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1. Human sign-tracking : an investigation into its mechanisms, measurements and neuropsychological correlates

Author

Duckworth, J., Rose, Abi, and Field, Matt

Subjects
150.19
Abstract

Sign-tracking describes the behaviour of individuals who attribute incentive salience to irrelevant, reward-associated cues, whereas goal-tracking pertains to individuals who use such cues only as predictive tools for upcoming rewards. The importance of the signtracker/goal-tracker phenotypes has been noted in the preclinical literature, with researchers suggesting that they are useful for the study of addiction. This thesis provides translational data, examining sign-tracking and goal-tracking in human social drinkers across six separate experiments. Chapter One reviews the relevant literature on sign-tracking, covering the history of its discovery, its mechanisms, correlates, effects and aetiologies. Chapter Two details the general methods used across experiments (computer tasks and questionnaires). Chapter Three is the first experimental chapter; it presents the largest study of human sign-tracking to date, assessed via the additional singleton tracking task (ASTT). Results revealed a sign-tracking effect in a sample of social drinkers; however, no association to individual differences (e.g., weekly alcohol consumption, impulsivity etc.) was found. This study suggests that human sign-tracking is real, automatic, and driven by pavlovian conditioning. Chapter Four contains two alcohol priming experiments, the first testing a 0.3 g/kg dose, the second a 0.6 g/kg dose. The lower dose, but not higher, magnified sign-tracking compared to a control drink. Chapter Five used a novel variant of the ASTT which contained three (rather than the usual two) reward-associated distractor cues. Results revealed that signtracking pertained only to the high-value and medium-value cues, with the low-value cue seemingly being ignored. This study provides unique insight into how sign-tracking changes in more complex reward displays. Chapter Six attempted to compare three sign-tracking tasks: two variants of the ASTT and a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. However, all tasks failed to observe sign-tracking, perhaps due to boredom and/or fatigue effects. Chapter Seven recruited participants from previous studies to complete the ASTT while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results revealed subcortical activations (namely in the striatum and other 'reward-motivation' structures) and correlations with sign-tracking, though sign-tracking was found to be unstable over time. Chapter Eight assessed the potential influence of covariates and confounds on signtracking; participants' gender, whether they believed they would obtain extra rewards for good task performance and cues' physical salience (regardless of value) were all shown to have no significant effect on sign-tracking as measured by the ASTT. Chapter Nine showed that sign-tracking is automatic/reflexive (as shown by quicker responses towards distractor cues compared to target cues), that distractor cues of different value attract attention with the same 'force' (as shown by identical reaction times [RTs] to the differently valued cues), and that the two measures of sign-tracking in the ASTT – RTs and omissions – do not consistently correlate. Chapter Ten reviews the methods, results, limitations and potential applications of this research. This thesis suggests that humans attribute incentive value to irrelevant, reward-associated cues, that this attribution can be exacerbated by low levels of alcohol consumption, is unstable over time, and is associated with activity in the subcortical 'value-driven attention networks'.

Published
2017
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22. Energetic synchrony throughout the non-breeding season in common guillemots from four colonies

Author

Buckingham, L., Daunt, F., Bogdanova, M.I., Furness, R.W., Bennett, S., Duckworth, J., Dunn, R.E., Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., Jardine, D.C., Newell, M.A., Ward, R.M., Weston, E.D., Green, J.A., Buckingham, L., Daunt, F., Bogdanova, M.I., Furness, R.W., Bennett, S., Duckworth, J., Dunn, R.E., Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., Jardine, D.C., Newell, M.A., Ward, R.M., Weston, E.D., and Green, J.A.

Abstract

The non-breeding season presents significant energetic challenges to birds that breed in temperate or polar regions, with clear implications for population dynamics. In seabirds, the environmental conditions at non-breeding sites drive food availability and the energetic cost of regulatory processes, resulting in variation in diet, behaviour and energetics; however, very few studies have attempted to understand if and how these aspects vary between populations. We investigated whether non-breeding location influenced diet, behaviour and energetics in the common guillemot Uria aalge. We studied guillemots from four UK breeding colonies, two located on the west coast of Scotland and two on the east. We quantified non-breeding distribution, foraging behaviour and activity budgets of 39 individuals from July to March, using geolocation–immersion loggers and time-depth recorders, and used feather stable isotope signatures to infer diet during the post-breeding moult. We calculated energy expenditure and investigated whether the peak (an indicator of the potential vulnerability to marine threats) varied between colonies. Individuals were spatially segregated according to the coastline they breed on, with west coast guillemots distributed off the west coast of the UK and east coast guillemots distributed off the east coast. Diet and behaviour were more similar in guillemots that shared a breeding coastline than those that did not, as west coast guillemots foraged at a lower trophic level, spent less time diving and engaged in more pelagic foraging than east coast guillemots. However, energy expenditure was remarkably similar between colonies, peaking during late February/early March, indicating that, during our study period, there was high synchrony between colonies in the timing of potential vulnerability to marine threats. Therefore, any anthropogenic changes that result in decreased food availability or increased energy expenditure during late winter may have greater im

