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The article is devoted to the extremely rich and insufficiently studied heritage of Polish legal thought. The political and geographical determinants of the chosen research topic are the restoration of statehood in central Polish lands in 1807 (Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland) and the defeat of the November Uprising (1830-1831) followed by measures taken by the Russian authorities to limit the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland. The intellectual milestones are the founding of the School of Law in 1807 (later the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw), and the closure of the University of Warsaw in 1831, as well as the significant emigration of scientists in the same year and the liquidation of the Society of Friends of Science in 1832. The intellectual milestones are also European (and first of all Central European) processes of legal thought evolution in the second half of the XVIII – first third of the XIX century, which led to the formation of the first and still insufficiently understood and studied positivism in jurisprudence, being a profound phenomenon that reveals the essence of positivism in legal thought in general. The study found that the basic principle of jurisprudence in the vision of most Warsaw scholars during the study period was its independence from a priori and metaphysical philosophizing, and vice versa, the formation of its own philosophical and legal discourse (philosophy of positive law) based on generalization and understanding of research results. It was recognized that legal science should be a fundamentally new system of legal knowledge – positivist and social. Recognizing the historical and modern pluralism of such an organization of knowledge, Warsaw scholars have unequivocally identified themselves with the Central European jurisprudence, the core of which is the German. Warsaw scholars believed that jurisprudence was based on historical, dogmatic and philosophical approaches. Accordingly, they considered three relatively separate areas of scientific knowledge, which together can be considered as a single legal science or a system of interrelated legal sciences. Depending on the emphasis in the views of scholars on the fundamental or applied side of legal science, this system was seen differently, as well as the subject of jurisprudence – universal or more national. It can be argued that this to some extent correlated with the predominance in the views of certain scholars of the principles of historical-philosophical or historical schools.

Artykuł szkicuje zmiany reformacyjne w Prusach Książęcych zainicjowane przez Albrechta Hohenzollerna oraz przedstawia rolę obrazu – dzieła, którego rolą jest wsparcie procesu chrystianizacji Prusów oraz nauczania podstawowych prawd wiary uwypuklonych przez teologię luterańską. Autor przedstawia najpierw wygaszenie ruchów ikonoklastycznych przez władze księstwa w czasie definiowania roli obrazu w nowym Kościele oraz podjętą przez Marcina Lutra ewolucyjną drogę eliminacji obrazu jako medium pomiędzy Bogiem a człowiekiem. Obraz pozostał aż do II połowy XVIII wieku istotnym elementem wyposażenia kościoła tworzonym w wiodącym ośrodku artystycznym jakim był Królewiec i pracujący w nim artyści.Budowa luterańskiego państwa w Prusach Książęcych wiązała się z wymianą elit władzy, odejściem zakonników krzyżackich i oparciem się księcia o nową, napływającą do Prus arystokrację. Mimo wymiany elit nastąpiło skostnienie struktur społecznych w Prusach, bowiem zachowano feudalną strukturę władzy. Ośrodkiem decyzyjnym pozostał Królewiec, a książę ciągle miał decydujący wpływ na obsadę stanowisk duchownych oraz na wszelkie inicjatywy kolatorów związane z budową kaplic rodowych, nowego wyposażenia czy przeprowadzanych remontów. Szlachta wykorzystywała sztukę jako narzędzie do autoprezentacji, komemoracji własne-go rodu oraz niejako sprywatyzowała wnętrze wiejskiego kościoła parafialnego wprowadzając epitafia, płyty nagrobne oraz elementy heraldyczne na ołtarze, empory, organy i konfesjonały.Ikonografia przedstawień liturgicznych pozostała odporna na nowe ruchy wewnątrz luteranizmu, takie jak pietyzm, który proponował nowe przedstawienia malarskie, ale przegrał z tradycyjną, dydaktyczną ikonografią ołtarzy, empor, chrzcielnic i ambon. Wnętrze kościoła luterańskiego w Prusach do końca epoki nowożytnej nie uległo zasadniczym zmianom i skon-centrowało się zarówno na utrwalaniu chwały rodowej kolatora jak i ilustrowaniu rudymentarnych prawd konfesji luterańskiej.

The state authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw tried to secure the interests of soldiers in court proceedings. Among the acts containing provisions which protected soldiers was a regulation of the Ruling Commission of the 30th of January 1807, a regulation of the Council of State of the 4th of July 1809, and a royal decree of the 15th of July 1812. The provisions of the Ruling Commission provided the most extensive source of protection. The two following acts provided for the possibility of employing article 21 of the civil procedure in all proceedings.

Purpose of the scientific study is to trace the process of establishing the dominion of the Czech Prince Przemysl in the Duchy of Austria in 1251–1252. The methodological basis of the work is the principles of historicism, objectivity and scientific reliability. Historical-systemic and comparative-historical methods have been used. The method of source analysis is also important. These are the documents of the Czech diplomatary, as well as narrative materials (annals and chronicles), which were written in Prague and in some regions of the Holy Roman Empire. Noteworthy are the data of the Galician-Volyn chronicle. In the course of the research it is noted that the Czech King Vaclav I showed exceptional interest to the possessions of the Babenbergs which combined Austrian and Styrian duchies, He made his first attempt to extend his influence to these lands in May 1246 when he married his eldest son Vladislav to Gertrude – the niece of the then Duke Frederick II Babenberg. However, Frederick II Babeneberg soon perished and Vladislav died. Due to the lack of direct heirs Austria and Styria became the object of invasions by Hungary and Bavaria, which caused significant losses to the population of the duchies. German Emperor Frederick II Stauffen put forward his claims to these territories too. However, in the autumn of 1251 in Prague Vaclav I held negotiations with the representatives of Austrian nobility, who offered him to seize power in the duchy. He sent his second son, the Moravian Margrave Przemysl on a mission to the Danube territories. Emphasis was made at the fact that Przemysl was elected as the duke by consent of the Austrian nobility and citizens. He was accompanied to Austria by Czech nobility, that is, he went there as the son and heir of the authoritative ruler but not as a poor mercenary. Then Przemysl married Margaret – the sister of Frederick II Babaenberg. That marriage was concluded out of political calculation, and it provided the rights of Przemysl to the inheritance of the Babenbergs. However, the assertion of the power of Przemysl in Styria at that moment remained open.

