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Elevated homocysteine levels and low vitamin B12 and folate levels have been associated with deteriorated bone health. This systematic literature review with dose-response meta-analyses summarizes the available scientific evidence on associations of vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine status with fractures and bone mineral density (BMD). Twenty-seven eligible cross-sectional () and prospective () observational studies and one RCT were identified. Meta-analysis on four prospective studies including 7475 people showed a modest decrease in fracture risk of 4% per 50¿pmol/L increase in vitamin B12 levels, which was borderline significant (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.00). Meta-analysis of eight studies including 11511 people showed an increased fracture risk of 4% per µmol/L increase in homocysteine concentration (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.07). We could not draw a conclusion regarding folate levels and fracture risk, as too few studies investigated this association. Meta-analyses regarding vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine levels, and BMD were possible in female populations only and showed no associations. Results from studies regarding BMD that could not be included in the meta-analyses were not univocal.

Despite more than ten years adjudicatory experience under the 1977 Mine Safety and Health Act the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission still has to decide such fundamental issues as the definition of a mine, the right of a miners' representative to accompany a MSHA inspector, the meaning of the term "unwarrantable failure to comply" within the Act, and the circumstances under which unwarrantable failure sanctions can be imposed on mine operators. Several recent and significant decisions interpreting existing law are discussed and some legislative proposals that could have a major impact on the enforcement of the Act are described., Despite more than ten years adjudicatory experience under the 1977 Mine Safety and Health Act the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission still has to decide such fundamental issues as the definition of a mine, the right of a miners' representative to accompany a MSHA inspector, the meaning of the term "unwarrantable failure to comply" within the Act, and the circumstances under which unwarrantable failure sanctions can be imposed on mine operators. Several recent and significant decisions interpreting existing law are discussed and some legislative proposals that could have a major impact on the enforcement of the Act are described.