Published
2023

28. The importance of correcting for sampling bias in MaxEnt species distribution models

Author

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie, Niedballa, Jürgen, Pilgrim, John D., Schröder, Boris, Lindenborn, Jana, Reinfelder, Vanessa, Stillfried, Milena, Heckmann, Ilja, Scharf, Anne K., Augeri, Dave M., Cheyne, Susan M., Hearn, Andrew J., Ross, Joanna, Macdonald, David W., Mathai, John, Eaton, James, Marshall, Andrew J., Semiadi, Gono, Rustam, Rustam, Bernard, Henry, Alfred, Raymond, Samejima, Hiromitsu, Duckworth, J. W., Breitenmoser-Wuersten, Christine, Belant, Jerrold L., Hofer, Heribert, and Wilting, Andreas

Published
2013

29. Pest Control: Does the Answer Lie in New Biotechnologies?

Author

Duckworth, J. A., Byrom, A. E., Fisher, P., Horn, C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E. -D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Allen, Robert B., editor, and Lee, William G., editor

Published
2006
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32. Home-based (virtual) rehabilitation improves motor and cognitive function for stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial of the Elements (EDNA-22) system

Author

Wilson, P.H., Rogers, J.M., Vogel, K., Steenbergen, B., McGuckian, T.B., Duckworth, J., Wilson, P.H., Rogers, J.M., Vogel, K., Steenbergen, B., McGuckian, T.B., and Duckworth, J.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 240834.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Background: Home-based rehabilitation of arm function is a significant gap in service provision for adult stroke. The EDNA-22 tablet is a portable virtual rehabilitation-based system that provides a viable option for home-based rehabilitation using a suite of tailored movement tasks, and performance monitoring via cloud computing data storage. The study reported here aimed to compare use of the EDNA system with an active control (Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program-GRASP training) group using a parallel RCT design. Methods: Of 19 originally randomized, 17 acute-care patients with upper-extremity dysfunction following unilateral stroke completed training in either the treatment (n = 10) or active control groups (n = 7), each receiving 8-weeks of in-home training involving 30-min sessions scheduled 3-4 times weekly. Performance was assessed across motor, cognitive and functional behaviour in the home. Primary motor measures, collected by a blinded assessor, were the Box and Blocks Task (BBT) and 9-Hole Pegboard Test (9HPT), and for cognition the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Functional behaviour was assessed using the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and Neurobehavioural Functioning Inventory (NFI). Results: One participant from each group withdrew for personal reasons. No adverse events were reported. Results showed a significant and large improvement in performance on the BBT for the more-affected hand in the EDNA training group, only (g = 0.90). There was a mild-to-moderate effect of training on the 9HPT for EDNA (g = 0.55) and control (g = 0.42) groups, again for the more affected hand. In relation to cognition, performance on the MoCA improved for the EDNA group (g = 0.70). Finally, the EDNA group showed moderate (but non-significant) improvement in functional behaviour on the SIS (g = 0.57) and NFI (g = 0.49). Conclusion: A short course of home-based training using the EDNA-22 system can yield significant gains in motor and cognitive performance, over a

Published
2021

33. Co-located (multi-user) virtual rehabilitation of acquired brain injury: Feasibility of the resonance system for upper-limb training

Author

Rogers, J.M., Mumford, N., Caeyenberghs, K., Richards, H., Nuijen, N.B., Steenbergen, B., Williams, G., Shum, D.H.K., Duckworth, J., Amos, N., Wilson, P.H., Rogers, J.M., Mumford, N., Caeyenberghs, K., Richards, H., Nuijen, N.B., Steenbergen, B., Williams, G., Shum, D.H.K., Duckworth, J., Amos, N., and Wilson, P.H.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Upper-limb virtual rehabilitation (VR) in adult acquired brain injury (ABI) is based largely on systems administered on a one-to-one basis. Multi-user interaction between co-located participants may offer advantages over single-user methods. The present study examined the feasibility of deploying a co-located VR system (Resonance) in a clinical setting. Following a baselining period, 5 patients with ABI completed 12 Resonance sessions over 4-6 weeks. Feasibility criteria included recruitment, intervention delivery, attrition, user experience, and suitability of outcome measures. Individual participant motor proficiency (box and blocks task) was examined using a time-series analysis with reliable change indices and curve fitting. All feasibility criteria were satisfied, with positive reports of user experience. Repeated collection of outcome measures was successfully integrated into the training schedule. Time-series analysis was successfully conducted, providing a detailed account of individual training-related change. Within a clinical setting, it was feasible to deliver Resonance and regularly monitor motor function. User feedback regarding the co-located VR intervention was generally positive, but expectations regarding the level of immersion may need to be managed. Individual time-series analysis is recommended as an adjunct to group-based analysis in future VR research. These findings can inform the design of a clinical trial.