Mitau, the former capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, became the Courland Governorate centre with the Governor’s residence in a palace on an island formed by the Driksa, the branch of the Lielupe River, and great changes have taken place in this city. Artist Alexander Aleksandrovich Strekavin, who born in Mitau on 17 September 1889, studied art history, read books, investigated documents in the museum, listened to people’s stories and completed materials about events and the development of his native city. His drawings introduce with the new iron bridge for traffic and technical innovations – bicycles, the first car in the Baltics and the first phonograph in Mitau, clothes of citizens during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Since the 1950s, six notebooks in Latvian with memoirs recalling by Aleksander Strekavin and an illustrative appendix – a collection of his drawings “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau” are in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum of Ģederts Eliass. Research object: drawings of artist Alexander Strekavin. Research goal: analysis of changes in Mitau during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Research problem: Strekavin’s drawings stored in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum have not been studied. Research novelty: analysis of information on technical innovations included in “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau”. Research methods: studies of published literature, cartographic materials and archive documents.

The strategy of neutrality has long been referenced in terms of the Duchy of Courland’s dealings with its belligerent neighbours during the seventeenth century. This position was formed in response...

Freiherr Johann Georg Czigan von Slupsk auf Freistadt und Dobroslawitz, who died in 1640, was the patron and friend of the Silesian poets Daniel Czepko and Wenzel Scherffer von Scherfferstein. With their poetic messages, they contributed to the dissemination of the image of the Freiherr von Slupsk as an erudite and book lover. This article attempts to verify the above opinion and identify the sources of the intellectual formation of Johann Georg Czigan and the genesis of his literary and bibliophile interests. It describes the environmental connections of Johann Georg Czigan and the ties that connected him with the world of nobilitas literaria. It presents books that were his property and have survived to this day, adorned with the baron’s supralibros, one of the two currently known aristocratic proprietary marks of this kind from the Duchy of Cieszyn.

Das 18. Jahrhundert war ein Zeitalter großer Innovationen in der Kartographie. Erstmals wurde mit enormem personellen und technischen Aufwand Vermessungen großräumiger Gebiete unternommen, um exakte und maßstabsgetreue Karten erstellen zu können. In der Habsburgermonarchie folgte man dem Vorbild der “Carte de Cassini”, der ersten topographischen Flächenkarte Frankreichs und gab für die niederländischen Provinzen ebenfalls eine kartographische Landesaufnahme in Auftrag. Kaiserin Maria Theresia beauftragte den Direktor der Mathematikschule des Artilleriecorps der österreichischen Niederlande, Generalmajor Graf Johann-Joseph von Ferraris, mit dieser Aufgabe. Zwischen 1771 und 1777 wurde unter seiner Leitung ein aus 275 handkolorierten Einzelblättern bestehendes Kartenwerk im Maßstab 1:11520 erstellt. Die „Carte de cabinet des Pays-Bas autrichiens" besticht sowohl durch die hervorragende Qualität der Darstellung als auch durch ihren großen Detailreichtum. Sie ist eine der wichtigsen Quellen der zur luxemburgischen Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts. The 18th century was an age of great innovation in cartography. For the first time, surveys of large areas were undertaken with enormous personnel and technical effort in order to be able to produce accurate and true-to-scale maps. The Habsburg Monarchy followed the example of the "Carte de Cassini", the first topographic map of France, and also commissioned a cartographic survey for the Netherlandish provinces. Empress Maria Theresa commissioned the director of the mathematics school of the artillery corps of the Austrian Netherlands, Major General Count Johann-Joseph von Ferraris, with this task. Between 1771 and 1777, a map series consisting of 275 hand-coloured single sheets at a scale of 1:11520 was produced under his direction. The "Carte de cabinet des Pays-Bas autrichiens" impresses both by the outstanding quality of the representation and by its great wealth of detail. It is one of the most important sources of 18th century Luxembourg history.

This research focuses on the role of Mangkunegaran women in the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten, so this study focuses on women's activities in the history of the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten until Indonesia's independence. The role of women (wives) in Javanese culture cannot be separated from the perspective of the paternalistic society as konco wingking. The understanding that man (Prophet Adam) was the first human and woman was created from his left rib. Left connotes something unimportant. Although this paternalistic perspective is inherent, no research has found a relationship between the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings and women as konco wingking. After understanding this position, so this research aims to reveal and understand this meaning in the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings. Based on the interaction analysis method of a qualitative approach with historical studies, this study collected informant insights and reference data through interviews, observation and document analysis. The results showed that the term konco wingking for Mangkunegaran kings was more appropriate with the term “garwo or sigaraning nyowo”, because the struggles and policies of the kings of Mangkunegaran involved women as a form of adaptive cultural system implementation, both in the domestic sphere and in formal education and even as a form cultural diplomacy. Keywords: Duchy of Mangkunegaran, king's policy, the role of women, cultural system

After the Montefeltro dynasty’s demise in 1508, the Della Rovere family assumed power in the geo-strategically and culturally important Duchy of Urbino. The first dynasty of papal nephews able to p...

From 1838, the border between the Danish duchy of Holstein and the German Lander was patrolled by a corps of border gendarmes with a mixture of duties: as policemen, as customs officials, and as soldiers. 1 Following the Second Schleswig War in 1864, in which the Monarchy was defeated by the German Bund, the duchies were ceded to the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria, and the Danish-German border was accordingly moved north from the Elbe to the Kongea. So were the gendarmes. Although differently configured and under different names, the institution of a border gendarmerie continued to exist until 1969. A gendarmerie force was likewise set up in the duchy of Schleswig in 1851 as a means to subdue the political unrest in the duchy following the First Schleswig War (the Three Years’ War 1848–1851). The Schleswig gendarmes were disbanded after the Second Schleswig War (1864). Lastly, the Blue Gendarmes existed 1885–1894 to assist the police in domestic security matters. The pros and cons of a gendarmerie were discussed on several occasions in the Kingdom of Denmark during the 19th century. On the one hand, a gendarmerie force would undoubtedly increase the police powers in general and might, in particular, serve as an alternative to having military personnel assisting the police in coping with riots and mass events. On the other hand, setting up a gendarmerie would incur large expenses, and the idea has traditionally been considered undemocratic and “Un-Danish”. This paper outlines the history of gendarmeries in Denmark and discusses this question of “Un-Danishness” from a historical as well as a contemporary, comparative perspective, drawing on recent studies of gendarmeries in other countries. We argue that the history of the Danish gendarmeries shows that establishing a Danish gendarmerie force today would indeed be “Un-Danish” and just as contrary to democratic traditions as it was in the 19th century. It would thus represent a “deviation from the historically given foundation”.

