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Statement of Problem: To simplify dental procedures, multicomponent products such as universal adhesives and self-etch ceramic primers have been recommended for glass-ceramic bonding; however, studies have shown a wide range of results., Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the in vitro bond strength promoted by hydrofluoric acid+silane-containing universal adhesives and a self-etch ceramic primer to glass-ceramics and compare it with that of conventional treatments., Material and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, LILACS, and ISI Web of Science databases up to April 2021. In vitro studies assessing the resin-mediated bond to glass-ceramics by using a self-etch ceramic primer and hydrofluoric acid+silane-containing universal adhesives and/or compared with traditional hydrofluoric acid+glass-ceramic primers were included. Selection of studies, data extraction, and risk-of-bias analysis were performed. Statistical analysis was performed by using a review management software program using a random effects model (α=.05)., Results: A total of 33 studies were included in the qualitative analysis and 26 studies in the quantitative analysis. Bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic was higher when a hydrofluoric acid+glass-ceramic primer was used than when using a hydrofluoric acid+silane-containing universal adhesive (P<.05), except when 9% to 10% acid concentration was used in combination with static aging (P=.100). A self-etch ceramic primer promoted bond strength values to lithium disilicate that were similar to those of the hydrofluoric acid+glass-ceramic primer (P>.100)., Conclusions: Hydrofluoric acid+silane-containing universal adhesive was not as effective as the hydrofluoric acid+glass-ceramic primer in promoting bond strength to glass-ceramic. Bond strength values generated by a self-etch ceramic primer to glass-ceramic were similar to those generated by the conventional treatment., (Copyright © 2022 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Rio Negro basin of Amazonia (Brazil) is a hotspot of fish biodiversity that is under threat from copper (Cu) pollution. The very ion-poor blackwaters have a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. We investigated the Cu sensitivity of nine Amazonian fish species in their natural blackwaters (Rio Negro). The acute lethal concentration of Cu (96 h LC 50 ) was determined at different dilutions of Rio Negro water (RNW) in ion-poor well water (IPW), ranging from 0 to 100%. The IPW was similar to RNW in pH and ionic composition but deficient in DOC, allowing this parameter to vary 20-fold from 0.4 to 8.3 mg/L in tests. The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM; Windward version 3.41.2.45) was used to model Cu speciation and toxicity over the range of tested water compositions, and to estimate lethal Cu accumulations on the gills (LA 50 ). The modeling predicted a high relative abundance of Cu complexes with DOC in test waters. As these complexes became more abundant with increasing RNW content, a concomitant decrease in free Cu 2+ was observed. In agreement with this modeling, acute Cu toxicity decreased (i.e. 96 h LC 50 values increase) with increasing RNW content. The three most sensitive species (Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Carnegiella strigatta and Hyphessobrycon socolofi) were Characiformes, whereas Corydoras schwartzi (Siluriformes) and Apistogramma agassizii (Cichliformes) were the most tolerant. These sensitivity differences were reflected in the BLM-predicted lethal gill copper accumulation (LA 50 ), which were generally lower in Characiformes than in Cichliformes. Using these newly estimated LA 50 values in the BLM allowed for accurate prediction of acute Cu toxicity in the nine Amazonian fish. Our data emphasize that the BLM approach is a promising tool for assessing Cu risk to Amazonian fish species in blackwater conditions characterized by very low concentrations of major ions but high concentrations of DOC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Adalberto Luis Val reports financial support was provided by Foundation for Research Support of Amazonas State. Christopher Michael Wood reports financial support was provided by Canada Research Chairs program, and a visiting fellowship from the Science Without Borders Program (CNPq-Brazil). Work in Canada was supported by NSERC (Canada) Discovery grants (RGPIN-2017-03843 to CMW and RGPIN-2019-04400 to AC). Adalberto Luis Val reports financial support was provided by Brazilian National Council for the State Funding Agencies. Adalberto Luis Val reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: to evaluate the existing evidence on surface treatment techniques employed in resin composite repair and their effect on the repair short- and long-term bond strength., Data and Source: This scoping review was performed under the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews and registered on the Open Science Framework platform., Study Selection: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus and grey literature up to September 2022 without language or date restriction. In vitro studies comparing mechanical surface and/or chemical treatments on repair bond strength of resin composite were included. Studies evaluating experimental adhesive systems or resin composites were excluded. Selection of studies and data extraction were performed. Data