Search

INTERLIS is an object relational modelling language and a Swiss national standard used to model and exchange cadastre data in a system neutral form. While INTERLIS was invented in Switzerland 30 years ago and used for over 25 years, in recent years the language has been applied also in many international projects founded by the Swiss government (ie. Azerbaijan, Belarus, Colombia, Georgia, Kosovo, etc.). One notable international development is the description of ISO 19152 LADM in the INTERLIS language, therefore enabling the use of all INTERLIS compatible tools (ie. UML/INTERLIS-Editor, compiler, data validation tools, data translation and schema generation) for LADM. The current version 2.4 of INTERLIS already supports geometric data types in 3D space (i.e. point, polyline, polygon). But for some future applications (i.e. 3D cadastres or BIM) some real 3D primitives (i.e. 3D volumetric type) and 3D constraints are still missing. Further, also topological structures for 2D and 3D space partitions are being investigated. For this reason it is planned to release a draft standard version of INTERLIS 3 which includes all missing types and functions by the end of 2018. INTERLIS 3 will also be proposed as an international standard. This paper describes the new features of the INTERLIS 3 language and how those new features can be applied to 3D cadastres, BIM and Smart Cities to solve real world problems.

Managing properties and people’s interests in complex multi-level developments is rapidly increasing the last decade and as a result, current cadastral information systems are facing a growing demand to capture, register, maintain, visualise and disseminate 3D spatial information. This has led to a continuous research, at the international scenery, for 3D models and standardization initiatives that help communicate the legal and spatial notions of the built environment.Each of Australia’s states has already established a well-functioning Cadastral Information System, which are progressively moving towards 3D Cadastre. Alongside, the LADM ISO 19152 has gained ground and since its adoption as international standard there have been several attempts by different jurisdictions worldwide to adopt LADM. This however, does not apply for Australia, as only one country profile has been developed – for Queensland – back in 2012.Considering that the LADM edition I revision has already started and through this process improvement and extensions of the current conceptual model, technical LADM specifications through application schemas and encodings, as well as process models will be discussed and investigated, it was a challenge to investigate the possibilities of adopting LADM in Victoria.Given this background, at this paper an approach to model the spatial counterpart of a future LADM-based profile for Victoria is presented, in the context of exploring the implementation issues of 3D Cadastre in Victoria, Australia using LADM. The current status of 2D and 3D cadastral developments in Victoria is presented and the direction towards the adoption of LADM in Victoria is introduced.To be able to develop a LADM Victoria country profile, which will describe the existing situation, but at the same time will be future proof, as first step the mapping between the two existing data models and LADM classes is performed.

Dense urbanisation has led to an increasing demand and pressure for land development, resulting in the partition of 3D space into different owners sharing delimited property interests on, above or below the land surface. Consequently, cadastral spatial units range from simple, but most common, 2D, to complex 3D collections of spaces worldwide, that are more difficult to handle in terms of surveying, storing in a database, maintaining, visualising, etc. Subsequently, this asks for the categorization and organization of the different types of spatial units that are physically identified and legally recognised in various jurisdictions worldwide. In the context of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO 19152, 2012), the “level” concept (LA_Level class) provides a framework for organising the different types of spatial units. Based on that, five levels of encoding are defined in ISO19152, providing a framework of categorisation of 2D spatial units, represented by five spatial profiles included in Annex E of ISO 19152.Six years after the publication of the first edition of LADM as ISO standard, a lot of research has been carried out by experts from all over the world, and today, the ground seems to be mature for the LADM (edition I) revision, which started in May 2018, as a joint activity with many stakeholders involved (ISO TC211, OGC, FIG, etc.). One of the goals of the revision, among others, is to improve LADM’s current 3D support. This can be achieved through the design of new 3D spatial profiles for the different types of spatial units that are recognised by cadastral authorities in various jurisdictions. New and different 3D spatial units’ types may be considered for inclusion in the standard.To this end, the aim of this paper is to investigate, examine and review - in the context of LADM revision- the different types of real-world spatial units, as they have initially been organised by Thompson et al (2015). Based on the revised taxonomy, spatial profiles for the spatial units’ categories are introduced and (several) are further explored and designed. Hence, the focus on this paper lies on two levels: the taxonomy and the spatial profiles, while the level of encoding is not included in the scope of this paper. However, the investigation of the technical encodings that will be used for the implementation of the 3D spatial profiles is introduced at the paper as future work, underlying its importance. Within this concept, the scope and ambition of LADM revision are discussed.