The army of Batu Khan’s 1241 invasion of Central and Eastern Europe was the first, highly unfortunate encounter between Poland and the Mongol empire. The defeat at Legnica, the death of Prince Henry the Pious, and the collapse of his line’s reign in the Duchy of Silesia not only delayed the unifica­tion of Poland by decades, but in practice it also eliminated the Silesian Piasts from effective competition for the future Polish union. It was only the death of Ogedei Khan that forced Batu Khan to return with his army to Mongolia and that saved Poland and Hungary from a prolonged enslavement that was the fate of Ruthenian duchies. The subsequent Mongol invasions of Poland at the turn of 1260 and 1288 only deepened the process of economic decline and destruction of Poland. The defeat suffered by the Mongols in the battles with the Egyptian Mam­luks and the collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 made the West lose interest in establishing political relations with the Mongols. In Eastern Europe, the western domain of the Mongol Empire, the so-called Golden Horde, grew in strength, and began playing a significant role in the politi­cal life of the entire region. The peak of its power was in the first half of the fourteenth century during the reign of Oz Beg and Jani Beg khans. From the second half of the fourteenth century faltering of the Golden Horde began. In the fifteenth century it was transformed into the so-called Great Horde. The Grand Prince Ivan III of Muscovy’s Great Stand on the Ugra River against Khan Akhmat’s Great Horde in 1480 was a Muscovite triumph. Poland, how­ever, lost one of its few allies in the east. The Polish King Alexander Jagiellon’s failure in 1502 to support the last Khan of the Great Horde, Shah-Akhmad, made way for the destruction of the Great Horde by Ivan III’s ally, the ruler of the Crimean Khanate, Menli I Giray. The fall of the Great Horde meant a symbolic end of shared history between Poland and Mongolia, which had begun with the invasion Mongol in 1241. For Russia, it was the final confirmation of its dropping its sovereignty to the Tatars. For the Crimean Khanate, which de facto broke off previous relations with the former Mongol empire by destroying the Great Horde, meant, however, that it become part of a new, emerging political and economic governance in Eastern Europe.

Artykuł dotyczy ograniczenia uprawnień duchownych katolickich w pracach kodyfikacyjnych w Królestwie Kongresowym. Zgodnie z prawem kanonicznym, które w znacznym zakresie było respektowane przez sądy Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, zakonnicy i zakonnice mieli poważnie ograniczone uprawnienia w zakresie prawa spadkowego (co do możliwości spadkobrania czy sporządzenia testamentu). Wob ec w pełni wyznaniowego charakteru prawa małżeńskiego osoby zobowiązane do celibatu nie mogły też rzecz jasna zawrzeć małżeństwa. Reguły te pozostały w znacznym stopniu w mocy po zaprowadzeniu na dawne ziemie koronne praw pruskich i austro-galicyjskich. Z kolei Kodeks Napoleona, któremu nadano moc obowiązującą w Księstwie Warszawskim, nie znał ograniczeń duchownych ani w zakresie prawa spadkowego, ani co do możliwości zawierania małżeństw. Po przejęciu kontroli nad centralnymi ziemiami polskimi przez Aleksandra I oczywistą była potrzeba reformy prawa cywilnego. Jej zakres i zasady jednak budziły kontrowersje. Poza dyskusją pozostawało wyłączenie możliwości zawierania małżeństw przez duchownych katolickich, lecz zakres ewentualnego ograniczenia zdolności prawnej oraz zdolności do czynności prawnych zakonników i zakonnic był przedmiotem sporów. Tarcia w powołanej po obradach Sejmu w 1820 r. deputacji prawodawczej były tak wielkie, że konieczne okazało się rozstrzygnięcie tej kwestii przez samego cara. Opinia monarchy wychyliła się wówczas w stronę klerykalną, czego skutkiem było ograniczenie praw cywilnych zakonników i zakonnic przez art. 10 Kodeksu Cywilnego Królestwa Polskiego. Pełniejszy niż dotychczas opis tych kontrowersji był możliwy dzięki uwzględnieniu niewykorzystywanych dotychczas przez polskich badaczy materiałów przechowywanych w jednym z moskiewskich archiwów. The article focuses on the limitations of the legal capacity of the clergy in the codification work during the era of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. According to canon law, which was largely respected by the courts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the rights of monks and nuns were severely limited in matters related to succession (in particular, as far as inheritance or wills are concerned). Moreover, in light of the fully religious nature of marriage law, persons obliged to celibacy could not, as a matter of course, enter into a marital relationship. Austrian and Prussian lawmakers respected many of the ecclesiastical rules which regulated the status of the clergy. On the oth er hand, the Napoleonic Code did not place any limitations on the clergy in the realm of inheritance or marriage law. In 1807, the Duchy of Warsaw was established from the Polish lands seized by Prussia, where Landrecht of 1794 was in force. In 1809, some lands occupied by Austria were incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw. The civil code of Western Galicia (a precursor of Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) was binding within these territories. Soon afterwards, the Napoleonic Code was introduced into both parts of the Duchy. During the Congress of Vienna it was decided that a major part of the Duchy would be transformed into the Kingdom of Poland under Russian control. It was obvious that Emperor Alexander I would reform the secular Napoleonic law of the Kingdom of Poland. While the prohibition of concluding marriages by the Catholic clergy was not questioned, the scope of potential limitations of the legal capacity of monks and nuns was the subject of much debate. The members of the Codification Commission could not come to an agreement whether to change or preserve the French regulations. Finally, Alexander I ordered to introduce them into the Civil Code of the Kingdom of Poland. The article gives a fresh view on the debate, as it is based on the analysis of recently discovered materials from one of the Moscow archives.

The article discusses inconsistency existing in the Jewish policy of the Duchy of Warsaw, resulting from divergent normativities. Examined are the ways these normativities were handled, transformed, and conceptualised. The analysis refers to the concept of multinormativity and highlights the dynamics standing behind Jewish policy, as well as various influences on the way legal order was interpreted. Considered is the presence of legal assumptions derived from the normativities inherent in Old Polish traditions, being the main obstacle to the implementation of Napoleonic egalitarian norms. The article argues that equality claims and first attempts at their implementation existed alongside traditional ideas, social habits, and practices.

