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Skin cancers are one of the most widespread and complex forms of the disease, resulting in very high mortality rates across the world. The current treatments available for skin cancer include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, etc. The selected treatment options for skin cancer are usually decided based on the condition of a patient and the type of skin cancer. The effectiveness of skin cancer therapy is still limited because of poor penetrability of the drug into stratum corneum or lesions, low efficacy, required higher concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredients to reach a therapeutic effect. Besides, low bioavailability at the site of action, the requirement of high dose, causes skin irritation, which significantly hinders the drug absorption through the stratum corneum. Thus, nanocarriers have been used to bypass the problems associated with conventional anti-cancer drug delivery systems. In the current scenario, nanotechnology-based therapy has shown great potential in the management of skin cancer, and these can be used for a more efficient drug delivery system to treat cancers. In this review article, the information on different nanocarrier systems for skin cancer has been elucidated. Moreover, the various nanoparticulate strategies and their effectiveness to treat skin cancer have been discussed.

Dendrimers are emerging class of nanoparticles used in targeted drug delivery systems. These are radially symmetric molecules with well-defined, homogeneous, and monodisperse structures. Due to the nano size, they can easily cross the biological membrane and increase bioavailability. The surface functionalization facilitates targeting of the particular site of action, assists the high drug loading and improves the therapeutic efficiency of the drug. These properties make dendrimers advantageous over conventional drug delivery systems. This article explains the features of dendrimers along with their method of synthesis, such as divergent growth method, convergent growth method, double exponential and mixed method, hyper-core and branched method. Dendrimers are effectively used in anticancer delivery and can be targeted at the site of tumor either by active or passive targeting. There are three mechanisms by which drugs interact with dendrimers, and they are physical encapsulation, electrostatic interaction, chemical conjugation of drug molecules. Drug releases from dendrimer either by in vivo cleavage of the covalent bond between drugdendrimer complexes or by physical changes or stimulus like pH, temperature, etc.

Aim:The study was conducted to understand enantioselective pharmacokinetic of venlafaxine (VEN) and o-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) using enantioselective HPLC method. The R-enantiomer of VEN is a potent inhibitor of both serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake, whereas the S-enantiomer is more selective in inhibiting serotonin reuptake. Enantiomers of ODV also inhibit noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake. Materials & methods:Study was carried out in wistar rats after oral administration of 120 mg/kg dose of racemic VEN. Results:Plasma concentrations of S (+) VEN were found to be higher than those of R (-) VEN. Plasma concentrations of S (+) ODV were found to be higher than those of R (-) ODV. Conclusion:A significant difference in most of the pharmacokinetic parameters was observed between the enantiomers of VEN in rat plasma.

Diabetes and its complications are a significant health concern throughout the globe. There are physiological differences in the mechanism of type-I and type-II diabetes and the conventional drug therapy as well as insulin administration seem to be insufficient to address the problem at large successfully. Hypoglycemic swings, frequent dose adjustments and resistance to the drug are major problems associated with drug therapy. Cellular approaches through stem cell based therapeutic interventions offer a promising solution to the problem. The need for pancreatic transplants in case of Type- I diabetes can also be by-passed/reduced due to the formation of insulin producing β cells via stem cells. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), successfully used for generating insulin producing β cells. Although many experiments have shown promising results with stem cells in vitro, their clinical testing still needs more exploration. The review attempts to bring into light the clinical studies favoring the transplantation of stem cells in diabetic patients with an objective of improving insulin secretion and improving degeneration of different tissues in response to diabetes. It also focuses on the problems associated with successful implementation of the technique and possible directions for future research.

Stem cells are the specialized cell population with unique self-renewal ability and act as the precursor of all the body cells. Broadly, stem cells are of two types one is embryonic stem cells while the other is adult or somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the cells of zygote of the blastocyst which give rise to all kind of body cells including embryonic cells, and it can reconstruct a complete organism. While the adult stem cells have limited differentiation ability in comparison with embryonic stem cells and it proliferates into some specific kind of cells. This unique ability of the stem cell makes it a compelling biomedical and therapeutic tool. Stem cells primarily serve as regenerative medicine for particular tissue regeneration or the whole organ regeneration in any physical injury or disease condition (like diabetes, cancer, periodontal disorder, etc.), tissue grafting and plastic surgery, etc. Along with this, it is also used in various preclinical and clinical investigations, biomedical engineering and as a potential diagnostic tool (such as the development of biomarkers) for non-invasive diagnosis of severe disorders. In this review article, we have summarized the application of stem cell as regenerative medicine and in the treatment of various chronic diseases.