Published
2021

34. Spatial and temporal variation in foraging of breeding red‐throated divers

Author

Duckworth, J., O'Brien, S., Petersen, I.K., Petersen, A., Benediktsson, G., Johnson, L., Lehikoinen, P., Okill, D., Väisänen, R., Williams, J., Williams, S., Daunt, F., Green, J.A., Duckworth, J., O'Brien, S., Petersen, I.K., Petersen, A., Benediktsson, G., Johnson, L., Lehikoinen, P., Okill, D., Väisänen, R., Williams, J., Williams, S., Daunt, F., and Green, J.A.

Abstract

Differing environmental conditions can have profound effects on many behaviours in animals, especially where species have large geographic ranges. Seasonal changes or progression through life history stages impose differential constraints, leading to changes in behaviours. Furthermore, species which show flexibility in behaviours, may have a higher capacity to adapt to anthropogenic-induced changes to their environment. The red-throated diver (RTD) is an aquatic bird, that is able to forage in both freshwater and marine environments, though little else is known about its behaviours and its capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions. Here, we use time-depth recorders and saltwater immersion loggers to examine the foraging behaviour of RTDs from three regions across northwest Europe. We found that in the breeding season, birds from two regions (Iceland and Scotland) foraged in the marine environment, while birds from Finland, foraged predominantly in freshwater. Most of the differences in diving characteristics were at least partly explained by differences in foraging habitat. Additionally, while time spent foraging did not change through the breeding season, dives generally became more pelagic and less benthic over the season, suggesting RTDs either switched prey or followed vertical prey movements, rather than increasing foraging effort. There was a preference for foraging in daylight over crepuscular hours, with a stronger effect at two of the three sites. Overall, we provide the first investigation of RTD foraging and diving behaviour from multiple geographic regions and demonstrate variation in foraging strategies in this generalist aquatic predator, most likely due to differences in their local environment.

Published
2021

38. Spatial and temporal variation in foraging of breeding red‐throated divers

Author

Duckworth, J., primary, O'Brien, S., additional, Petersen, I. K., additional, Petersen, A., additional, Benediktsson, G., additional, Johnson, L., additional, Lehikoinen, P., additional, Okill, D., additional, Väisänen, R., additional, Williams, J., additional, Williams, S., additional, Daunt, F., additional, and Green, J. A., additional

Published
2021
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46. The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the Worldʼs Vertebrates