from selected studies was qualitatively analyzed., Results: A total of 76 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Among the mechanical treatments, alumina blasting was the most frequently used, followed by silica coating and diamond bur. As for chemical treatments, dentin bonding systems were the most frequently evaluated, followed by universal adhesive systems and silane/ceramic primer. The combination of mechanical and chemical pre-treatments increased the repair bond strength of resin composite in both short- and long-term simulated aging scenarios. The evidence obtained from the included studies was classified as moderate quality, mainly due to the medium risk of bias observed across most of the studies., Conclusion: The techniques used to treat the surface of resin composites for repair are diverse. Incorporating a combination of mechanical and chemical pre-treatments resulted in superior repair bond strength of resin composite materials under both short- and long-term simulated aging conditions., Clinical Significance: The analysis of evidence revealed significant variability among protocols for repairing resin composites. Utilizing both mechanical and chemical pre-treatment methods is important for enhancing the bond strength of resin composites during both short- and long-term simulated aging situations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To provide an overview of the in-vitro bond strength of universal adhesives to zirconia and analyze whether these adhesives are a reliable alternative to conventional zirconia primers., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases up to August 2021. Investigations published in English, assessing resin-mediated bond to zirconia using universal adhesives compared to phosphate/silane-based primer or phosphate-based primer were included. After study selection and data extraction, risk of bias analysis was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4, with a random effects model, at a significance level of 0.05., Results: In total, 23 studies were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Universal adhesives showed higher bond strengths than did phosphate-based primers (p < 0.00001) to aged zirconia without airborne alumina-particle abrasion. Similar results were observed when the zirconia surface was airborne-particle abraded at baseline and after dynamic aging (p < 0.0001). When universal adhesives and phosphate-silane based primers were compared, similar bond strengths (p ≥ 0.001) were observed after surface abrasion, regardless of storage condition., Conclusion: The results showed that universal adhesives generate higher bond strengths when compared to conventional zirconia primers.

We investigated how natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the Rio Negro (Amazon) affects acute copper (Cu) toxicity to local fish: the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) and the dwarf cichlid (Apistogramma agassizii). It is established that Cu 2+ complexation with DOM decreases Cu bioavailability (and thus toxicity) to aquatic organisms, as conceptualized by the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). However, we also know that Rio Negro's DOM can interact with fish gills and have a beneficial effect on Na + homeostasis, the main target of acute Cu toxicity in freshwater animals. We aimed to tease apart these potential protective effects of DOM against Cu-induced Na + imbalances in fish. In the laboratory, we acclimated fish to Rio Negro water (10 mg L -1 DOC) and to a low-DOM water (1.4 mg L -1 DOC) with similar ion composition and pH (5.9). We measured 3-h Cu uptake in gills and unidirectional and net Na + physiological fluxes across a range of Cu concentrations in both waters. Various DOM pre-acclimation times (0, 1 and 5 days) were evaluated in experiments with P. axelrodi. Copper exposure led to similar levels of net Na + loss in the two fish, but with distinct effects on Na + influx and efflux rates reflecting their different ionoregulation strategies. Rio Negro DOM protected against Cu uptake and toxicity in the two fish species. Both Cu uptake in fish gills and Na + regulation disturbances were relatively well predicted by the modelled aqueous free Cu 2+ ion concentration. These findings suggest that protection by DOM occurs mainly from Cu complexation under the tested conditions. The prevalence of this geochemical-type protection over a physiological-type protection agrees with the BLM conceptual framework, supporting the use of the BLM to assess the risk of Cu in these Amazonian waters., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives  The present study aims to characterize the spinal balance (SB) in young adults with Schmorl nodes (SN). Methods  A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 47 young adults. Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to divide the patients into an SN group and a control group. Standing full spine radiographs were used to compare the spinopelvic SB parameters between groups: sagittal vertical axis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS). Results  The LL and SS values were significantly lower in patients with SN when compared with the control group (54.5° versus 64.3°; 36.2° versus 41.4°, respectively). No significant differences were observed for the other parameters. Significant correlations were found in both groups between LL and SS; PI and PT; and PI and SS. Conclusions  Young adults with SN have associated SB modifications, particularly lower LL and SS values, when compared with a control group. This flatter profile resembles that observed in patients with lower back pain and early disc pathology. We believe that SNs are relevant clinical findings that should prompt the study of the SB of a patient, as it may uncover variations associated with early disc degeneration. Level of Evidence III ., Competing Interests: Conflito de Interesses Os autores não têm conflitos de interesse a declarar., (Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

