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Background: Breast cancer in younger women is a growing burden both in developed and Asian subcontinent. Despite studies showing varying results about the impact of age on treatment outcome and suboptimal survival, very few robust Indian studies have thrown light on this biologically different entity. Methods: Histologically / cytologically confirmed cases of non-sarcomatous, female ductal breast carcinoma patients of age group less than and equal to 45 years of all stages attending radiotherapy department of R.G Kar Medical College between January 2016-December 2018 were included in the study. Relevant information was obtained from patient`s files/case records. Database was locked on 31st March 2021.The baseline demographic profile, cancer subsites along with treatment provided were analysed using SPSS version 16 (IBM Inc, Armonk, New York, U.S.). Descriptive data are provided. Results: Total 272 patients were eligible for the study as per the inclusion criteria with median age of 39 years (22-45 years). Majority were urban married Hindu females. Majority were locally advanced and node positive high grade disease as per AJCC 7th staging system. Modified radical mastectomy was significantly higher than breast conservation surgery as the surgical modality (76 vs. 8.9%). 31.2%, 54.5% patients received neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy respectively.61% patients received curative intent radiotherapy either in conventional or hypofractionated schedule. Myelosuppression and oral mucositis were the major treatment related adverse events. Overall median PFS was 48 months. Conclusion: Breast cancer in younger age group is distinct in terms of disease biology. Effective screening and diagnostics modalities with focus on mass awareness amongst patients and health care workers are the cornerstone of improving outcome and survival. Keywords: breast cancer, young females, retrospective single institutional study.

Breast cancer arises as a result of multiple interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Conventionally, breast cancer is treated based on histopathological and clinical features. DNA technologies like the human genome microarray are now partially integrated into clinical practice and are used for developing new “personalized medicines” and “pharmacogenetics” for improving the efficiency and safety of cancer medications. We investigated the effects of four established therapies—for ER+ ductal breast cancer—on the differential gene expression. The therapies included single agent tamoxifen, two-agent docetaxel and capecitabine, or combined three-agents CAF (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil) and CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil). Genevestigator 8.1.0 was used to compare five datasets from patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, untreated or treated with selected drugs, to those from the healthy control. We identified 74 differentially expressed genes involved in three pathways, i.e., apoptosis (extrinsic and intrinsic), oxidative signaling, and PI3K/Akt signaling. The treatments affected the expression of apoptotic genes (TNFRSF10B [TRAIL], FAS, CASP3/6/7/8, PMAIP1 [NOXA], BNIP3L, BNIP3, BCL2A1, and BCL2), the oxidative stress-related genes (NOX4, XDH, MAOA, GSR, GPX3, and SOD3), and the PI3K/Akt pathway gene (ERBB2 [HER2]). Breast cancer treatments are complex with varying drug responses and efficacy among patients. This necessitates identifying novel biomarkers for predicting the drug response, using available data and new technologies. GSR, NOX4, CASP3, and ERBB2 are potential biomarkers for predicting the treatment response in primary ER+ ductal breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is rare and easily misdiagnosed. Most patients are first diagnosed with MGUS. We report a rare case of MGUS secondary to infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. We also review the literature to analyze the clinical characteristics and diagnostic methods. CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old woman underwent modified radical mastectomy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the right breast and was then treated with radiation and chemotherapy. A decreased platelet count was found on routine blood examination, and MGUS was subsequently diagnosed. This is the first report of the occurrence of MGUS after breast cancer surgery. CONCLUSION Vigilance is required to distinguish this rare comorbidity from breast plasmacytoma.