Author

Hoffmann, Michael, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Angulo, Ariadne, Böhm, Monika, Brooks, Thomas M., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Carpenter, Kent E., Chanson, Janice, Collen, Ben, Cox, Neil A., Darwall, William R. T., Dulvy, Nicholas K., Harrison, Lucy R., Katariya, Vineet, Pollock, Caroline M., Quader, Suhel, Richman, Nadia I., Rodrigues, Ana S. L, Tognelli, Marcelo F., Vié, Jean-Christophe, Agular, John M., Allen, David J., Allen, Gerald R., Amorl, Giovanni, Ananjeva, Natalia B., Andreone, Franco, Andrew, Paul, Aquino Ortiz, Aida Luz, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Baldi, Ricardo, Bell, Ben D., Biju, S. D., Bird, Jeremy P., Black-Decima, Patricia, Blanc, Julian J., Bolaños, Federico, Bolivar-G., Wilmar, Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James A., Capper, David R., Castro, Fernando, Catullo, Gianluca, Cavanagh, Rachel D., Channing, Alan, Chao, Ning Labbish, Chenery, Anna M., Chiozza, Federica, Clausnitzer, Viola, Collar, Nigel J., Collett, Leah C., Collette, Bruce B., Cortez Fernandez, Claudia F., Craig, Matthew T., Crosby, Michael J., Cumberlidge, Neil, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Derocher, Andrew E., Diesmos, Arvin C., Donaldson, John S., Duckworth, J. W., Dutson, Guy, Dutta, S. K., Emslie, Richard H., Farjon, Aljos, Fowler, Sarah, Freyhof, Jörg, Garshelis, David L., Gerlach, Justin, Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora D., Hammerson, Geoffrey A., Harris, Richard B., Heaney, Lawrence R., Hedges, Blair S., Hero, Jean-Marc, Hughes, Baz, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Icochea, Javier, Inger, Robert F., Ishii, Nobuo, Iskandar, Djoko T., Jenkins, Richard K. B., Kaneko, Yoshio, Kottelat, Maurice, Kovacs, Kit M., Kuzmin, Sergius L., Marca, Enrique La, Lamoreux, John F., Lau, Michael W. N., Lavilla, Esteban O., Leus, Kristin, Lewison, Rebecca L., Lichtenstein, Gabriela, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Mallon, David P., McGowan, Philip J. K., Mclvor, Anna, Moehlman, Patricia D., Molur, Sanjay, Alonso, Antonio Muñoz, Musick, John A., Nowell, Kristin, Nussbaum, Ronald A., Olech, Wanda, Orlov, Nikolay L., Papenfuss, Theodore J., Parra-Olea, Gabriela, Perrin, William F., Polidoro, Beth A., Pourkazemi, Mohammad, Racey, Paul A., Ragle, James S., Ram, Mala, Rathbun, Galen, Reynolds, Robert P., Rhodin, Anders G. J., Richards, Stephen J., Rodriguez, Lily O., Ron, Santiago R., Rondinini, Carlo, Rylands, Anthony B., de Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy, Sanciangco, Jonnell C., Sanders, Kate L., Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schipper, Jan, Self-Sullivan, Caryn, Shi, Yichuan, Shoemaker, Alan, Short, Frederick T., Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, Silvano, Débora L., Smith, Kevin G., Smith, Andrew T., Snoeks, Jos, Stattersfield, Alison J., Symes, Andrew J., Taber, Andrew B., Talukdar, Bibhab K., Temple, Helen J., Timmins, Rob, Tobias, Joseph A., Tsytsulina, Katerina, Tweddle, Denis, Ubeda, Carmen, Valenti, Sarah V., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Veiga, Liza M., Veloso, Alberto, Wege, David C., Wilkinson, Mark, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Xie, Feng, Young, Bruce E., Akçakaya, Resit H., Bennun, Leon, Blackburn, Tim M., Boitani, Luigi, Dublin, Holly T., da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B., Gascon, Claude, Lacher, Thomas E., Jr., Mace, Georgina M., Mainka, Susan A., McNeely, Jeffery A., Mittermeier, Russell A., Reid, Gordon McGregor, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Rosenberg, Andrew A., Samways, Michael J., Smart, Jane, Stein, Bruce A., and Stuart., Simon N.

Published
2010
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47. MISLEADING USE OF IUCN RED LIST TERMINOLOGY TO DEFINE NEOTROPICAL OTTER LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS in response to Carvalho-Jr et al. (2021).

Author

RHEINGANTZ, Marcelo Lopes and DUCKWORTH, J. W.

Subjects
*OTTERS, *TERMS & phrases, *BIODIVERSITY, *ISLANDS, *PROVINCES
Abstract

The IUCN Red List Guidelines are an important resource to guide the definition of the global, national and even regional conservation status of our biodiversity. However, as with all models, if the assumptions underlying the criteria are not valid, or the guidelines for applying the criteria are not followed correctly, then misleading results will be generated. Carvalho-Jr et al. (2021) mis-used the IUCN Red List Guidelines to define the local status of Neotropical Otter Lontra longicaudis in Santa Catarina Island, Santa Catarina province, Brazil. The category generated, Critically Endangered, is groundless, for multiple reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