The percentage of solid organ transplant recipients who develop extrapulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis (TB) is higher than the general population. In countries where the disease is endemic, TB should always be considered a diagnostic possibility, and extrapulmonary disease should also be considered. We present the case of a kidney transplant patient who initially presented for an abscess in the left dorsolateral region and was ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. With the initiation of antibacillary treatment, a drug interaction with immunosuppressants was verified, and rifampicin was maintained at a minimum dose with other antibacillary drugs at full dose, subsequently showing an improvement in the clinical picture. The adverse effects of TB treatment present great difficulty owing to the interactions of antibacillary drugs with immunosuppressants. Most patients with conventional treatment can be cured, so prompt diagnosis and treatment are important., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), migrates annually between whitewater and blackwater rivers of the Amazon. Unlike the whitewater, blackwater is characterized by higher levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), including humic acids (HA). Because humic substances impair sensory processes, the current study tested the hypothesis that O 2 and/or CO 2 chemoreception is impeded in blackwater owing to the presence of HA. Thus, the ventilatory responses of tambaqui to hypoxia or hypercapnia were assessed in well water transported from Manaus, local blackwater, and in well water containing HA either extracted from Rio Negro water or obtained commercially (Sigma Aldrich; SA). In well water, tambaqui exhibited typical hyperventilatory responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia. These responses were prevented by simultaneously exposing fish to SA HA (20 mg l -1 ). The negative effects of SA HA on ventilation were prevented when natural DOC (30 mg l -1 ; extracted from Rio Negro water after first removing the endogenous HA fraction) was added concurrently, indicating a protective effect of this non-humic acid DOC fraction. The hyperventilatory responses were unaffected during acute exposure or after acclimation of fish to Rio Negro water. HA extracted from Rio Negro water did not impair the hyperventilatory responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia. This study, while demonstrating a negative effect of SA HA derived from peat (coal) on the control of breathing in tambaqui, failed to reveal any detrimental consequences of HA (derived from the decomposition of a variety of lignin-rich plants) naturally occurring in the blackwaters of the Rio Negro., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Boron oxide nanoparticles (nB 2 O 3 ) are manufactured for structural, propellant, and clinical applications and also form spontaneously through the degradation of bulk boron compounds. Bulk boron is not toxic to vertebrates but the distinctive properties of its nanostructured equivalent may alter its biocompatibility. Few studies have addressed this possibility, thus our goal was to gain an initial understanding of the potential acute toxicity of nB 2 O 3 to freshwater fish and we used a variety of model systems to achieve this. Bioactivity was investigated in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) hepatocytes and at the whole animal level in three other North and South American fish species using indicators of aerobic metabolism, behavior, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and ionoregulation. nB 2 O 3 reduced O. mykiss hepatocyte oxygen consumption ( Ṁ O 2 ) by 35% at high doses but whole animal Ṁ O 2 was not affected in any species. Spontaneous activity was assessed using Ṁ O 2 frequency distribution plots from live fish. nB 2 O 3 increased the frequency of high Ṁ O 2 events in the Amazonian fish Paracheirodon axelrodi , suggesting exposure enhanced spontaneous aerobic activity. Ṁ O 2 frequency distributions were not affected in the other species examined. Liver lactate accumulation and significant changes in cardiac acetylcholinesterase and gill Na + /K + -ATPase activity were noted in the north-temperate Fundulus diaphanus exposed to nB 2 O 3 , but not in the Amazonian Apistogramma agassizii or P. axelrodi . nB 2 O 3 did not induce oxidative stress in any of the species studied. Overall, nB 2 O 3 exhibited modest, species-specific bioactivity but only at doses exceeding predicted environmental relevance. Chronic, low dose exposure studies are required for confirmation, but our data suggest that, like bulk boron, nB 2 O 3 is relatively non-toxic to aquatic vertebrates and thus represents a promising formulation for further development., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 MacCormack, Gormley, Khuong, Adams, Braz-Mota, Duarte, Vogels, Tremblay, Val, Almeida-Val and Westcott.)

Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) are a model species for tropical fish physiology, but details are lacking about their ionoregulatory response to acid waters. To provide specifics, we measured unidirectional Na + fluxes in low pH waters. Sodium influx ([Formula: see text]) was uninhibited during acute exposure to pH 4.5 and 3.5, and Na efflux ([Formula: see text]) rose only slightly at pH 3.5; net Na + flux ([Formula: see text]) remained positive at all pH. Similarly, during 24 h transfer to pH 3.5 [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] were unchanged at all times. Taking a closer look at the mechanism of Na + transport in the gills of tambaqui we found that [Formula: see text] was uninhibited by HMA, a Na + /H + -exchanger blocker, and Benzamil, a Na + -channel inhibitor, casting doubt on their role in Na + uptake in this fish. Measurement of Na + /K + -ATPase (NKA) and H + -ATPase (VHA) activity showed that neither changed at low pH compared to measurements at pH 6.5. Western blot analysis of ATPase expression saw no changes in amount of NKA and VHA at low pH, and immunohistochemistry showed expression of both NKA and VHA on lamellae and interlamellar region of tambaqui gills and that both proteins co-localized to the same gill cells. Location of expression also did not change in low pH water. Amazingly, tambaqui seem unaffected by pH 3.5 water, making them one of the most acid-tolerant fish species examined so far. In addition, they appear to share key ionoregulatory traits with other fish of the order Characiformes, which suggest a common origin for the ionoregulatory attributes.

Spinal fusion (SF) surgery relies on medical hardware such as screws, cages and rods, complemented by bone graft or substitute, to stabilize the interventioned spine and achieve adequate bone ingrowth. SF is technically demanding, lengthy and expensive. Advances in material science and processing technologies, proposed herein, allowed the development of an adhesive polymeric foam with the potential to dismiss the need for invasive hardware in SF. Herein, 3D foams of polycaprolactone doped with polydopamine and polymethacrylic acid (PCL pDA pMAA) were created. For immediate bone stabilization, in situ hardening of the foam is required; therefore, a portable high-pressure device was developed to allow CO 2 foaming within bone defects. Foams were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Adhesive properties of PCL pDA pMAA outperformed PCL when tested using glass surfaces (p < 0.001) or spinal plugs (p < 0.05). No cytotoxicity was observed, and bioactivity was confirmed by the CaP layer formed upon 7 days immersion in simulated body fluid. As proof of concept, PCL pDA pMAA was extruded in-between ex vivo porcine vertebrae, and micro-computed tomography revealed similar properties to those of trabecular bone. This novel system presents great promise for instrumentation-free interbody fusion., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different doses of the ionizing radiation (0 Gy, 10 Gy, 30 Gy, and 60 Gy) on the physical properties of dental materials., Methodology: Disc-shaped samples from each material (Ketac Molar Easymix, Vitro Molar, Vitremer, Vitro Fil Lc, Filtek Z 250 and Filtek Z 350) were made for water solubility, sorption analysis (n = 20), microhardness (n = 20), and surface roughness analysis (n = 24). Specimens were divided into four groups, according to radiation dose: control group (0 Gy), 10 Gy, 30 Gy, and 60 Gy. For water solubility and sorption analysis, the specimens were irradiated and were stored for 21 days to calculate the water solubility and sorption values. Microhardness analysis was carried out before and after irradiation doses. For surface roughness analysis, the specimens were submitted to brushing test, and after 24 h, initial surface roughness analysis was made in a rugosimeter. Subsequently, the samples were irradiated and final surface roughness analysis was made. The original water solubility and sorption, surface roughness, and microhardness values were subjected to ANOVA two-way statistical analysis and Paired t-test and Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05), respectively., Results: Water solubility and sorption values, and surface roughness values presented statistical difference between groups (0, 10, 30 e 60 Gy) for all materials., Conclusions: High doses of ionizing radiation (30 Gy and 60 Gy) increased the surface roughness, sorption, and solubility for the most materials., Competing Interests: None

To assess how the quality and properties of the natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could drive different effects on gill physiology, we analysed the ionoregulatory responses of a native Amazonian fish species, the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, to the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 10 mg l -1 ) at both pH 7.0 and pH 4.0 in ion-poor water. The DOC was isolated from black water from São Gabriel da Cachoeira (SGC) in the upper Rio Negro of the Amazon (Brazil) that earlier been shown to protect a non-native species, zebrafish Danio rerio against low pH under similar conditions. Transepithelial potential (TEP), net flux rates of Na + , Cl - and ammonia and their concentrations in plasma and Na + , K + ATPase; v-type H + ATPase and carbonic anhydrase activities in gills were measured. The presence of DOC had negligible effects at pH 7.0 apart from lowering the TEP, but it prevented the depolarization of TEP that occurred at pH 4.0 in the absence of DOC. However, contrary to our initial hypothesis, SGC DOC was not protective against the effects of low pH. Colossoma macropomum exposed to SGC DOC at pH 4.0 experienced