Introduction and Aim: There is an increasing incidence of breast cancer (BC) in our country. The study aimed to find out the demographic profile, clinical presentation, and management in patients treated for invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) in a rural government teaching hospital and to study the association of sociodemographic factors with BC stage. Materials and Methods: The study retrospectively analyzed 100 IDC females treated at Midnapore medical college, West Bengal, India from January 2017 to December 2019. The study included female patients of all ages diagnosed with IDC who had undergone surgery. Male BC, bilateral BC, other pathological types of BC were excluded. Results: The mean age was 56.54±12.99 years. Sixty-seven cases were postmenopausal. Eighty-one cases were from rural areas. Seventy-three cases had education up to middle school. Eighty-six cases had a lower socioeconomic status. Ninety-eight cases had unilateral breast lump and only 2% had a nonpalpable breast lump. The left breast was more commonly involved. The mean tumour size was 4.33 cm. Ninety-eight cases underwent a modified radical mastectomy. Stage III was the most commonly observed BC and seen in 40 cases followed by stage II in 36 cases. Sixty-one cases had advanced BC. Liver metastasis was seen in 21cases. Sixty-nine cases had axillary node(ALN) positivity. Sixty-eight cases had lymphovascular emboli (LVE). High-grade tumour was seen in 77%. High-grade tumour was more common in young women. Seventy three cases of tumours were estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) while 66% progesterone receptor-positive (PR+). Eighteen cases were human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor-positive. Conclusion: High incidence of advanced BC is found in rural areas due to a lack of awareness and health infrastructure.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer for women and its incidence is gradually increasing. Here, the serum levels of basal cytokeratin 17 (CK17) and its association with clinicopathological characteristics of patients with invasive ductal breast carcinomas(IDBC) were investigated. Methods: Preoperative/pretreatment sera were obtained from 78 female patients with IDBC and sera from 24 age-matched healthy females were used as controls. Serum levels of CK17 were determined using sandwich ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program. Results: Serum CK17 levels were significantly higher in IDBC patients (1.26± 0.11; 0.93ng/mL) than controls(0.24± 0.01;0.23ng/mL). Statistical analysis showed that CK17 serum levels significantly correlated with age, menopausal status, tumor size, histologic grad, and pTNM stage of IDBC patients. Moreover, higher mean CK17 levels significantly associated with triple-negative subtype. At the best cut-off level (0.31), the CK17 assay showed area under ROC curve of 0.944 indicating high diagnostic performances. Conclusion: The serum CK17 may be a prerequisite marker in invasive ductal breast carcinoma.

Background An increasing number of patients undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for unilateral breast cancer. However, the benefit of CPM has not been quantified in the setting of contemporary breast cancer therapy. Methods We performed an analysis of 180 068 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, diagnosed with unilateral ductal breast carcinoma between 1998 and 2013 and treated with unilateral mastectomy (UM) or CPM. UM was performed in 146 213 patients (81.2%); CPM was performed in 33 855 patients (19.8%). Primary outcome of interest was cumulative incidence of a second primary breast cancer in the ipsilateral or contralateral breast greater than 3 months after initial diagnosis. Cumulative incidence analysis was based on a Cox proportional model to generate curves of second primary breast cancer in any breast, ipsilateral breast only, or contralateral breast only. Results Patients who underwent CPM had a significantly reduced incidence of second primary breast cancer 10 and 15 years after surgery (CPM 0.93% [0.73%, 1.12%] vs UM 4.44% [4.28%, 4.60%]). Patients who underwent CPM had significantly lower adjusted hazard of second primary breast cancer when compared with UM (HR 0.38 vs 1.0, P, We examine second primary breast cancer in the setting of unilateral or bilateral mastectomy using a population‐level database. Our results show that although patients with bilateral mastectomy have reduced odds of second primary breast cancer, this must be interpreted in the context of an overall low rate of second primary breast cancer.

Ductal breast carcinoma as a heterogeneous disease has different molecular subtypes associated with clinical prognosis and patients’ survival. The role of immune system as a consistent part of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been documented in progression of ductal breast carcinoma. Here, we aimed to describe the important immune cells and the immune system-associated molecules in Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) with special emphasis on their associations with different molecular subtypes and patients’ prognosis. The immune cells have a dual role in breast cancer (BC) microenvironment depending on the molecular subtype or tumor grade. These cells with different frequencies are present in the TME of DCIS and IDC. The presence of regulatory cells including Tregs, MDSC, Th2, Th17, M2 macrophages, HLADR− T cells, and Tγδ cells is related to more immunosuppressive microenvironment, especially in ER− and TN subtypes. In contrast, NK cells, CTL, Th, and Tfh cells are associated to the anti-tumor activity. These cells are higher in ER+ BC, although in other subtypes such as TN or HER2+ are associated with a favorable prognosis. Determining the specific immune response in each subtype could be helpful in estimating the possible behavior of the tumor cells in TME. It is important to realize that different frequencies of immune cells in BC environment likely determine the patients’ prognosis and their survival in each subtype. Therefore, elucidation of the distinct immune players in TME would be helpful toward developing targeted therapies in each subtype.

Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor (PBX) proteins have important roles in the development of numerous organs. To date, four members of the PBX family have been identified to be involved in human cancer but little is known about their expression patterns and precise functions in breast cancer (BC) progression. The aim of the present study was to determine whether they have the potential to be prognostic biomarkers in patients with BC. The expression patterns of PBXs were evaluated using Oncomine, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online algorithm analyses. The prognostic value of PBX1 was determined by Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis. It was observed that, among all PBX family members, only PBX1 was significantly upregulated in BC vs. normal tissues. Meta-analysis in the Oncomine database revealed that PBX1 was significantly upregulated in invasive breast carcinoma stroma, ductal breast carcinoma, invasive lobular breast carcinoma, invasive mixed breast carcinoma and male breast carcinoma compared with normal tissues. In addition, PBX1 was significantly correlated with forkhead box protein A1. Subtype analysis indicated that PBX1 overexpression was associated with luminal-like and hormone receptor-sensitive subtypes. In the survival analysis, a high expression level of PBX1 was associated with poor prognosis of patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, luminal A and luminal B subtypes of BC. The results of the present study indicate that PBX1 may serve as a specific biomarker and essential prognostic factor for ER-positive, luminal A and luminal B subtypes of BC.

Objective: We report the first case of recurrent ductal breast carcinoma presenting as primary adrenal insufficiency. Methods: We describe a patient who developed a recurrence of invasive ductal breast carcinoma which went undetected until the patient presented with fulminant adrenal crisis. We describe here an overview of the clinical presentation, work-up, diagnosis, and treatment of adrenal crisis. Results: Adrenal crisis due to bilateral adrenal metastases secondary to invasive ductal breast carcinoma is an exceedingly rare occurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent breast carcinoma in which the presenting feature is primary adrenal insufficiency. Conclusion: Patients with a history of breast carcinoma and bilateral adrenal enlargement should be evaluated for the presence of primary adrenal insufficiency.

The occurrence of breast metastasis from prostate carcinoma and primary breast carcinoma in men may cause a diagnostic dilemma. This report aims to present a patient diagnosed with metastatic castrate-resistant prostatic adenocarcinoma who developed breast metastasis mimicking as a second primary. A 57-year-old male patient presented with a breast mass while undergoing hormonal therapy for prostatic adenocarcinoma. The initial histopathologic diagnosis of the breast specimen was an infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. The breast mass enlarged after four cycles of docetaxel. Immunostaining with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) was done on the breast specimen revealing a negative PSA and a moderately staining PSAP. These stains confirmed the diagnosis of a breast metastasis from prostatic adenocarcinoma. The differentiation between primary breast carcinoma and breast metastasis from prostate carcinoma is crucial. Hence, immunohistochemistry staining should be utilized for diagnosis and appropriate management. World J Oncol. 2020;11(1):37-40 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1258

Introduction Lobular breast cancer (LBC) has an increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) spread compared with ductal breast carcinoma. Breast cancer commonly metastasises to bone, lung, liver, central nervous system and rarely to the gastrointestinal tract. As the prognosis for breast cancer continues to improve with modern medical practice it is important to be aware of the various clinical presentations and the appropriate management of breast cancer metastases. Case presentation We describe a case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of bowel obstruction 30 months after undergoing mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for LBC. A Computer Tomography (CT) scan showed terminal ileal thickening suggestive of Crohn's disease but histopathology revealed metastatic lobular carcinoma. Surgical resection to relieve her small bowel obstruction confirmed LBC. Clinical discussion This case illustrates an unusual presentation of metastatic breast cancer causing small bowel obstruction with radiological features mimicking Crohn's disease. Conclusion Patients with breast cancer can present with intestinal obstruction due to metastatic spread to the small intestine; this may resemble Crohn's disease clinically and radiologically.

