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The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the spatial extent of pain and its association with clinical symptoms, psychological features, and pain sensitization in people with frozen shoulder (FS). Forty-eight individuals with FS completed pain drawings (PDs) and reported their clinical symptoms including pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale) and shoulder disability (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index). Moreover, pain sensitization measurements (pressure pain thresholds, temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, and Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)) were assessed. Psychological features were assessed by Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire. Pain frequency maps were generated, Margolis rating scale was used for pain location, and Spearman correlation coefficients were computed. The mean (SD) pain extent was 12.5% (6.7%) and the most common painful area was the anterolateral shoulder region (100%). Women presented a more widespread pain distribution compared with men. Significant positive associations were obtained between pain extent and current pain intensity (rs = 0.421, p < 0.01), PCS (rs = 0.307, p < 0.05) and CSI (rs = 0.358, p < 0.05). The anterolateral region of the shoulder was the most common painful area in people with FS. Women with FS presented more extended areas of pain; and a more widespread distribution of pain was correlated with higher levels of pain, pain catastrophizing and pain sensitization.

Background. Expanded distribution of pain is considered a sign of central sensitization (CS). The relationship between recording of symptoms and CS in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been poorly investigated. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine whether the area of pain assessed using pain drawings relates to CS and clinical symptoms in people with knee OA. Design. This was a cross-sectional study. Methods. Fifty-three people with knee OA scheduled to undergo primary total knee arthroplasty were studied. All participants completed pain drawings using a novel digital device, completed self-administration questionnaires, and were assessed by quantitative sensory testing. Pain frequency maps were generated separately for women and men. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed to reveal possible correlations between the area of pain and quantitative sensory testing and clinical symptoms. Results. Pain frequency maps revealed enlarged areas of pain, especially in women. Enlarged areas of pain were associated with higher knee pain severity (r(s) = .325, P

El Código Penal Colombiano establece las sanciones para las lesiones no fatales, que varían en rangos de años privativos de la libertad y multa económica en función de los días de incapacidad médico-legal y secuelas que se establecen en una valoración clínica realizada por un médico forense. El Reglamento Técnico Colombiano para el Abordaje Integral de Lesiones en Clínica Forense precisa de manera general cuáles deben ser los días de incapacidad de acuerdo al tiempo estimativo de reparación de los distintos tipos de las lesiones, y determina elementos para establecer las secuelas; sin embargo, no establece gradualidades cuantitativas ni cualitativas para la determinación de las mismas. Se realizó una revisión de los lineamientos jurídicos penales, históricos, conceptuales y médicos en relación a la determinación y valoración de las secuelas en diferentes países. Se utilizaron los motores de búsqueda PubMed, Medline, Google, Science Direct y Springer journal. Se encontró que el proceso de la valoración del daño corporal, desde el ámbito médico-legal, ha evolucionado en relación a las secuelas, se propende por realizar una valoración cuantitativa a través de los procesos de baremación, con el objetivo de unificar los criterios médicos, asegurar respaldo científico y disminuir la litigiosidad de los procesos. En Colombia es deseable realizar un proceso de graduación o baremación cuantitativa de las secuelas, teniendo como base fundamental la ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) y la experiencia de países líderes en el tema, como España y los Estados Unidos, con el propósito de unificar los procesos para la valoración del daño y su respectiva tasación jurídica. The Colombian Penal Code establishes penalties for non-fatal injuries, varying ranges of proprietary years of freedom and fine economic in terms of days of legal medical incapacity and sequel that are established in a clinical assessment by a forensic doctor. The Colombian Technical Regulations for a Comprehensive Approach Injury Clinic Forensic generally required which must be disability days according to the estimated time of repair of different types of injuries, and determined elements to establish the aftermath; however, it does not establish quantitative or qualitative determination for the same graduations. A review of the legal, historical and medical concepts, in some countries that have made developments in the field. Search engines used were PubMed, Medline, Google, Science Direct and Springer journal. It was found that the process of evaluation of bodily harm, from the forensic field has evolved in relation to the aftermath, as each day tends more to try to make a quantitative assessment through Scale graduation, aiming to unify medical criteria, ensure scientific support and reduce litigation process. In Colombia it is desirable to perform a process of quantitative determination of the sequels, taking as a fundamental basis the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) and the experience of leading countries in the subject as Spain and the United States for the purpose of unify the processes for assessment of the damage.

