climate: Our Food and Farming System's History, Contemporary Challenges, and Opportunities to Sow Resilience

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

13. 1 | Introduction: Resilience and Climate Change in Indiana

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

14. 3 | Indiana Forest Resilience Is a Matter of Scale and Perspective

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

15. Land Acknowledgment

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

16. 4 | Biodiversity and Species Movements: Nurturing and Managing Biodiversity in Indiana

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

17. Title Page, Copyright

Author

Chenyang, Lingxi, Sanders Allen, Eva, Carley, Sanya, Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Konisky, David M., Webster, Andrea, Geiger, Nathan, Edwards, Beth, Sandweiss, Eric, Myers, Daniel, Wilson, Jeffrey S., Habeeb, Dana, Hamlin, Samantha L., Reynolds, Heather L., Grennan Browning, Elizabeth, Farmer, James Robert, Wanamaker, Sarah, Lau, Jennifer Ann, Jahn, Alex, Houser, Matthew, Fudickar, Adam, Clay, Keith, Byrd, Allison, Brown, Geoffrey, Becker, Daniel, Ketterson, Ellen D., Phillips, Richard, Maxwell, Justin, Baeten, John, Lave, Rebecca, Mincey, Sarah, Zhu, Chen, Yanites, Brian, Staten, Paul, Robeson, Scott, O'Brien, Travis A., Kieu, Chanh, Edmonds, Douglas, Kravitz, Ben, Shanahan, James, Novick, Kimberly A., Filippelli, Gabriel M., McCabe, Janet G., Widhalm, Melissa, and Dukes, Jeffrey S.

Published
2022

18. Exploring the impacts of unprecedented climate extremes on forest ecosystems: hypotheses to guide modeling and experimental studies

Author

Holm, Jennifer A, Medvigy, David M, Smith, Benjamin, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Beier, Claus, Mishurov, Mikhail, Xu, Xiangtao, Lichstein, Jeremy W, Allen, Craig D, Larsen, Klaus S, Luo, Yiqi, Ficken, Cari, Pockman, William T, Anderegg, William RL, and Rammig, Anja

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Ecology, Climate Action, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Physical geography and environmental geoscience, Environmental management
Abstract

Climatic extreme events are expected to occur more frequently in the future, increasing the likelihood of unprecedented climate extremes (UCEs) or record-breaking events. UCEs, such as extreme heatwaves and droughts, substantially affect ecosystem stability and carbon cycling by increasing plant mortality and delaying ecosystem recovery. Quantitative knowledge of such effects is limited due to the paucity of experiments focusing on extreme climatic events beyond the range of historical experience. Here, we present a road map of how dynamic vegetation demographic models (VDMs) can be used to investigate hypotheses surrounding ecosystem responses to one type of UCE: unprecedented droughts. As a result of nonlinear ecosystem responses to UCEs that are qualitatively different from responses to milder extremes, we consider both biomass loss and recovery rates over time by reporting a time-integrated carbon loss as a result of UCE, relative to the absence of drought. Additionally, we explore how unprecedented droughts in combination with increasing atmospheric CO2 and/or temperature may affect ecosystem stability and carbon cycling. We explored these questions using simulations of pre-drought and post-drought conditions at well-studied forest sites using well-tested models (ED2 and LPJ-GUESS). The severity and patterns of biomass losses differed substantially between models. For example, biomass loss could be sensitive to either drought duration or drought intensity depending on the model approach. This is due to the models having different, but also plausible, representations of processes and interactions, highlighting the complicated variability of UCE impacts that still need to be narrowed down in models. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) alone did not completely buffer the ecosystems from carbon losses during UCEs in the majority of our simulations. Our findings highlight the consequences of differences in process formulations and uncertainties in models, most notably related to availability in plant carbohydrate storage and the diversity of plant hydraulic schemes, in projecting potential ecosystem responses to UCEs. We provide a summary of the current state and role of many model processes that give way to different underlying hypotheses of plant responses to UCEs, reflecting knowledge gaps which in future studies could be tested with targeted field experiments and an iterative modeling-experimental conceptual framework.