Patient: Female, 62-year-old Final Diagnosis: Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma and ductal carcinoma in-situ Symptoms: No specific symptoms Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Radiology Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology Background: Extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs) are most commonly low-grade B-cell lymphomas, and the breast is not an usual site for this condition. This case report describes a 62-year-old woman with a primary NHL and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the left breast diagnosed by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. The simultaneous diagnosis of breast cancer and NHL is rare, with few cases described in the literature. Primary breast lymphomas account only for 0.04% to 0.5% of breast malignancies. Case Report: In November 2016, a 62-year-old woman was treated for a peripheral T-cell lymphoma (follicular helper T-cell phenotype) of the left upper central breast; later she underwent periodic breast imaging follow-ups. In October 2018, MRI revealed a focal 33-mm non-mass contrast enhancement (according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System –MRI lexicon of the American College of Radiology) in the lower external quadrant of the left breast. Neither mammography nor ultrasonography demonstrated any suspicious features. The multidisciplinary medical team performed an MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy and the histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a DCIS. Subsequently, she underwent surgery resulting in eradication of the disease and has had regular follow-ups, including mammography, ultrasonography, and MRI. Conclusions: This is a rare case of both a primary NHL of the breast and DCIS, which was detected only by MRI. It highlights the role of an MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy, which allows an accurate and economic diagnosis in case of suspicious findings on MRI. We recommend the use of MRI in follow-ups for patients with previous breast lymphomas (high-risk patients).

Section Title Breast cancer is the most common cause of death among women worldwide. Although there are many known risk factors in breast cancer development, infectious diseases have appeared as one of the important key to contribute to carcinogenesis formation. The effects of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on women with breast cancer has been recently studied and reported. To contribute to this research trend, this study was conducted to evaluate the association between HCMV and the women with breast cancer. Objective: This experiment aimed to evaluate HCMV DNA in women with breast cancer in Ahvaz city, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues of the patients with ductal breast carcinoma and 35 paraffin embedded tissues of the patients with fibro adenoma as control group were collected. The deparaffinization of all the samples were carried out and the DNA was extracted. Initially, the PCR test was carried out to detect beta –globulin DNA as an internal control. For those samples positive for beta –globulin DNA, Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HCMV for the tests and control samples. Results: Among 37 ductal breast carcinoma, 20 (54.04%) cases were proved positive for HCMV DNA by PCR. While among the 35 control group (fibroadenoma), 10 (28.57%) cases were positive for HCMV DNA (P >0.028). The prevalences of HCMV DNA among the age groups 30-39, 40-49 and >50 years were 7 (72.22%), 9 (69.23%), 4 (57.14%), respectively (P=0.066). A high frequency of HCMV DNA was detected in tumor grade III, 13/18 (58.33%) compared with tumor grade II, 7/19 (36.84%) (p=0.044). A high frequency of 16/24 (66.66%) of HCMV DNA was found in invasive ductal breast cancer compared with 4/13 (30.76%) HCMV DNA in situ (P

Highlights • Metastatic involvement of peripheral nerves by perineural invasion from an adjacent cancer is not uncommon. • Nerve root metastasis without extension from an adjacent process has been seldom reported in case of solid tumors. • No cases of gastric adenocarcinoma metastasis to the nerves have been reported to date. • In case of known malignancy and refractory pain, the possibility of a nerve root metastasis should be considered., Introduction Nerve root metastasis without extension from an adjacent process has been seldom reported in case of solid tumors. We describe a case of solitary nerve root metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma, likely due to hematogenous spread. Case presentation A 75-year-old man presented with radiculopathy refractory to medical treatment. MRI and CT demonstrated a right-sided S1 nerve root mass involving the spinal ganglion in its intra-foraminal region with avid enhancement, initial erosive bone changes on sacral foramina and focal hyperaccumulation on 18F – FDG CT-PET, suspicious for metastasis. The histopathological examination confirmed a metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Discussion A review of the current literature revealed only ten cases of hematogenous metastases to spinal nerve root ganglia; the primary lesions in those cases were an oat cell carcinoma of the lung, two cases of colonic adenocarcinoma, a case of uterine adenocarcinoma, a ductal breast carcinoma, a Ewing’s sarcoma, a Renal Cell Carcinoma, a gastro-intestinal stromal tumor, a follicular thyroid carcinoma, a pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Conclusion In the setting of a known malignancy, a nerve root metastasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a nerve root mass, although it occurs very rarely.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this was the assessment of the prognostic role of the rs4938723 C > T polymorphism of the miR-34 in triple negative breast cancer patients. METHODS Therefore formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples from 114 triple negative breast cancer patients and blood samples from 124 healthy donors were genotyped and subsequently extensive statistical analysis was performed in order to investigate the clinical value of this polymorphism in triple negative breast cancer. RESULTS Our statistical analysis disclosed that the majority of patients harboring ductal breast carcinoma (69.4%) have the TC or CC genotypes (P = .020). Moreover the survival of the patients was significantly correlated with the occurrence of the TC or CC alleles (P