This paper presents the development of database for the conceptual model of LADM-IndoorGML. The aim of this work is to investigate all issues that related to generating the database and visualizing the content of the database. Based on the result of the transformation from conceptual model to the technical model that has been proposed by (Alattas et al., 2018), we have selected some classes of the conceptual model of LADM-IndoorGML to create a database in PostgreSQL with the extension of PostGIS. By converting those classes from class diagram to SQL DDL, a database has been generated and stored different type of data. A visualization tool has been used to visualize indoor spaces based on RRRs for the users.

Land administration is essential for urban planning and Spatial Information Infrastructure (SII). Interoperability of land administration and spatial planning will determine the success of SII utilization. This information should be accessible to all member of SII, including businesses and the community. This article proposes spatial planning information as an extension of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the ISO 19152:2012 in order to support spatial planning. The relevance of spatial planning information to be included into LADM is integral to Land Administration System (LAS) development. 3D Spatial planning along with 3D land administration (LA) will provide a complete scene for land tenure, land valuation, land use, and land development to support sustainable development initiatives. Further, the spatial planning extension will contribute to support the UN member countries in obtaining indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving interoperability and by integrating right, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) from spatial planning and LA which are often resulted from separate processes by different parties.

Many countries are extending their cadastral visualization systems in the third dimension. The reason for this stems from the increasing complexity of contemporary cities, the growing 3D approach in other fields (including 3D spatial data acquisition, spatial data processing and visualization), which made 3D cadastre technologically feasible, and the need to overcome the issues of 2D visualization. The visualization of cadastral parcels in 3D is a challenge, since legal boundaries are, in many cases, invisible in the real world; so how can we properly represent something that is not visible to our eyes? This paper results from research that looks into problems of occlusion and ambiguous perception (in terms of position, size and shape) of objects in the context of 3D cadastre visualization. The exploration of specific interaction techniques is essential to overcome these issues.The aim of this paper is to provide ’lessons learned’ resulting from the implementation of a 3D cadastre prototype that was built with the specific goal of trying out several visualization options of 3D cadastral information in a web environment. A usability test was carried out to obtain feedback from different groups of users. Usability is meant in terms of effectiveness and efficiency of the system and users’ satisfaction. The test users were subdivided into groups according to different professional domains and expertise. During the test, the users are asked to perform a series of tasks typical of cadastral systems. Each task is accompanied by a description to give the users some context. Then, each user is asked to answer a questionnaire about his or her experience. The results are used to extract general feedback. The outcome of the usability test is crucial to point out the detected limitations in this early stage of the prototype development. Design changes can then be made according to the feedback of the test users.

Property valuation is a process of estimating value of an immovable property. The legal, geometric, physical and environmental characteristics of the immovable property together with the economic indicators are taken into consideration during this process. Traditional cadastral systems only provide two-dimensional (2D) legal and geometric information about property units. However, today’s complex valuation practices (e.g. computer aided mass appraisal) would benefit significantly from three dimensional (3D) information on not only property units but also their physical counterparts (e.g. buildings, building parts). Moreover, 2D and 3D environmental information is needed for determining environmental conditions about immovable properties to better estimate the values of them.A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international valuation information model that extends the LADM for specifying semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The current version of the LADM Valuation Information Model, however, does not include detailed specification for the environmental characteristics of immovable properties (e.g. presence of views, level of visibility and distance to amenities) which can be derived with 2D and 3D geospatial analyses by means of various data sources.The purpose of this paper is to examine which geospatial analyses, especially 3D analyses, can be used to provide information about immovable properties including environmental and locational characteristics for property valuation activities. Furthermore, it is investigated that how property valuation can benefit from data sources including semantically rich 3D building, city and cadastral models for deriving environmental and locational characteristics of property units. To achieve these objectives, the data sources and geospatial analyses are initially investigated in the context of property valuation. Then, the paper focuses more on viewshed analysis. By using open topography, building and height datasets of the Netherlands and 3D GIS analysis, a viewshed analysis is presented to show how it can be utilized using different data sources for better understanding and explanation of values of the properties. The paper is concluded with a discussion to what extent it is possible and meaningful to include (derived) environmental characteristics of properties in the LADM Valuation Information Model.