greater net Na + and Cl - losses, decreases of Na + and Cl - concentrations in plasma and elevated plasma ammonia levels and excretion rates, relative to those exposed in the absence of DOC. Species-specific differences and changes in DOC properties during storage are discussed as possible factors influencing the effectiveness of SGC DOC in ameliorating the effects of the acid exposure., (© 2019 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents a heterogeneous group of naturally-occurring molecules in aquatic environments, and recent studies have evidenced that optically dark DOCs can exert some positive effects on ionoregulatory homeostasis of aquatic organisms in acidic waters. We investigated the effects of Luther Marsh DOC, a dark allochthonous DOC, on ion regulation and N-waste excretion of zebrafish acutely exposed to either neutral or low pH in ion-poor water. In the first experiment, simultaneous exposure to pH 4.0 and DOC greatly attenuated the stimulation of Na + diffusive losses (J out Na ), and prevented the blockade of Na + uptake (J in Na ) seen in zebrafish exposed to pH 4.0 alone, resulting in much smaller disturbances in Na + net losses (J net Na ). DOC also attenuated the stimulation of net Cl - losses (J net Cl ) and ammonia excretion (J net Amm ) during acidic challenge. In the second experiment, zebrafish acclimated to DOC displayed similar regulation of J in Na and J out Na , and, therefore, reduced J net Na at pH 4.0, effects which persisted even when DOC was no longer present. Protective effects of prior acclimation to DOC on J net Cl and J net Amm at pH 4.0 also occurred, but were less marked than those on Na + balance. Urea fluxes were unaffected by the experimental treatments. Overall, these effects were clearly beneficial to the ionoregulatory homeostasis of zebrafish at low pH, and were quite similar to those seen in a recent parallel study using darker DOC from the upper Rio Negro. This suggests that dark allochthonous DOCs share some chemical properties that render fish tolerant to ionoregulatory disturbances during acidic challenge.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) are widely used in boat antifouling paints and are released into the environment, potentially inducing toxicity to aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to understand the effects of nCuO and dissolved copper (Cu) on two ornamental Amazon fish species: dwarf cichlid (Apistogramma agassizii) and cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi). Fish were exposed to 50% of the LC 50 for nCuO (dwarf cichlid 58.31μgL -1 and cardinal tetra 69.6μgL -1 ) and Cu (dwarf cichlid 20μgL -1 and cardinal tetra 22.9μgL -1 ) for 24, 48, 72 and 96h. Following exposure, aerobic metabolic rate (ṀO 2 ), gill osmoregulatory physiology and mitochondrial function, oxidative stress markers, and morphological damage were evaluated. Our results revealed species specificity in metabolic stress responses. An increase of ṀO 2 was noted in cardinal tetra exposed to Cu, but not nCuO, whereas ṀO 2 in dwarf cichlid showed little change with either treatment. In contrast, mitochondria from dwarf cichlid exhibited increased proton leak and a resulting decrease in respiratory control ratios in response to nCuO and Cu exposure. This uncoupling was directly related to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Our findings reveal different metabolic responses between these two species in response to nCuO and Cu, which are probably caused by the differences between species natural histories, indicating that different mechanisms of toxic action of the contaminants are associated to differential osmoregulatory strategies among species., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Formation water (FoW) is a by-product from oil and gas production and usually has high concentrations of soluble salts and metals. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) have been shown to reduce the toxicity of metals to aquatic animals, and previous study showed that high waterborne Ca exerts mild effect against disturbances on Na + regulation in Amazonian armored catfish tamoatá (Hoplosternum littorale) acutely exposed to high Fe, Mn, and Ba levels. Here, we hypothesized that high Mg levels might also reduce the toxic effects of these metals on Na + regulation of tamoatá. The exposure to 5% FoW promoted an increase in Na + uptake and a rapid accumulation of Na + in all tissues analyzed (kidney+ -ATPase in fish. High waterborne Mg lowered Na + efflux rates and markedly inhibited Na + uptake, and also reduced both NKA activity and newly Na + accumulation in gills of fish. High Fe levels increased Na + net losses and inhibited Na + uptake in tamoatá. The diffusive Na + losses and the newly accumulated Na + in gills were reduced in fish exposed to high Mn and Ba. High waterborne Ba also inhibited NKA in gills, while both high Mn and Ba inhibited v-type H + -ATPase in kidney of tamoatá. High Mg did not lessen the toxic effect of Fe on Na + net fluxes, and reduced even more Na + uptake and the newly Na + accumulation in gills and plasma, and did not prevent the inhibition of both NKA and v-type H + -ATPases in kidney. Furthermore, Mg did not attenuate the effect of Mn on inhibition Na + uptake, keeping the activity of v-type H + -ATPase in kidney significantly lowered. High Mg levels mildly attenuated the effects of Ba in Na + balance by increasing the new accumulation of Na + in liver, and restore the activity of both NKA and v-type H + -ATPase in gills of tamoatá. Overall, high waterborne Mg does not have a strong contribution to, or have only minor effects, in protecting tamoatá against disruptions in Na + regulation mediated by high Fe, Mn, and Ba levels.