We report the case of a 51 year-old female who complained of jaundice and weight loss. At the time of presentation, she had been in remission from a stage 2a ductal breast carcinoma for 58 months. The clinical presentation was suggestive of a primary pancreas cancer with liver metastases and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. We performed liver and pancreas biopsies that demonstrate a relapse of her old breast carcinoma with positive hormone receptors and HER2 positive. Conservative treatment by chemotherapy was given with Paclitaxel - Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab. Pancreatic metastases are uncommon. Furthermore, pancreatic metastases from breast cancer are very rare. We performed a review of the literature and found 48 cases of pancreatic metastases from breast cancer. We would like to highlight by this case that when a pancreatic lesion appears, in patients with a past history of cancer, physicians must not forget the possibility of metastases from primary tumor even if the initial stage, of the tumor, is low. However the diagnosis is not always easy. If liver and pancreatic lesions occur simultaneously, the clinical presentation can mimic metastatic primary pancreatic cancer. Therefore performing biopsy is highly recommended for making the correct diagnosis and also for the staging of the disease and the choice of the best treatment according to immunohistochemical analysis.

BackgroundA better definition of biomarkers and biological processes related to local recurrence and disease progression is highly warranted for ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Stromal–epithelial interactions are likely of major importance for the biological, clinical, and pathological distinctions between high- and low-risk DCIS cases.MethodsStromal platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) was immunohistochemically assessed in two DCIS patient cohorts (n = 458 and n = 80). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios of recurrence. The molecular mechanisms regulating stromal PDGFR expression were investigated in experimental in vitro co-culture systems of DCIS cells and fibroblasts and analyzed using immunoblot and quantitative real-time PCR. Knock-out of JAG1 in DCIS cells and NOTCH2 in fibroblasts was obtained through CRISPR/Cas9. Experimental data were validated by mammary fat pad injection of DCIS and DCIS-JAG1 knock-out cells (10 mice per group). All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsPDGFRα(low)/PDGFRβ(high) fibroblasts were associated with increased risk for recurrence in DCIS (univariate hazard ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 2.46; P = .04 Wald test; multivariable hazard ratio = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.97; P = .03). Tissue culture and mouse model studies indicated that this fibroblast phenotype is induced by DCIS cells in a cell contact-dependent manner. Epithelial Jagged1 and fibroblast Notch2 were identified through loss-of-function studies as key juxtacrine signaling components driving the formation of the poor prognosis-associated fibroblast phenotype.ConclusionsA PDGFRα(low)/PDGFRβ(high) fibroblast subset was identified as a marker for high-risk DCIS. The Jagged-1/Notch2/PDGFR stroma–epithelial pathway was described as a novel signaling mechanism regulating this poor prognosis-associated fibroblast subset. In general terms, the study highlights epithelial–stromal crosstalk in DCIS and contributes to ongoing efforts to define clinically relevant fibroblast subsets and their etiology.

Scalp tumors are rare and account only for 2%. Nevertheless, the scalp region accounts for 4–6.9% of all cutaneous metastases. Metastatic cutaneous lesions are more often found in women with breast cancer than in those with other internal malignancies. Case report. A 59-year-old woman, who had been clinically diagnosed with stage-IIIA (T3 N2a M0) invasive ductal right breast carcinoma in August 2015, was treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with good partial response. Breast conservative surgery was done and she received post-operative adjuvant radiotherapy and hormonal treatment with letrozole. Two years later, the patient noticed a slowly growing, painless scalp nodule. A PET-CT scan was performed and demonstrated scalp mass at the left temporal region. Excisional biopsy was performed; histopathologic examination revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. In addition, detailed immunohistochemical staining was performed. Accordingly, patient was given radiotherapy and second line hormonal treatment was added, with disease-free survival of one year. Despite its rarity, solitary scalp metastasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a history of cancer especially breast cancer.