Published
2023

22. Peace and the environment at the crossroads: Elections in a conflict-troubled biodiversity hotspot

Author

Salazar, Alejandro, Sanchez, Adriana, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Salazar, Juan F., Clerici, Nicola, Lasso, Eloisa, Sánchez-Pacheco, Santiago J., Rendón, Ángela M., Villegas, Juan C., Sierra, Carlos A., Poveda, Germán, Quesada, Benjamin, Uribe, Maria R., Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Ungar, Paula, Pulido-Santacruz, Paola, Ruiz-Morato, Natalia, and Arias, Paola A.

Published
2022
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23. Field experiments underestimate aboveground biomass response to drought

Author

Kröel-Dulay, György, Mojzes, Andrea, Szitár, Katalin, Bahn, Michael, Batáry, Péter, Beier, Claus, Bilton, Mark, De Boeck, Hans J., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Estiarte, Marc, Holub, Petr, Jentsch, Anke, Schmidt, Inger Kappel, Kreyling, Juergen, Reinsch, Sabine, Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Sternberg, Marcelo, Tielbörger, Katja, Tietema, Albert, Vicca, Sara, and Peñuelas, Josep

Published
2022
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24. Naturalized species drive functional trait shifts in plant communities.

Author

Garbowski, Magda, Laughlin, Daniel C., Blumenthal, Dana M., Sofaer, Helen R., Barnett, David T., Beaury, Evelyn M., Buonaiuto, Daniel M., Corbin, Jeffrey D., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Early, Regan, Nebhut, Andrea N., Petri, Laís, Vilà, Montserrat, and Pearse, Ian S.

Subjects
PLANT species, INVASIVE plants, PLANT communities, NATIVE plants, INTRODUCED species
Abstract

Despite decades of research documenting the consequences of naturalized and invasive plant species on ecosystem functions, our understanding of the functional underpinnings of these changes remains rudimentary. This is partially due to ineffective scaling of trait differences between native and naturalized species to whole plant communities. Working with data from over 75,000 plots and over 5,500 species from across the United States, we show that changes in the functional composition of communities associated with increasing abundance of naturalized species mirror the differences in traits between native and naturalized plants. We find that communities with greater abundance of naturalized species are more resource acquisitive aboveground and belowground, shorter, more shallowly rooted, and increasingly aligned with an independent strategy for belowground resource acquisition via thin fine roots with high specific root length. We observe shifts toward herbaceous-dominated communities but shifts within both woody and herbaceous functional groups follow community-level patterns for most traits. Patterns are remarkably similar across desert, grassland, and forest ecosystems. Our results demonstrate that the establishment and spread of naturalized species, likely in combination with underlying environmental shifts, leads to predictable and consistent changes in community-level traits that can alter ecosystem functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. Effects of Climate Change on Invasive Species

Author

Finch, Deborah M., Butler, Jack L., Runyon, Justin B., Fettig, Christopher J., Kilkenny, Francis F., Jose, Shibu, Frankel, Susan J., Cushman, Samuel A., Cobb, Richard C., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Hicke, Jeffrey A., Amelon, Sybill K., Poland, Therese M., editor, Patel-Weynand, Toral, editor, Finch, Deborah M., editor, Miniat, Chelcy Ford, editor, Hayes, Deborah C., editor, and Lopez, Vanessa M., editor

Published
2021
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27. Predicting soil carbon loss with warming

Author

van Gestel, Natasja, Shi, Zheng, van Groenigen, Kees Jan, Osenberg, Craig W, Andresen, Louise C, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Hovenden, Mark J, Luo, Yiqi, Michelsen, Anders, Pendall, Elise, Reich, Peter B, Schuur, Edward AG, and Hungate, Bruce A