Over the course of the early modern period, parish, monastic, and pilgrimage churches across Catholic Europe and beyond eagerly sought to acquire the relics of ancient Roman martyrs excavated from the Eternal City's catacombs. Between 1648 and 1803, the duchy of Bavaria welcomed nearly 350 of these “holy bodies” to its soil. Rather than presenting the remains as fragments, as was common during the medieval period, local communities forged catacomb saint relics into gleaming skeletons and then worked to write hagiographical narratives that made martyrs’ lives vivid and memorable to a population unfamiliar with their deeds. Closely examining the construction and material presentation of Bavarian catacomb saints as well as the vitae written for them offers a new vantage point from which to consider how the intellectual movement known as the paleo-Christian revival and the scholarship it produced were received, understood, and then used by Catholic Europeans in an everyday religious context. This article demonstrates that local Bavarian craftsmen, artists, relic decorators, priests, and nuns—along with erudite scholars in Rome—were active in bringing the early Christian church to life and participated in the revival as practitioners and creative scholars in their own right.

The Duchy of Frýdlant, this “state within a state”, as characterized by many authors, existed only for a very short period of time. The fief estates, which were acquired by the imperial military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein (Valdstejn) in the sale following the Battle of White Mountain, were first declared a principality in 1624 and then a duchy in 1627. Immediately after Wallenstein's assassination in 1634, this remarkable constitutional unit was immediately liquidated. Wallenstein kept most of the acquired estates under his direct control, and they thus became chamber ducal estates (this was especially true for all larger, economically strong towns). He left only a relatively small part of his property to the institutions of the Catholic Church – logically, although he provided them with political and property support, in the latter respect he certainly did not dazzle with excessive generosity. On the other hand, he left large estates to various persons (his relatives, subordinate officers, officials, in some cases the original pre-White Mountain owners, etc.), who took them over from him as a Frydlant fief (de iure actually sub-fief, as Wallenstein himself was a vassal of the emperor who was the Czech king). Some of these people received the property as a gift (“Donatio”) as a sign of Wallenstein's generosity. In most cases, however, it was a standard property transaction, where the acquirers paid a more or less adequate amount of money for the fief estate, or their receivables from the Frýdlant landowner were offset. The legal title of the transfer of possession thus became the standard purchase (“Erblehenkauf”), recorded in a contract approved, sealed and signed by both parties. Copies of these contracts are concentrated in the manuscript sign. B 16, stored in the National Archives in Prague, other originals and copies of individual documents of this type can be recorded in other archives. This study is devoted to their content analysis. Purchase contracts for Frýdlant fief estates represent a set of documents, the significance of which can be seen on at least four levels. From the most general point of view, they contribute to the knowledge of early modern legal culture and legal language (although German, not Czech). Secondly, they are evidence of the administrative practice of the court office of the Duchy of Frýdlant, which prepared these documents. They are also a contribution to the history of fief law in the Czech lands. Finally, they provide a number of specific information about individual fief estates, and thus also about the regional history of northeastern Bohemia, where Wallenstein's “terra felix” was located. The surviving contracts relate to more than forty larger and smaller estates, which fell into the hands of the vassals in the short days of Wallenstein’s rule over this region. The court office of the Duchy of Frýdlant, on whose premises the contracts were created, was a relatively advanced bureaucratic body with several lawyers – the former prosecutor Jan Jezber of Koliva Hora had probably the greatest reputation, who himself bought the Chotec fief estate in 1624. Stěpan Ilgen from Ilgenau, a native of Leipzig, reached the significant position of Frýdlant Chancellor. Many office councilors were also graduates of law education. However, it is very interesting that the set of surviving contracts is largely characterized by its variability. Although a more or less uniform structure was followed (dating, definition of the contracting parties, and the subject of the contract, determination of the price and the method of payment, set of rights reserved to the landlord, confirmation of will and corroboration), contracts offer various and in some cases significantly different specific solutions. On the other hand, different wording did not always mean a difference in content. For example, the extent of the landlord reservations, which Wallenstein reserved in the treaties as chief lord of the Duchy of Frýdlant and among which brewing played the most important role, apparently had a standard scope, regardless of the specific diction. Purchase contracts related to Frýdlant fief estates represent only one type of documents framing the development of this extremely interesting state law unit. The study of others and, in the future, comprehensive elaboration of the history of the Frýdlant estate, or of the entire duchy, remain urgent challenges for further legal historical research.

The year 1338 in the political and legal history of Silesia The article is an attempt to examine the political and legal events in Silesia in 1338, usually left out of analyses because of their authors’ concentration on the previous year. The present author tackles the problem of vassal dukes of Głogów, their fi ght for the Duchy of Głogów, political activity of free dukes in the Duchy of Świdnica and Jawor, union of the Duchies of Opava and Racibórz as well as royal territories in Silesia and their system of governance. Das Jahr 1338 in der staatsrechtlichen Geschichte SchlesiensDie Bearbeitung ist ein Versuch, sich mit den staatsrechtlichen Geschehnissen im Jahr 1338 in Schlesien zu befassen, die in der Regel außerhalb des Interessenbereiches der bisherigen Autoren blieben, da sie sich des Öfteren auf das vergangene Jahr konzentrierten. Sie wurde dem Problem der Glogauer Lehenfürsten und ihrem Kampf um das Fürstentum Glogau, der politischen Aktivität der freien Fürsten im Herzogtum Schweidnitz und Jauer, der Union der Troppauer und Ratiborer Herzöge sowie der königlichen Territorien in Schlesien und dem System ihrer Verwaltung gewidmet.

On 27 June 2020, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, Michael Gove, gave the Ditchley Annual Lecture on the theme of ‘the privilege of public service’. Although the fact that it took place in the context of the broader Coronavirus crisis meant that it received relatively little publicity or attention, the central argument of this article is that the lecture provides great insight into the ideas shaping government policy, in general, and into the inner mind of Dominic Cummings, in particular. As such, we argue that although the lecture was given by Michael Gove, it was clearly floating ideas and themes that were taken, almost directly, from Dominic Cummings’ website. We draw out and explore these themes and suggest that what they combine to offer is a dangerous blend of technocratic populism that is as intellectually splintered as it is politically naïve.

Literature of a cultural product always interacts with social problems, including issues of locality and local identity. The problem of local identity in the novel Penangsang: Tembang Rindu Dendam is the main concern in this study. The background of the local locality and identity of Cepu which became the center of the Duchy of Jipang in the past was the setting of a place, as well as a space where the final historical and cultural journey of the power of the Demak Sultanate took place. This novel was written in 2010 by Nassirun Purwokartun. This historical novel invites us to rethink Cepu's locality and local identity, which has been a legacy of past generations. Articulation of identity and locality issues seem to be the attention voiced in this novel as well as being an instrument or instrument of articulation. This study uses the New Historicism approach, one literary theory that views history, art, and other things in society has the same degree as the text data in literature. It is hoped that literary research will get the context of the problem in accordance with the situation of the community.