BACKGROUND:Gastrointestinal (GI) metastasis in breast cancer (BC) is uncommon, although in the rare cases when it occurs, infiltrating lobular carcinoma is the most commonly reported pathological subtype. Nonetheless, gastrointestinal metastasis from infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma is extremely rare and usually occurs several years after the appearance of the primary tumor. The present study was, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to present a case of distal rectum metastasis originating from infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. CASE PRESENTATION:The present report discusses the case of a Chinese female patient aged 37 years. The patient presented with diarrhea along with bloody stools and anal bearing-down pain. Earlier in 2015, she had undergone axillary lymph node dissection (LND) and right modified radical mastectomy in another hospital to treat the infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma pT1N1M0. The presented symptoms were investigated by performing colonoscopy, which indicated lower rectal swelling at 3 cm on the top of the anal verge. Further investigation with positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed an uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) within the distal rectum as well as in the left acetabulum. The samples from laparoscopic exploration were biopsied, which revealed metastases of breast cancer. Therefore, the patient was intraoperatively diagnosed with the rectal metastasis of BC and was treated with laparoscopic radical abdominoperineal resection. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor confirmed that the patient had the rectal metastasis of infiltrating ductal BC. CONCLUSION:Rectal metastasis should be considered when breast cancer patients present with a complaint of changed bowel habits, even for those with a history of ductal breast cancer.

Background: Breast cancer has the highest mortality rate, second to gastric cancer, among Iranian women and is one of the most common cancers in the world. The incidence of breast cancer in women is increasing gradually. Meanwhile, ductal breast carcinoma experiences more increases than other malignancies and is one of the most important health problems. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating women with ductal breast carcinoma because of the significance of pathological factors and their association with breast cancer progression. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using data of ductal breast carcinoma women during the years 2018 and 2019. In this cross-sectional study, demographic data (age, sex, and pathology of breast mass) of 50 patients referring to Rasoul Akram hospital (Tehran, Iran) were gathered. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS 26 software using the t test and Levene's test. The results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Fifty patients with ductal carcinoma were assessed based on their pathological information. The examination of factors including tumor size, involvement/non-involvement of lymph nodes, histological grade, and age of patients revealed a significant direct relationship between tumor size and lymph node involvement (P

Annular erythema as a clinical manifestation of locoregional recurrence of breast cancer is extremely rare. Only three papers with the description of five cases have been published in the current literature to our knowledge. Herein, we describe two additional cases of annular erythema as a cutaneous sign of recurrent ductal breast carcinoma; both were misdiagnosed as erythema chronicum migrans.

Purpose: The expression and role of sperm protein antigen 17 (SPA17), which has been confirmed to be immunogenic, in breast cancer remain unclear. We examined the expression of SPA17 in breast cancer and assessed its effect on patient prognosis and its function in breast cancer development.Methods: SPA17 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Q-RT-PCR in 120 breast tissue samples. Correlation of SPA17 expression with the patients' clinicopathological parameters and overall survival was assessed. The function of SPA17 was also explored.Results: By reviewing Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, we found that SPA17 expression in ductal breast carcinoma in situ (log2[fold change] = 1.14, p-value = 0.004) and invasive ductal breast cancer (log2[fold change] = 1.03, p-value = 0.016) tissues was 2.20 and 2.05 times higher, respectively, than that in normal breast tissues. Our result also showed that 27% (27/100) of breast cancer samples expressed SPA17 but none of the normal breast (0/20) samples did. Lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001) and molecular subtyping (p = 0.002) were independent factors associated with SPA17 expression. Most importantly, SPA17 expression resulted in poor prognosis. In addition, cell function assay validated that SPA17 increased the migration (p < 0.001) and invasion (p = 0.007) of breast cancer cells, but not affected the proliferation of breast cancer cells.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the vital role of SPA17 in the development and metastasis of breast cancer and that SPA17 may be a new therapeutic target in improving breast cancer prognosis.