Subjects
Climate Action, Atmosphere, Carbon, Carbon Cycle, Databases, Factual, Ecosystem, Feedback, Geography, Global Warming, Models, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Soil, Temperature, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The majority of the Earth's terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil. If anthropogenic warming stimulates the loss of this carbon to the atmosphere, it could drive further planetary warming. Despite evidence that warming enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balance between these responses remains uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of warming-induced changes in soil carbon stocks by assembling data from 49 field experiments located across North America, Europe and Asia. We find that the effects of warming are contingent on the size of the initial soil carbon stock, with considerable losses occurring in high-latitude areas. By extrapolating this empirical relationship to the global scale, we provide estimates of soil carbon sensitivity to warming that may help to constrain Earth system model projections. Our empirical relationship suggests that global soil carbon stocks in the upper soil horizons will fall by 30 ± 30 petagrams of carbon to 203 ± 161 petagrams of carbon under one degree of warming, depending on the rate at which the effects of warming are realized. Under the conservative assumption that the response of soil carbon to warming occurs within a year, a business-as-usual climate scenario would drive the loss of 55 ± 50 petagrams of carbon from the upper soil horizons by 2050. This value is around 12-17 per cent of the expected anthropogenic emissions over this period. Despite the considerable uncertainty in our estimates, the direction of the global soil carbon response is consistent across all scenarios. This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land carbon-climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.

Published
2018

28. Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years

Author

Knapp, Alan K, Avolio, Meghan L, Beier, Claus, Carroll, Charles JW, Collins, Scott L, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Griffin‐Nolan, Robert J, Hoover, David L, Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E, Phillips, Richard P, Post, Alison K, Sala, Osvaldo E, Slette, Ingrid J, Yahdjian, Laura, and Smith, Melinda D

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Biological Sciences, Droughts, Ecology, Ecosystem, Rain, Water Cycle, climate extremes, drought, field experiments, precipitation regimes, wet years, Environmental Sciences, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Intensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has the potential to cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that the incidence of extreme precipitation years (defined statistically from historical precipitation records) is increasing, there is a clear need to identify ecosystems that are most vulnerable to these changes and understand why some ecosystems are more sensitive to extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies of naturally occurring extreme precipitation years, combined with results from a relatively small number of experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding of differences in ecosystem sensitivity, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple ecosystem types and focused on water can enhance our understanding of differential ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes, but there are many design challenges to overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental approaches for manipulating precipitation under field conditions to inform the design of 'Drought-Net', a relatively low-cost CDE that simulates extreme precipitation years. A common method for imposing both dry and wet years is to alter each ambient precipitation event. We endorse this approach for imposing extreme precipitation years because it simultaneously alters other precipitation characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent with natural precipitation patterns. However, we do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites - a common approach to standardization in CDEs. This is because precipitation variability varies >fivefold globally resulting in a wide range of ecosystem-specific thresholds for defining extreme precipitation years. For CDEs focused on precipitation extremes, treatments should be based on each site's past climatic characteristics. This approach, though not often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses to be directly compared across disparate ecosystems and climates, facilitating process-level understanding of ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes.

Published
2017

29. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Loydi, Alejandro, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill Jr., James F., Luan, Junwei, Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Macfarlane, Craig, Forte, T'ai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Hoss, Daniela, Ingrisch, Johannes, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Malyshev, Andrey V., Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Lawson, Jason, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Ohlert, Timothy, Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Beier, Claus, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Peñuelas Reixach, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Jentsch, Anke, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Loik, Michael E., Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Maestre, Fernando T., Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Power, Sally A., Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, Zuo, Xiaoan, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Loydi, Alejandro, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill Jr., James F., Luan, Junwei, Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Macfarlane, Craig, Forte, T'ai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Hoss, Daniela, Ingrisch, Johannes, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Malyshev, Andrey V., Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Lawson, Jason, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Ohlert, Timothy, Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Beier, Claus, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Peñuelas Reixach, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Jentsch, Anke, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Loik, Michael E., Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Maestre, Fernando T., Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Power, Sally A., Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, Zuo, Xiaoan, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, and Alon, Moshe

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.