Yogyakarta sebagai salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang diberikan hak istimewa oleh pemerintah pusat sehingga dalam bentuk pemerintahannya menjadi berbeda dengan daerah lainnya. Bukan hanya bentuk pemerintahan akan tetapi pada aspek-aspek lain bahkan sampai pada penataan ruang daerah. Penelitian ini ingin memberikan gambaran mengenai keistimewaan penataan ruang yang ada di Yogyakarta yang tertuang dalam peraturan daerahnya. Untuk metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisi hasil penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa keistimewaan dari Kota Yogyakarta yang lain yaitu terdapat satuan ruang strategis yaitu adanya Satuan Ruang Tanah Kadipaten dan Satuan Ruang Tanah Kadipaten. Dalam pengelolaan tata ruang tersebut di tuangkan dalam Perda No. 2 Tahun 2010 yang kemudain diundangkan, diberlakukan Undang Undang tersebut, diharapkan dapat memberikan kesejahteraan terhadap hak hak masyarakat dan dalam bentuk faktanya nyatanya masih belum berjalan dengan baik. Berbagai faktor faktor yang membuat hal tersebut terjadi diantaranya masih adanya pembangunan perkotaan yang tidak menuruti Undang Undang yang berlaku. diantaranya pembangunan mall dan hotel yang tidak teratur. Seperti Sleman city mall yang pembangunanya lebih dulu dilakukan sebelum peraturan tersebut berlaku. Kata Kunci: Perda, Tata Ruang, Keistimewaan.

The research aims to determine the increase in nationalism through learning of P P Kn-in to the discussion method of class VI students of SDN 7 duchy. This class action research uses quantitative methods. Conclusion of the research result is the level of student nationalism through learning P P Kn with the method of discussion on students of class VI SDN 7 Duchy is very good. A student nationalism before being given an action of 45.93%, after being given action in the I-cycle gained by 54.08%, was on cycle II acquired by 84.89% or very good. Nationalism in the study of PKN, associating the lesson material with the usual things observed and experienced by students daily, so that students learn to reconstruct a new knowledge and skills when students study. PKn learning requires learning interactions. Keyboard: naionalism, discussion, PPKn

Although the phenomenon of the hiring of Swiss troops conducted by European states in the second half of the Fifteenth century is very well known to modern historiography – also owing to its political and diplomatic implications – not much has been written about the Swiss companies operating in Italy at the end of the century. In this paper, the attentive study of the Registro degli Assoldamenti a truppe tedesche, 1495-1499 – conserved in the State Archive of Milan – resulted in a close-up analysis of the Swiss companies hired by Ludovico il Moro, pointing out their military and organisational aspects: the role of the captains, the hierarchy and the different figures of the officers, the esprit de corps typical of these companies and their relations with the ducal administration relatively to the payments and the negotiation of the condotte. Moreover, the Registro enabled us to investigate the human dimension of these companies, giving us information about the geographical and family origin of many captains, several of which has been identified. Finally, through the Registro, light has been shed on the methods used by the duchy to keep Swiss companies under control, especially in such turbulent times as the end of the Fifteenth century., Sebbene il fenomeno degli assoldamenti di truppe svizzere compiuti dagli Stati europei nella seconda metà del Quattrocento sia noto alla storiografia – anche in virtù delle sue implicazioni politico-diplomatiche – poco è stato scritto a proposito delle compagnie svizzere operanti in Italia sullo scorcio del Quattrocento. In questa sede è stato possibile, attraverso il Registro degli assoldamenti a truppe tedesche – conservato presso l’Archivio di Stato di Milano – studiare da vicino le compagnie elvetiche assoldate da Ludovico il Moro, facendone emergere con concretezza la dimensione militare e organizzativa: il ruolo dei capitani, la gerarchia e le diverse figure che componevano il corpo ufficiali, lo spirito di corpo tipico delle compagnie elvetiche e la loro relazione con il potere ducale relativamente alla consegna delle paghe e alla negoziazione delle condotte. Il Registro ha consentito anche di indagare la dimensione umana di queste compagnie, fornendo informazioni circa la provenienza geografica e l’origine familiare di molti capitani: si è riusciti persino a identificare alcuni di loro. Infine, attraverso il Registro si sono potuti esaminare i metodi impiegati dall’amministrazione ducale per tenere sotto controllo le compagnie elvetiche al soldo del Moro, assai preziose in un momento politicamente turbolento come quello degli ultimi anni del Quattrocento.

This article offers an examination of the seigneurie (heerlijkheid) as an element in the institutional framework of Netherlandish water management. The investigation builds on a recent historiographical trend that questions whether inclusive systems of water management can be tied to ‘proto-democratic’ decision-making in the premodern Low Countries. Focusing on the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century river region of the duchy of Guelders, the central question is to what extent lords, ladies, and their seigneurial officials impacted the natural environment of people living in rural regions. Based on a combination of seigneurial accounts and court records, the main thesis is that the aristocratic element formed an ambiguous yet important cog in the late medieval system of water management in Guelders.

W artykule omówiono tryb powoływania, kompetencje i uposażenie urzędników centralnych/dworskich Księstwa Szczecińskiego w XVI i w pierwszych dekadach XVII w. Zwrócono uwagę na urząd marszałka nadwornego i jego zastępcy — podmarszałka. Do lat siedemdziesiątych XVI w. kompetencje zbliżone do marszałkowskich miał ochmistrz dworu, którego rolę z czasem sprowadzono do opieki nad fraucymeremksiężnej. Kontrolę nad kancelarią książęcą sprawował kanclerz. Ostatnim z centralnych urzędników Księstwa Szczecińskiego był rentmistrz krajowy, prowadzący nadzór nad prywatną szkatułą władcy.