49. The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge

Author

Schipper, Jan, Chanson, Janice S., Chiozza, Federica, Cox, Neil A., Hoffmann, Michael, Katariya, Vineet, Lamoreux, John, Rodrigues, Ana S. L., Stuart, Simon N., Temple, Helen J., Baillie, Jonathan, Boitani, Luigi, Lacher, Thomas E., Jr., Mittermeier, Russell A., Smith, Andrew T., Absolon, Daniel, Aguiar, John M., Amori, Giovanni, Bakkour, Noura, Baldi, Ricardo, Berridge, Richard J., Bielby, Jon, Black, Patricia Ann, Blanc, J. Julian, Brooks, Thomas M., Burton, James A., Butynski, Thomas M., Catullo, Gianluca, Chapman, Roselle, Cokeliss, Zoe, Collen, Ben, Conroy, Jim, Cooke, Justin G., da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B., Derocher, Andrew E., Dublin, Holly T., Duckworth, J. W., Emmons, Louise, Emslie, Richard H., Festa-Bianchet, Marco, Foster, Matt, Foster, Sabrina, Garshelis, David L., Gates, Cormack, Gimenez-Dixon, Mariano, Gonzalez, Susana, Gonzalez-Maya, Jose Fernando, Good, Tatjana C., Hammerson, Geoffrey, Hammond, Philip S., Happold, David, Happold, Meredith, Hare, John, Harris, Richard B., Hawkins, Clare E., Haywood, Mandy, Heaney, Lawrence R., Hedges, Simon, Helgen, Kristofer M., Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Ishii, Nobuo, Jefferson, Thomas A., Jenkins, Richard K. B., Johnston, Charlotte H., Keith, Mark, Kingdon, Jonathan, Knox, David H., Kovacs, Kit M., Langhammer, Penny, Leus, Kristin, Lewison, Rebecca, Lichtenstein, Gabriela, Lowry, Lloyd F., Macavoy, Zoe, Mace, Georgina M., Mallon, David P., Masi, Monica, McKnight, Meghan W., Medellín, Rodrigo A., Medici, Patricia, Mills, Gus, Moehlman, Patricia D., Molur, Sanjay, Mora, Arturo, Nowell, Kristin, Oates, John F., Olech, Wanda, Oliver, William R. L., Oprea, Monik, Patterson, Bruce D., Perrin, William F., Polidoro, Beth A., Pollock, Caroline, Powel, Abigail, Protas, Yelizaveta, Racey, Paul, Ragle, Jim, Ramani, Pavithra, Rathbun, Galen, Reeves, Randall R., Reilly, Stephen B., Reynolds, John E., III, Rondinini, Carlo, Rosell-Ambal, Ruth Grace, Rulli, Monica, Rylands, Anthony B., Savini, Simona, Schank, Cody J., Sechrest, Wes, Self-Sullivan, Caryn, Shoemaker, Alan, Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, De Silva, Naamal, Smith, David E., Srinivasulu, Chelmala, Stephenson, Peter J., van Strien, Nico, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Taylor, Barbara L., Timmins, Rob, Tirira, Diego G., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Tsytsulina, Katerina, Veiga, Liza M., Vié, Jean-Christophe, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Wyatt, Sarah A., Xie, Yan, and Young, Bruce E.

Published
2008
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50. Assessing recombinant vaccinia virus as a delivery system for fertility control vaccines in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Author

Duckworth, J., Cross, M., Fleming, S., Scobie, S., Whelan, E., Prada, D., Mercer, A., and Cowan, P.

Subjects
bait delivered vaccines, brushtail possum, fertility control, marsupial, vaccinia, wildlife, Agriculture, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

The introduced brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a major threat to native biodiversity and agricultural production in New Zealand. Research on non-lethal management methods is focussed on fertility control, and aims to develop zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines suitable for bait delivery to free-living possums. Vaccine delivery remains a challenge. One highly successful oral wildlife vaccine which has been widely used to control rabies in wildlife in the US and Europe, is based on a replication-limited recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV). The potential of rVV as a vaccine delivery system has yet to be tested in any Australian marsupial species. In the present study we evaluated the infectivity of rVV, as well as cell-mediated and antibody immune responses, in the marsupial brushtail possum. Possums were exposed to a model recombinant vaccinia construct (rVV399, which expresses the Eg95 antigen of the hydatid disease parasite Echinococcus granulosus) or the parent vaccinia virus strain (Lister) by applying 108 pfu of virus, drop wise onto the external surface of the nose and into the oral cavity. Both the recombinant and parent viruses persisted in the mucosal epithelium around the palatine tonsils for up to 2 weeks post-exposure. The parent vaccinia and the rVV399 construct induced peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity against viral antigens in possums by 4 weeks post-exposure, and were still detectable at 4 months post-exposure. Serum antibody reactivity to the antigen Eg95 was recorded in 7/8 possums which received a single dose of the rVV399 construct and in 7/7 animals which received tripledose delivery, with titre end-points in the latter case exceeding 1/4000 dilution. This study demonstrates that vaccinia virus will readily infect possums via an oronasal route and is capable of generating immune reactivity against both viral and heterologous antigens. This highlights the potential of recombinant vaccinia as a wildlife delivery system for fertility control vaccines for the brushtail possum and potentially other marsupial species.

Published
2011
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