Recently brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation has been proposed to have a possible role in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate BAT activation in patients with breast cancer and its relationship with molecular characteristics of tumor. The study group comprised 79 patients with histologically proven ductal breast carcinoma (51 ± 13 years). Data on distribution, intensity (SUVmax), and total metabolic activity (TMA) of BAT were obtained from [18F] FDG-PET/CT. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained from the database. BAT activation was present in 12 of the 79 patients (15.2 %). Patients with BAT activation were younger and had a lower body mass index (BMI) (p

Cholecystitis is one of the leading causes of emergency surgical interventions; the occurrence of metastases to the gallbladder is rare and has only been reported in the literature exceptionally. Metastatic breast cancer to the gallbladder is even less frequent; in fact, breast cancer usually metastasizes to bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver and brain. We report the case of an 83-year-old female patient with a previous history of breast surgery with axillary dissection in 1997, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy due to invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast. The patient was admitted at the emergency department for sepsis and an episode of acute kidney failure, anuria and fever. Right-upper quadrant abdominal pain triggered by food intake and abdominal tenderness was also present, placing the diagnostic suspicion of biliary sepsis due to acute cholecystitis. The histological examination of the surgical specimen highlighted the presence of metastasis from an infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma with positive hormone receptors. We also report here the results of a review of the literature looking at articles describing cases of gallbladder metastasis from breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. To our knowledge, there is no single study conducted on the role of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene polymorphism in breast cancer risk or prognosis. The present study aims to investigate the probable role of SPARC genetic polymorphisms in development of breast cancer; their correlation with immunohistochemical expression of VEGF; and their association with breast cancer prognosis in the Egyptian population. The study sample included 238 Egyptian females who were divided into two groups: breast cancer group (118 patients) and healthy control group (120 subjects). SPARC gene single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3210714 and rs7719521 were genotyped. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were determined in both groups and association with ductal breast carcinoma, clinicopathological and prognostic characters were determined. For SPARC rs3210714, a significant difference was observed in the codominant model and both A and G alleles' frequencies between breast cancer patients and control group (P

Overtreatment means treatment that goes beyond current standards, and patients with any disease can be overtreated. Overtreatment is also given to patients with cancer, including those who need surgery. Overtreatment is closely related to the problem of overdiagnosis. In patients with cancer, unnecessary surgery may cause complications and generates unnecessary costs. The size of the problem of unnecessary surgery in patients with cancer can best be shown among patients with the most common cancers, which dedicated screening programs. Breast cancer patients, particularly those with pre-invasive types of the tumor, who typically have ductal carcinoma in situ (80%), are likely to undergo unnecessary surgery. We describe the most common clinical problems caused by overtreating patients with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Highlights • The median age between BRCA results receipt and RRSO should be reconsidered. • Occasionally, no correlation exists between tumor size, malignancy or metastasis. • Initial total excision of the mass, ensure the positive histological diagnosis., Introduction BRCA1 inherited mutation carriers face a lifetime risk of 72% to develop breast cancer and a percentage of 44% risk for ovarian cancer. Presentation of case We present a case of a 35-year old Caucasian woman who, after the excision of a possible malignant finding on the right breast, was diagnosed with ductal breast carcinoma. The patient treatment included first chemotherapy and radiotherapy and then prophylactic bilateral mastectomy with plastic reconstructive surgery. At the age of 37, she underwent prophylactic laparoscopic bilateral salpingoophorectomy. The histological diagnosis of the surgical specimens was suggestive of a unilateral invasive high grade salpingeal cancer and the patient underwent an abdominal hysterectomy by laparotomy, omentectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Discussion Women with known BRCA mutations are strongly recommended to consider a risk reducing prophylactic salpingoophorectomy (RRSO) from their early 40 s to gain maximum benefit in cancer risk reduction from the procedure. The prevalence of occult carcinomas in BRCA1 carriers is almost 1, 5% if the prophylactic bilateral salpingoophorectomy is performed before the age of 40, while this percentage may be increased to 3, 8% for women who undergo the surgery between 40 and 49 years. Conclusion We present an interesting case, of an accidentally revealed salpingeal carcinoma via RRSO in an asymptomatic young premenopausal woman.

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) maintains the cancer stem cell-like characteristics in various tumors. However, its expression in cancer stem cells (CSC) in ductal breast carcinoma has not been well studied. We aimed to characterize Gli1 as a potential CSC marker and investigate its clinical significance in ductal breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was used to study the relationship of Gli1 to clinicopathologic features, cell cycle regulation-related genes, and CSC markers. Gli1 was expressed to a greater extent in ductal breast carcinoma than in normal breast tissues (P=.002). Its expression was significantly correlated with tumor grade (P=.044), pT stage (P=.017), and molecular subtype (P=.008). Expression was associated, not only with the expression of HIF-1α (P