El Código Penal Colombiano establece las sanciones para las lesiones no fatales, que varían en rangos de años privativos de la libertad y multa económica en función de los días de incapacidad médico-legal y secuelas que se establecen en una valoración clínica realizada por un médico forense. El Reglamento Técnico Colombiano para el Abordaje Integral de Lesiones en Clínica Forense precisa de manera general cuáles deben ser los días de incapacidad de acuerdo al tiempo estimativo de reparación de los distintos tipos de las lesiones, y determina elementos para establecer las secuelas; sin embargo, no establece gradualidades cuantitativas ni cualitativas para la determinación de las mismas. Se realizó una revisión de los lineamientos jurídicos penales, históricos, conceptuales y médicos en relación a la determinación y valoración de las secuelas en diferentes países. Se utilizaron los motores de búsqueda PubMed, Medline, Google, Science Direct y Springer journal. Se encontró que el proceso de la valoración del daño corporal, desde el ámbito médico-legal, ha evolucionado en relación a las secuelas, se propende por realizar una valoración cuantitativa a través de los procesos de baremación, con el objetivo de unificar los criterios médicos, asegurar respaldo científico y disminuir la litigiosidad de los procesos. En Colombia es deseable realizar un proceso de graduación o baremación cuantitativa de las secuelas, teniendo como base fundamental la ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) y la experiencia de países líderes en el tema, como España y los Estados Unidos, con el propósito de unificar los procesos para la valoración del daño y su respectiva tasación jurídica.

Se estudiaron 357 neonatos - 3 días de edad, fallecidos en la sala de Cuidados Intensivos del Recién Nacido (CIRENA) y 39 mortinatos de la sala de partos, del Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) en Cali, Colombia, para buscar posibles relaciones entre los antecedentes de enfermedad perinatal y la viabilidad celular renal postmortem (VCRP) in vitro. Se logró demostrar una VCRP total de 60%. Ésta fue significativamente mayor en mortinatos 2,500 g de peso al nacer con antecedente materno de eclampsia (26%). Además, se observó una tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria de 22% en los 3,628 neonatos admitidos a CIRENA entre octubre 1, 1992 y diciembre 31, 1994. El mayor riesgo de muerte fue para los neonatos 2,500 g and maternal history of eclampsia (26%). In addition, a 22% hospital mortality for the 3,628 neonatal admissions to CIRENA between October 1, 1992 and December 31, 1994 was observed. The highest death risk was for neonates

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND. The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) was established in 15 developing countries to reduce infection rates in resource-limited hospitals by focusing on education and feedback of outcome surveillance (infection rates) and process surveillance (adherence to infection control measures). We report a time-sequence analysis of the effectiveness of this approach in reducing rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and associated deaths in 86 intensive care units with a minimum of 6-month INICC membership. METHODS. Pooled CLABSI rates during the first 3 months (baseline) were compared with rates at 6-month intervals during the first 24 months in 53,719 patients (190,905 central line-days). Process surveillance results at baseline were compared with intervention period data. RESULTS. During the first 6 months, CLABSI incidence decreased by 33% (from 14.5 to 9.7 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line-days). Over the first 24 months there was a cumulative reduction from baseline of 54% (from 16.0 to 7.4 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line-days; relative risk, 0.46 [95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.63]; P < .001). The number of deaths in patients with CLABSI decreased by 58%. During the intervention period, hand hygiene adherence improved from 50% to 60% (P < .001); the percentage of intensive care units that used maximal sterile barriers at insertion increased from 45% to 85% (P < .001 ), that adopted chlorhexidine for antisepsis increased from 7% to 27% (P=.018 ), and that sought to remove unneeded catheters increased from 37% to 83% (P=.004); and the duration of central line placement decreased from 4.1 to 3.5 days (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS. Education, performance feedback, and outcome and process surveillance of CLABSI rates significantly improved infection control adherence, reducing the CLABSI incidence by 54% and the number of CLABSI-associated deaths by 58% in INICC hospitals during the first 2 years. © 2010 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

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Background: Frozen shoulder (FS) is a musculoskeletal condition of poorly understood etiology that results in shoulder pain and large mobility deficits. Despite some physical therapy interventions, such as joint mobilization and exercise, having shown therapeutic benefit, a definitive treatment does not currently exist. The aim of this study will be to compare the effectiveness of a central nervous system (CNS)-directed treatment program versus a standard medical and physical therapy care program on outcomes in participants with FS. Methods/design: The study is a two-group, randomized clinical trial with blinding of participants and assessors. Participants will be recruited via referrals from orthopedic surgeons and physical therapists, community-based advertisements, private care practices and hospitals. Participants will be randomized to receive either a CNS-focused treatment program or standard medical and physical therapy care. The Shoulder Pain And Disability Index (SPADI) will be the primary outcome, while the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), shoulder range of movement (ROM), The Patient Specific Functional Scale, two-point discrimination threshold and laterality judgement accuracy will be the secondary outcomes. Assessment will occur at baseline, at the end of the treatment program (week 10), and at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. Discussion: Preliminary data suggest that treatments that target CNS function are a promising approach to the treatment of people with shoulder pain including patients with FS. In the context of modest effects from most available physical therapy treatments for FS, this CNS-focused approach may lead to improved clinical outcomes. The trial should determine if the CNS-directed program is more effective than traditional interventions at reducing pain intensity and improving function in a FS cohort and will follow up participants for 6 months, providing important information on the persistence of any treatment effects., This work is funded by the Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana, Spain (GV/2016).