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Introduction: The present study was developed to investigate and compare the extraction yield, the contents of polyphenols and mangiferin, the activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacteria, and the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of mango seed kernels vs. seed coats. Methods: Mango seed kernels and seed coats were extracted using ethanol as the solvent and tested against microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of extracts were determined by the agar dilution method. The anti-inflammatory activities were assessed both in vitro and in vivo by albumin denaturation method and carrageenan-induced paw edema test, respectively. Results: Both extracts yielded high contents of mangiferin and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activities of both extracts showed inhibition of the tested microorganisms Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli. Seed kernel extract (0.2 g/kg) reduced paw edema by 44.8% at 3 hours after λ-carrageenan administration. Meanwhile, 0.5 g/kg seed coat extract reduced paw edema less than the seed kernel extract (23.1% vs. 44.8%). Mango seed kernel extract, mango seed coat extract, and diclofenac sodium displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with IC50 values of 137.23 μg/mL, 292.12 μg/mL, and 6.64 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of mango seed kernel and seed coat extracts. The mango seed kernel extract was proven to be more effective than the mango seed coat extract and thus can be used in cosmetics as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent.

Mangiferin, a prominent phytochemical found abundantly in mango leaves, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects (Lee, Kim, & Kim, 2019). However, its minted solubility hinders its pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to optimize the parameters of the spray-drying process to improve the dissolution of mangiferin in Mangiferin indica L. leaf extract and formulate capsules for diabetes treatment. Fourteen experiments were designed using Design Expert software and optimized with BC Pharsoft OPT software. Three independent variables were investigated: the ratio of mangiferin to excipients (X1), the ratio of maltodextrin in spray fluid composition (X2), and inlet air temperature (X3). The dissolution of mangiferin was measured as the percentage released within 5 minutes (Y1), 15 minutes (Y2), and 30 minutes (Y3), and the percentage of hygroscopicity at 25oC (Y4). The results showed that the optimized spray drying process and formula, which included the ratios of mangiferin and maltodextrin in the spray drying solution of 8.30% and 9.63%, respectively, the inlet air temperature of 156.26oC, blowing speed of 50 m3/s, and pump flow of 3 mL/min, possessed a dissolution of mangiferin in the spray drying powder of 91.89 ± 2.43% at 30 minutes, and a percentage hygroscopicity of 0.13 ± 0.13% at 25oC. This study, for the first time, explored the cause-effect relationships and optimization of the formulation of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract powder. The spray-dried powder capsule released more than 90% mangiferin within 30 minutes and showed significant hypoglycemic effects in inhibiting the a-glucosidase enzyme (IC 50 of 36.94 µg/mL equivalent to mangiferin in comparison with the commercial drug Glucobay (acarbose 176.09 µg/mL). In summary, the capsules containing the optimized formula of mangiferin spray-dried powder from Mangifera indica L. leaf extract have been successfully prepared and have potential antidiabetic effects in in-vitro settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]