The development of Amersfoort’s two city walls can be divided into five periods. The first city wall was built in the first period 1259-1379. Although Amersfoort had been granted a charter in 1259, construction of the wall did not commence until after a serious assault by troops from the duchy of Gelre (Geulders) in 1274. The defensive wall was made stronger on that side, probably in expectation of more attacks from that direction. Between 1380 and 1500 Gelre troops attacked Amersfoort on multiple occasions and offensive firepower increased. Interestingly, Amersfoort opted to build a second city wall rather than reinforcing the existing one, considerably increasing the size of the city in the process. However, the project proved difficult to finance, defend and maintain, most likely due to the stagnating economy. Instead of being demolished after the second wall was in place, the first wall was reinforced with abutting houses, thereby becoming a kind of rampart within a rampart. The new fortifications turned out to be ineffective and in 1501 the city council decided to demolish the first city wall. This freed up space for a second generation of wall houses, mostly built from reused stone and with their front elevation on the trajectory of the first wall, with the exception of the houses along Krankeledenstraat and the southern section of Breestraat. In this same period, up until 1644, there was an attempt to strengthen Amersfoort’s defences. Several fortification plans were drawn up, none of which was implemented in its entirety, most probably due to a lack of financial resources. The ramparts that were realized are concentrated in the south-west since in this period the possibility of a new Spanish incursion was greater than any threat from Gelre. In the third period, 1645-1828, the council’s approval of additional openings in the city wall marked the beginning of a gradual deterioration of the defensive works. They had always been a big budget item, yet they had not been particularly effective. Accordingly, the council decided to convert the fortifications into lucrative functions. The Davidsbolwerk, for example, was turned into a cemetery. The most extensive demolition probably started in 1778 when it was also decided to dismantle various outer and inner gates in the second city wall. By 1829 the fortifications had entirely lost their defensive function and the city council proposed converting the outer line into a green pathway encircling the city, which would have resulted in the disappearance of all remaining traces of the wall. However, this was averted in 1844 by a national ban on the demolition of fortifications and they were subsequently integrated with the walking route. City planners continued to submit applications for demolition but encountered fierce resistance from heritage organizations. In addition, many remnants avoided demolition because most urban expansion occurred outside the historical centre. This resulted in a concomitant shift in the economic focus so that the fortifications no longer needed to be sacrificed to industrial development. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, with appreciation for the heritage value of fortifications growing, money became available for their restoration and Amersfoort’s historical centre was declared a conservation area.

Artykuł poświęcony jest dziejom sejmu Prus Książęcych z roku 1566, który stał się przełomowym w relac�jach miedzy panującym ks. Albrechtem a stanami pruskimi oraz między lennem pruskim a państwem zwierzch�nim Polską. Jego rezultatem było udaremnienie absolutystycznego zamachu stanu tzw. nowych radców książę�cych i przejęcie na okres najbliższego dziesięciolecia de facto władzy w Księstwie Pruskim przez stany pruskie, a dokładniej przez oligarchię pruską. Była też szansa, choć niewykorzystana, wprowadzenia polskiego namiest�nika, który rządziłby księstwem z powodu niedołężności starego księcia Albrechta (1490–1568) i zbyt młodego do sprawowania tutaj władzy, bo 13-letniego księcia Albrechta Fryderyka. Jednak nadzór Polski nad księstwem został powiększony, choć w mniejszym zakresie. Zagwarantowano szlachcie pruskiej prawo zwracania się do króla polskiego i Korony Polskiej o pomoc w wypadku gdyby książę pruski naruszał jej przywileje. Poza tym władca ten, nie miał prawa zawiązywać żadnych sojuszów bez zgody Korony Polskiej i stanów pruskich.

The history of public administration in the state of emergency: the system of public administration in the territories of the former Austrian partition on the threshold of the Second Republic of PolandIn the reborn Poland, in the territories of the three former partitions, the creation of Polish centres of administrative power and its structures took place in a different political and legal environment. The main purpose of this article is to present the specificity of the process of creating public administration structures and determining its organizational model in the territories of the former Austrian partition in the context of the reconstruction of the Polish country. The article focuses on the status and rules of organization of public administration introduced by the Polish Liquidation Committee, Interim Governing Committee of Eastern Galicia, the Governing Committee, the General Government Delegate of Galicia and the National Council of the Duchy of Cieszyn. The main thesis of the author of the article is the statement that at the time of creating public administration structures in the territories of the former Austrian partition, the duality principle of the government and self-government administration was no longer in use, transferring the responsibility of administering to the monocratic administration authorities.

Remarks on the problems associated with the inculturation of the Napoleonic Code in the Kingdom of Poland — doubts concerning Article 530A serious problem can arise when a society has to deal with regulations not adapted to its internal relations, regulations that have been imposed on that society. Such a situation occurred in Poland in the early nineteenth century in connection with the introduction of the Napoleonic Code within the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. This generated a lot of controversy, not only among members of the Council of State, but also among wealthy and lesser nobility as well as Catholic clergy. The state was characterised by numerous remnants of feudalism. The conditions, when it came to both social and economic relations, were different than those in France. Consequently, the provisions of the Code referring to property were not fully applicable in practice. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code remained in force in the Kingdom of Poland and the Free City of Kraków. However, it still had many opponents in the Kingdom of Poland. In the end there emerged a concept of reform of property law, with one of its points being a change in the provisions guaranteeing inferior owners a possibility of redeeming their obligations. Such a right was guaranteed by Article 530 of the Code, which could lead to dominium utile or inferior ownership being transformed into dominium plenum or full ownership. A draft amendment was prepared by the Legislative Deputation and then adopted by the parliament on 13 June 1825. The inculturation of the Code in the Kingdom of Poland, a country on a lower level of socio-economic development than France, was doomed to failure. While in the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code was fictitiously used in practice, as it were, in the Kingdom of Poland legislative work was undertaken to change civil law and adapt it to the conditions in the country. Bemerkungen zu den Problemen der Inkulturation des Code Napoléon im Königreich Polen — Fragen vor dem Hintergrund des Art. 530Das Aufzwingen der Gesellschaft der Vorschriften, die den dort herrschenden Verhältnissen nicht entsprechen, kann ein wesentliches Problem darstellen. Gerade mit dieser Situation hatte man auf polnischen Gebieten am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung des Code Napoléon im Warschauer Herzogtum zu tun. Diese Maßnahmen weckten viele Kontroversen nicht nur unter den Mitgliedern des Standesrates, sondern auch des vermögenden und mittleren Adels sowie der katholischen Geistlichkeit. Den Staat charakterisierten zahlreiche feudale Überreste. Es herrschten dort andere als in Frankreich sowohl soziale, wie auch wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse. In der Folge fanden die Vorschriften des Gesetzbuches betreffend das Sachenrecht keine vollständige Anwendung in der Praxis.Nach dem Fall des Warschauer Herzogtums bewahrte das Code Napoléon die Kraft auf den Gebieten des Königreiches Polen und der Freistadt Krakau. Im Königreich Polen hatte es jedoch weiterhin viele Gegner. Letztendlich klärte sich die Konzeption einer Reform des Vermögensrechtes und ein ihrer Punkte war die Änderung der Vorschriften, die die Möglichkeit des Rückkaufs der Obliegenheiten durch die unterliegenden Eigentümer garantierten. Dieses Recht sicherte Art. 530 des Code Napoléon zu, dessen Geltung zur Umwandlung des unterstellten Eigentums in ein volles Eigentum führen könnte. Der Entwurf der Novellierung wurde von der Rechtsgebenden Deputation vorbereitet und dann durch das Parlament am 13. Juni 1825 beschlossen.Der Inkulturationsprozess des Gesetzbuches im Königreich Polen, einem Staat, der auf einer niedrigeren Ebene der sozial-wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung als Frankreich stand, war zu einer Niederlage verurteilt. Obwohl im Warschauer Herzogtum eine Fiktion der Anwendung des Code Napoléon in der Praxis angenommen wurde, so unternahm man im Königreich Polen legislatorische Arbeiten mit dem Ziel der Änderung des Zivilrechtes und seiner Anpassung an die im Lande herrschenden Verhältnisse.