Published
2024

30. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Smith, Melinda D, Wilkins, Kate D, Holdrege, Martin C, Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Sala, Osvaldo E, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Phillips, Richard P, Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A, Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E, Maestre, Fernando T, Power, Sally A, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J, Munson, Seth M, Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L, Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T, Bork, Edward W, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M, Cahill, James F, Calvo, Dianela A, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Smith, Melinda D, Wilkins, Kate D, Holdrege, Martin C, Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Sala, Osvaldo E, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Phillips, Richard P, Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A, Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E, Maestre, Fernando T, Power, Sally A, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J, Munson, Seth M, Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L, Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T, Bork, Edward W, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M, Cahill, James F, Calvo, Dianela A, Hautier, Yann, and Hefting, Mariet

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events-the most common duration of drought-globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function-aboveground net primary production (ANPP)-was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.

Published
2024

31. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Smith, Melinda D, Wilkins, Kate D, Holdrege, Martin C, Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Sala, Osvaldo E, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Phillips, Richard P, Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A, Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E, Maestre, Fernando T, Power, Sally A, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J, Munson, Seth M, Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L, Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T, Bork, Edward W, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M, Cahill, James F, Calvo, Dianela A, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Smith, Melinda D, Wilkins, Kate D, Holdrege, Martin C, Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Sala, Osvaldo E, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Phillips, Richard P, Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A, Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E, Maestre, Fernando T, Power, Sally A, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J, Munson, Seth M, Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L, Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T, Bork, Edward W, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M, Cahill, James F, Calvo, Dianela A, Hautier, Yann, and Hefting, Mariet

Published
2024

32. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo E., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E., Maestre, Fernando T., Power, Sally A., Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill, James F., Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Forte, Tai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Hoss, Daniela, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Ingrisch, Johannes, Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Loydi, Alejandro, Luan, Junwei, Lawson, Jason, Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Macfarlane, Craig, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Malyshev, Andrey V., Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Penuelas, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, Zuo, Xiaoan, Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo E., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E., Maestre, Fernando T., Power, Sally A., Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill, James F., Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Forte, Tai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Hoss, Daniela, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Ingrisch, Johannes, Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Loydi, Alejandro, Luan, Junwei, Lawson, Jason, Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Macfarlane, Craig, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Malyshev, Andrey V., Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Penuelas, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, and Zuo, Xiaoan

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought., Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.