The paper presents a case study of the eighteenth-century diplomatic struggle between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire over the legal status of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and its ruling house. The main purpose of the research is to analyse the circumstances leading to the enthronement of Charles Christian Wettin as the Duke of Courland (1759‒1763), discover the tools of Russian international policy and review goals and resources of both Polish–Saxon and Russian sides of the conflict. History, Law and International Relations combine in the interdisciplinary research on the ‘Couronian Question’. From this perspective, Courland and its Duke remain the objects, and the Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia – the subjects of the study.

Among the most important aspects of government policy aimed at Jews in the nineteenth-century Polish lands was the issue of where Jews could reside. Medieval in its roots, the conviction that some form of separation was needed was vested in contemporary arguments. Pertinent in this context was the stance taken by the authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw. The article discusses the question whether old city privileges imposing restrictions on Jews were in force at that time. The author claims—contrary to previous historiography—that this question cannot be reduced to a simple “yes”or “no”answer. Referring to the concepts of sociology of law, the double dimension of law (law in books and law in action) can be identified. The issue may serve as an interesting example of legal pluralism and the power of law-convictions. Based on ministerial and local correspondence, the analysis leads to two major conclusions. First, while in theory old city privileges were no longer in force— and this was clearly stated by ministers—the latter decided to refrain from announcing this to the public. Moreover, they agreed to develop an unofficial policy of resolving some cases “as if the old privileges were still binding.”Second, the officially introduced concept of district (rewir) was designed to replace the old privileges, as it offered a variety of new justifications. These were linked to the modernization policy, with claims regarding the integration of acculturated individuals, order, sanitation, and safety.

The paper presents an analysis of the “Schulzoid” novel by Dominika Słowik, Atlas: Döppelganger, which addressed the topic of passing from adolescence to adulthood during the Polish systemic transformation. The author’s starting point is the famous interpretation of Schulz’s fiction by Artur Sandauer in his essay “The Degraded Reality” [Rzeczywistość zdegradowana], based on a claim that Schulz represented in his own way the experience of the decomposition of the known world as a result of the capitalist expansion in the early 20th century. The analysis focuses on the figure of the grandfather and the transformation itself. The former is the central character in the narrator’s mythology of childhood: he keeps telling fascinating stories about life at sea, on the other hand being a fantasist who tries to alleviate his sense of exclusion from the new reality. The systemic transformation has been represented in Słowik’s novel by a series of antinomies as well. The nostalgic and sublime descriptions of the material conditions at the turning point have been combined with the pictures of degradation and trash. Then the novel is placed against the background of the literature of the 1990s, summed up by Olga Drenda’s essay, Duchologia polska. Słowik remembers the material conditions of the period of the systemic transformation and the trashy, though also sentimental, aesthetics of the historical moment when she and other authors of her generation were children. This makes the author of the paper compare their writing with Schulz’s postulate of the return to childhood. Yet in Schulz’s fiction childhood is the source of a private mythology – the images that constitute the writer’s imagination. The writers of the 1990s make a turn toward the reminiscences of childhood to revise critically the myths of the historical turning moment and to articulate their own and their generation’s experience of the transformation.

The article concerns costs borne by parties to court cases in the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland (until the unification of the Polish judiciary with the Russian system in the 1870s). Litigation costs included: court fees, attorneys’ and experts’ fees, travel expenses incurred by the parties and other persons whose appearance was necessary, daily allowances for the parties, witnesses and court officers, and costs of correspondence (delivered by court officers). The most important costs were the court fees, which were paid using stamped paper.The author focused on the content of three acts which comprehensively regulated the collection of stamp duty (acts of 1809, 1811 and 1863). In property litigations, the amount of stamp duty depended on the value of the disputed subject matter, while it had a regressive character (the bigger the claim, the lower the fees). However, in cases concerning non-financial claims, the fee depended on the affluence of the parties or was set as a lump sum.

This article explores the social history of the political elites of Mechelen, a town that evolved from a seigneurial enclave within the duchy of Brabant to the de facto capital of the Burgundian–Habsburg Low Countries between the 1470s and 1530. Proceeding from a quantitative analysis of lists of aldermen, fiscal registers and epitaphs, the article argues that the short-lived functioning of Mechelen as a capital city had great impact on its ruling classes. Mechelen was traditionally ruled by a coalition of craft guilds and prominent citizens, but the latter reoriented their social networks to the court elite, as the latter's presence supercharged pre-existing trends towards ennoblement among the urban elite.

Государственные, народные и культурные границы в мемуарной прозе Юлиана Урсын-НемцевичаУроженец деревни Скоки Брест-Литовского округа Юлиан Урсын-Немцевич в жизни принадлежал к группе людей, необыкновенно интересующихся миром, следствием чего были его многочисленные путешествия по Европе и Америке. Он странствовал, добровольно или под принуждением, по Старому Свету от Сицилии до Скандинавии и от Лондона до Петербурга, совершил экскурсию на Ниагарский водопад, посетил индейские и негритянские деревни Земли Вашингтона и потому, что не чувствовал себя спокойно при мысли, что лучше познал чужие края, чем землю отцов, в 1811 году предпринял цикл исторических путешествий по Польше, в которых, кроме туристических целей, хотел проявить свой гражданский протест против установления в 1772 году границ государствами-захватчиками на земле Речи Посполитой Обоих Народов. Постоянно в сообщениях парламентарных, корреспондентских и литературных он протестовал против административной демаркационной линии, с трудом её пересекал, придерживаясь принципа, что границы Польши раз и навсегда установили пястовские и ягеллонские правители. Он не соглашался с любыми их изменениями и ограничениями и не признал утрату государственных границ в 1795 году. Более всего он сопротивлялся нарушению границ, разделяющих первоначально Варшавское Княжество, а потом Королевство Польское и Российскую империю. State, national and cultural borders in Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz’s memorial prose Born in Skoki, near Brest, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was part of a group of people in the Enlightenment period who were exceptionally interested in the world, which led to his numerous travels across Europe and America. He travelled, voluntarily or under coercion, across the Old Continent, from Sicily to Scandinavia, and from London to St. Petersburg; he went on a trip to Niagara Falls, visited Indian and Negro villages in the Washington Land, and, feeling uncomfortable with the idea that he had got to know foreign lands better than his fatherland, in 1811 he embarked on a series of historical journeys across Poland, during which, in addition to pursuing tourist goals, he wanted to manifest his civic objection to the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. In his accounts memoirs, letters and literary works he consistently challenged administrative demarcation lines, crossing them with great difficulty, faithful as he was to the belief that Poland’s borders had been set once and for all by rulers from the Houses of Piast and Jagiellon. He accepted no changes of the borders and reduction of the country’s territory, and obviously did not acknowledge the loss of statehood in 1795. What became the most problematic for him was the crossing of the border separating first the Duchy of Warsaw and then the Kingdom of Poland from the Russian Empire.

The mass O Venus bant by Gaspar van Weerbeke enjoyed notable fame and diffusion, as shown by the considerable number of surviving copies. This study formulates a new hypothesis about the origin of the mass. An examination of the transmission of the mass suggests a new scenario for its composition in Milan in connection with a major political event: the alliance of the Duchy of Milan and the Duchy of Savoy with Charles the Bold in 1475. The choice of a Flemish cantus firmus is thus linked to a specific occasion related to the region in which the melody originated. Since some compositional elements can be read as intentional references to the L’Homme armé tradition, the specific context proposed for the performance of the polyphonic cycle seems particularly plausible because it can be linked to the court of Burgundy both in terms of historical and political events, as well as on the compositional and symbolic level. Finally, the possibility that Gaspar van Weerbeke was the initiator of the musical tradition of polyphonic settings of the chanson O Venus bant is explored.

In the year 1318, the Duchy of Opava was created and became one of principalities, belonging to the Bohemian Crown as a fief. During the next two centuries, under the rule of the collateral branch of the Přemyslid dynasty, it was repeatedly divided between its male members. The aim of the study is to collect all the contemporary documents and references about these divisions and particularly to evaluate minutely the legal status of individual separated parts of the land. Especially the division in 1377 was crucial and originated three domains, to a large extent independent. However, while the territory of Krnov transformed into the principality sui iuris during the 15th century, the existence of the Duchy of Hlubčice was only fleeting.

In this work, the study of the title issue will be continued and the focus will be on the boundaries of transparency of public action in the sphere of enacting and implementing the law. As a result of the actions taken, the author intends to find answers to questions relat-ed to the policy of informing citizens and possibilities of finding information on the func-tioning of the state. The research was carried out by conducting a source query and source analysis. The author in the main part of the work defined the bodies responsible for creat-ing the law. Then, he introduced individual governmental dailies, such as Dziennik Praw or daily newspapers issued in individual districts of the country (departments). The starting point was to discuss the policy of disseminating the content of the law also in the uncon-stitutional period before the first copies of the government press were issued. Next, the author discussed the results of research on specific issues such as the content of journals, with particular emphasis on the main topics, such as the justification for the implementation of the Napoleon Code and its analysis in terms of practicality. Finally, niche topics like hounds and tips are presented.

Boleslaw the Chaste, the prince of Cracow did not have children, perhaps as a result of the weddings of chastity he made with his wife. In 1265, prince Boleslaw, probably during the illness, adopted his relative – Leszek the Black – and made him the successor to the throne in Cracow. The second title of Leszek to the throne was the election of the mighty. During the Piast period, in the Cracow-Sandomierz Duchy, the ruling prince was elected. The first such elected ruler of Cracow, called princeps, was Kazimierz the Just and then his minor son Leszek the White. Successive monarchs were also elected by electionbut, the elections were maintained in the Piast dynasty and were usually only a confirmation of the election, as in the case of Leszek the Black. Boleslaw selected Leszek among others because they had starded to cooperate with him during the war between Bohemia and Hungary. Leszek the Black as the heir of the Chaste married Gryfina, the niece of Kinga. It seems that the mighty have accepted the decision of Boleslaw on the succession of the throne.

Le Naufrage de la Pucelle is a work written by Jean Molinet in 1477 to relate, in allegorical form, the attack of Louis XI to Mary of Burgundy’s States at the beginning of that same year. The text presents a vessel adrift, an image of Burgundy itself, manned by a duchess who is incapable of steering it and with a divided crew, which is also a true reflection of the inner situation of the territories ruled by the daughter of Charles the Bold. The crew members are surrounded by sea animals that seek to sink them, an image of the brutality of the French attack, but they are finally rescued by eagles that embody the imperial power. The text, which is faithful to the Burgundian chivalric ideology, is built through various levels of interpretation, where the allegory not only reflects the political situation, but it also conveys religious motifs that will be common in other later works by Molinet himself, indiciaire of the duchy during those terrible years.

Hennen van Merchtenen and the Continuation of the Brabantsche yeesten (ca. 1430-1450): The attribution problem In 1432, a Brabantine poet completed the first of two volumes which together would constitute the Voortzetting van de Brabantsche yeesten, a detailed account of the more recent history of the duchy of Brabant, meant as a complement to the authoritative history of Brabant, the Brabantsche yeesten, which Jan van Boendale had finalised about the middle of the fourteenth century. As a whole, the Voortzetting would cover the period from about 1350 until the birth of Philip the Good’s son, the later Charles the Bold, in 1433. The text is anonymous, but some historians have seriously considered an attribution to Hennen van Merchtenen, the author of a Chronicle of Brabant (Cornicke van Brabant), presented to duke John IV in 1415, in which Merchtenen committed himself to a much more important historical work, on condition that the necessary means were granted to him. Merchtenen was also a judicial officer in the service of the duke, and, because his traces in the archives disappear after 1418, it was assumed that he had died relatively shortly after that year. In this article, we contest this assumption and adduce a number of arguments concerning tenor and style in favour of one authorship for the Cornicke van Brabant and the Voortzetting.