Published
2024

33. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Smith, Melinda D., primary, Wilkins, Kate D., additional, Holdrege, Martin C., additional, Wilfahrt, Peter, additional, Collins, Scott L., additional, Knapp, Alan K., additional, Sala, Osvaldo E., additional, Dukes, Jeffrey S., additional, Phillips, Richard P., additional, Yahdjian, Laura, additional, Gherardi, Laureano A., additional, Ohlert, Timothy, additional, Beier, Claus, additional, Fraser, Lauchlan H., additional, Jentsch, Anke, additional, Loik, Michael E., additional, Maestre, Fernando T., additional, Power, Sally A., additional, Yu, Qiang, additional, Felton, Andrew J., additional, Munson, Seth M., additional, Luo, Yiqi, additional, Abdoli, Hamed, additional, Abedi, Mehdi, additional, Alados, Concepción L., additional, Alberti, Juan, additional, Alon, Moshe, additional, An, Hui, additional, Anacker, Brian, additional, Anderson, Maggie, additional, Auge, Harald, additional, Bachle, Seton, additional, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, additional, Bahn, Michael, additional, Batbaatar, Amgaa, additional, Bauerle, Taryn, additional, Beard, Karen H., additional, Behn, Kai, additional, Beil, Ilka, additional, Biancari, Lucio, additional, Blindow, Irmgard, additional, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, additional, Borer, Elizabeth T., additional, Bork, Edward W., additional, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, additional, Byrne, Kerry M., additional, Cahill Jr., James F., additional, Calvo, Dianela A., additional, Carbognani, Michele, additional, Cardoni, Augusto, additional, Carlyle, Cameron N., additional, Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, additional, Chang, Scott X., additional, Chieppa, Jeff, additional, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., additional, Cohen, Ofer, additional, Cordeiro, Amanda L., additional, Cusack, Daniela F., additional, Dahlke, Sven, additional, Daleo, Pedro, additional, D'Antonio, Carla M., additional, Dietterich, Lee H., additional, S. Doherty, Tim, additional, Dubbert, Maren, additional, Ebeling, Anne, additional, Eisenhauer, Nico, additional, Fischer, Felícia M., additional, Forte, T'ai G. W., additional, Gebauer, Tobias, additional, Gozalo, Beatriz, additional, Greenville, Aaron C., additional, Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., additional, Hannusch, Heather J., additional, Vatsø Haugum, Siri, additional, Hautier, Yann, additional, Hefting, Mariet, additional, Henry, Hugh A. L., additional, Hoss, Daniela, additional, Ingrisch, Johannes, additional, Iribarne, Oscar, additional, Isbell, Forest, additional, Johnson, Yari, additional, Jordan, Samuel, additional, Kelly, Eugene F., additional, Kimmel, Kaitlin, additional, Kreyling, Juergen, additional, Kröel-Dulay, György, additional, Kröpfl, Alicia, additional, Kübert, Angelika, additional, Kulmatiski, Andrew, additional, Lamb, Eric G., additional, Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, additional, Larson, Julie, additional, Lawson, Jason, additional, Leder, Cintia V., additional, Linstädter, Anja, additional, Liu, Jielin, additional, Liu, Shirong, additional, Lodge, Alexandra G., additional, Longo, Grisel, additional, Loydi, Alejandro, additional, Luan, Junwei, additional, Curtis Lubbe, Frederick, additional, Macfarlane, Craig, additional, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, additional, Malyshev, Andrey V., additional, Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, additional, Merchant, Thomas, additional, Metcalfe, Daniel B., additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Mudongo, Edwin, additional, Newman, Gregory S., additional, Nielsen, Uffe N., additional, Nimmo, Dale, additional, Niu, Yujie, additional, Nobre, Paola, additional, O'Connor, Rory C., additional, Ogaya, Romà, additional, Oñatibia, Gastón R., additional, Orbán, Ildikó, additional, Osborne, Brooke, additional, Otfinowski, Rafael, additional, Pärtel, Meelis, additional, Penuelas, Josep, additional, Peri, Pablo L., additional, Peter, Guadalupe, additional, Petraglia, Alessandro, additional, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, additional, Ploughe, Laura W., additional, Plowes, Robert M., additional, Portales-Reyes, Cristy, additional, Prober, Suzanne M., additional, Pueyo, Yolanda, additional, Reed, Sasha C., additional, Ritchie, Euan G., additional, Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, additional, Rogers, William E., additional, Roscher, Christiane, additional, Sánchez, Ana M., additional, Santos, Bráulio A., additional, Cecilia Scarfó, María, additional, Seabloom, Eric W., additional, Shi, Baoku, additional, Souza, Lara, additional, Stampfli, Andreas, additional, Standish, Rachel J., additional, Sternberg, Marcelo, additional, Sun, Wei, additional, Sünnemann, Marie, additional, Tedder, Michelle, additional, Thorvaldsen, Pål, additional, Tian, Dashuan, additional, Tielbörger, Katja, additional, Valdecantos, Alejandro, additional, van den Brink, Liesbeth, additional, Vandvik, Vigdis, additional, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., additional, Guri Velle, Liv, additional, Wang, Changhui, additional, Wang, Yi, additional, Wardle, Glenda M., additional, Werner, Christiane, additional, Wei, Cunzheng, additional, Wiehl, Georg, additional, Williams, Jennifer L., additional, Wolf, Amelia A., additional, Zeiter, Michaela, additional, Zhang, Fawei, additional, Zhu, Juntao, additional, Zong, Ning, additional, and Zuo, Xiaoan, additional

Published
2024
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34. Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming

Author

Carey, Joanna C, Tang, Jianwu, Templer, Pamela H, Kroeger, Kevin D, Crowther, Thomas W, Burton, Andrew J, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Emmett, Bridget, Frey, Serita D, Heskel, Mary A, Jiang, Lifen, Machmuller, Megan B, Mohan, Jacqueline, Panetta, Anne Marie, Reich, Peter B, Reinsch, Sabine, Wang, Xin, Allison, Steven D, Bamminger, Chris, Bridgham, Scott, Collins, Scott L, de Dato, Giovanbattista, Eddy, William C, Enquist, Brian J, Estiarte, Marc, Harte, John, Henderson, Amanda, Johnson, Bart R, Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Luo, Yiqi, Marhan, Sven, Melillo, Jerry M, Peuelas, Josep, Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel, Poll, Christian, Rastetter, Edward, Reinmann, Andrew B, Reynolds, Lorien L, Schmidt, Inger K, Shaver, Gaius R, Strong, Aaron L, Suseela, Vidya, and Tietema, Albert

Subjects
soil respiration, climate change, experimental warming, temperature sensitivity, biome
Published
2016

35. Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities.

Author

Early, Regan, Bradley, Bethany A, Dukes, Jeffrey S, Lawler, Joshua J, Olden, Julian D, Blumenthal, Dana M, Gonzalez, Patrick, Grosholz, Edwin D, Ibañez, Ines, Miller, Luke P, Sorte, Cascade JB, and Tatem, Andrew J

Subjects
Geography, Internationality, History, 21st Century, Introduced Species, History, 21st Century
Abstract

Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten human livelihoods and biodiversity globally. Increasing globalization facilitates IAS arrival, and environmental changes, including climate change, facilitate IAS establishment. Here we provide the first global, spatial analysis of the terrestrial threat from IAS in light of twenty-first century globalization and environmental change, and evaluate national capacities to prevent and manage species invasions. We find that one-sixth of the global land surface is highly vulnerable to invasion, including substantial areas in developing economies and biodiversity hotspots. The dominant invasion vectors differ between high-income countries (imports, particularly of plants and pets) and low-income countries (air travel). Uniting data on the causes of introduction and establishment can improve early-warning and eradication schemes. Most countries have limited capacity to act against invasions. In particular, we reveal a clear need for proactive invasion strategies in areas with high poverty levels, high biodiversity and low historical levels of invasion.

Published
2016

41. The ecology of peace : preparing Colombia for new political and planetary climates

Author

Salazar, Alejandro, Sanchez, Adriana, Villegas, Juan Camilo, Salazar, Juan F, Carrascal, Daniel Ruiz, Sitch, Stephen, Restrepo, Juan Darío, Poveda, Germán, Feeley, Kenneth J, Mercado, Lina M, Arias, Paola A, Sierra, Carlos A, del Rosario Uribe, Maria, Rendón, Angela M, Pérez, Juan Carlos, Tortarolo, Guillermo Murray, Mercado-Bettin, Daniel, Posada, José A, Zhuang, Qianlai, and Dukes, Jeffrey S

Published
2018

42. Call for new AAAS harassment policy

Author

Selin, Noelle E., Kenney, Melissa A., Jefferson, Anne J., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Hill, Tessa M., Olabisi, Laura Schmitt, and Duffy, Meghan A.

Published
2018

44. Publisher Correction: Field experiments underestimate aboveground biomass response to drought

Author

Kröel-Dulay, György, Mojzes, Andrea, Szitár, Katalin, Bahn, Michael, Batáry, Péter, Beier, Claus, Bilton, Mark, De Boeck, Hans J., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Estiarte, Marc, Holub, Petr, Jentsch, Anke, Schmidt, Inger Kappel, Kreyling, Juergen, Reinsch, Sabine, Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Sternberg, Marcelo, Tielbörger, Katja, Tietema, Albert, Vicca, Sara, and Peñuelas, Josep

Published
2022
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46. A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change

Author

Song, Jian, Wan, Shiqiang, Piao, Shilong, Knapp, Alan K., Classen, Aimée T., Vicca, Sara, Ciais, Philippe, Hovenden, Mark J., Leuzinger, Sebastian, Beier, Claus, Kardol, Paul, Xia, Jianyang, Liu, Qiang, Ru, Jingyi, Zhou, Zhenxing, Luo, Yiqi, Guo, Dali, Adam Langley, J., Zscheischler, Jakob, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Tang, Jianwu, Chen, Jiquan, Hofmockel, Kirsten S., Kueppers, Lara M., Rustad, Lindsey, Liu, Lingli, Smith, Melinda D., Templer, Pamela H., Quinn Thomas, R., Norby, Richard J., Phillips, Richard P., Niu, Shuli, Fatichi, Simone, Wang, Yingping, Shao, Pengshuai, Han, Hongyan, Wang, Dandan, Lei, Lingjie, Wang, Jiali, Li, Xiaona, Zhang, Qian, Li, Xiaoming, Su, Fanglong, Liu, Bin, Yang, Fan, Ma, Gaigai, Li, Guoyong, Liu, Yanchun, Liu, Yinzhan, Yang, Zhongling, Zhang, Kesheng, Miao, Yuan, Hu, Mengjun, Yan, Chuang, Zhang, Ang, Zhong, Mingxing, Hui, Yan, Li, Ying, and Zheng, Mengmei

Published
2019
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47. Globally consistent influences of seasonal precipitation limit grassland biomass response to elevated CO2

Author

Hovenden, Mark J., Leuzinger, Sebastian, Newton, Paul C. D., Fletcher, Andrew, Fatichi, Simone, Lüscher, Andreas, Reich, Peter B., Andresen, Louise C., Beier, Claus, Blumenthal, Dana M., Chiariello, Nona R., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Kellner, Juliane, Hofmockel, Kirsten, Niklaus, Pascal A., Song, Jian, Wan, Shiqiang, Classen, Aimée T., and Langley, J. Adam

Published
2019
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49. Coordinated approaches to quantify long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change

Author

LUO, YIQI, MELILLO, JERRY, NIU, SHULI, BEIER, CLAUS, CLARK, JAMES S, CLASSEN, AIMÉE T, DAVIDSON, ERIC, DUKES, JEFFREY S, EVANS, R DAVE, FIELD, CHRISTOPHER B, CZIMCZIK, CLAUDIA I, KELLER, MICHAEL, KIMBALL, BRUCE A, KUEPPERS, LARA M, NORBY, RICHARD J, PELINI, SHANNON L, PENDALL, ELISE, RASTETTER, EDWARD, SIX, JOHAN, SMITH, MELINDA, TJOELKER, MARK G, and TORN, MARGARET S

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Climate Action, climate change, data assimilation, earth system, experimentation, global change, process study, terrestrial ecosystems, Environmental Sciences, Ecology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Many serious ecosystem consequences of climate change will take decades or even centuries to emerge. Long-term ecological responses to global change are strongly regulated by slow processes, such as changes in species composition, carbon dynamics in soil and by long-lived plants, and accumulation of nutrient capitals. Understanding and predicting these processes require experiments on decadal time scales. But decadal experiments by themselves may not be adequate because many of the slow processes have characteristic time scales much longer than experiments can be maintained. This article promotes a coordinated approach that combines long-term, large-scale global change experiments with process studies and modeling. Long-term global change manipulative experiments, especially in high-priority ecosystems such as tropical forests and high-latitude regions, are essential to maximize information gain concerning future states of the earth system. The long-term experiments should be conducted in tandem with complementary process studies, such as those using model ecosystems, species replacements, laboratory incubations, isotope tracers, and greenhouse facilities. Models are essential to assimilate data from long-term experiments and process studies together with information from long-term observations, surveys, and space-for-time studies along environmental and biological gradients. Future research programs with coordinated long-term experiments, process studies, and modeling have the potential to be the most effective strategy to gain the best information on long-term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change.

Published
2011

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