Increasing anthropogenic activities in the Amazon have led to elevated metals in the aquatic environment. Since fish are the main source of animal protein for the Amazonian population, understanding metal bioaccumulation patterns and physiological impacts is of critical importance. Juvenile tambaqui, a local model species, were exposed to chronic dietary Cu (essential, 500 μg Cu/g food) and Cd (non-essential, 500 μg Cd/g food). Fish were sampled at 10-14, 18-20 and 33-36 days of exposure and the following parameters were analyzed: growth, voluntary food consumption, conversion efficiency, tissue-specific metal bioaccumulation, ammonia and urea-N excretion, O 2 consumption, P crit , hypoxia tolerance, nitrogen quotient, major blood plasma ions and metabolites, gill and gut enzyme activities, and in vitro gut fluid transport. The results indicate no ionoregulatory impacts of either of the metal-contaminated diets at gill, gut, or plasma levels, and no differences in plasma cortisol or lactate. The Cd diet appeared to have suppressed feeding, though overall tank growth was not affected. Bioaccumulation of both metals was observed. Distinct tissue-specific and time-specific patterns were seen. Metal burdens in the edible white muscle remained low. Overall, physiological impacts of the Cu diet were minimal. However dietary Cd increased hypoxia tolerance, as evidenced by decreased P crit , increased time to loss of equilibrium, a lack of plasma glucose elevation, decreased plasma ethanol, and decreased NQ during hypoxia. Blood O 2 transport characteristics (P 50 , Bohr coefficient, hemoglobin, hematocrit) were unaffected, suggesting that tissue level changes in metabolism accounted for the greater hypoxia tolerance in tambaqui fed with a Cd-contaminated diet., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study evaluated application protocol (etch-and-rinse/ER and self-etching/SE) and dentin wettability (wet and dry) on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and transdentinal cytotoxicity of ScotchbondTM Universal (SU) adhesive system. The μTBS values and fracture mode were registered 24 h after adhesive system application and resin composite block build-up (n=5). For analysis of transdentinal cytotoxicity, odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells were seeded on pulpal surface of dentin discs (0.4 mm thick) adapted to artificial pulp chambers (n=8). The adhesive system was applied to occlusal surface, followed by 24-h incubation time. Cell viability (Alamar Blue) and morphology (SEM) were assessed. Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond were used as positive controls of the ER and SE application protocols, respectively. No treatment was performed on negative control (NC) group. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α=5%). Higher μTBS values were found for ER mode in comparison with SE protocol (p<0.05). Dentin wettability had no effect on bond strength of SU in both the ER and SE techniques (p>0.05). Most fractures involved hybrid layer and/or adhesive layer. Neither variable prevented the intense toxic effects of adhesive systems on MDPC-23 cultured cells, since intense reduction in cell viability (±88%) and severe alterations in cell morphology were observed for all groups compared to NC, with no differences among them (p>0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that application of SU following the ER protocol had better adhesive performance. However, this adhesive system featured intense transdentinal cytotoxicity to pulp cells, regardless of application protocol and dentin wettability.

Management of degenerative spine pathologies frequently leads to the need for spinal fusion (SF), where bone growth is induced toward stabilization of the interventioned spine. Autologous bone graft (ABG) remains the gold-standard inducer, whereas new bone graft substitutes attempt to achieve effective de novo bone formation and solid fusion. Limited fusion outcomes have driven motivation for more sophisticated and multidisciplinary solutions, involving new biomaterials and/or biologics, through innovative delivery platforms. The present review will analyze the most recent body of literature that is focused on new approaches for consistent bone fusion of spinal vertebrae, including the development of new biomaterials that pursue physical and chemical aptitudes; the delivery of growth factors (GF) to accelerate new bone formation; and the use of cells to improve functional bone development. Bone graft substitutes currently in clinical practice, such as demineralized bone matrix and ceramics, are still used as a starting point for the study of new bioactive agents. Polyesters such as polycaprolactone and polylactic acid arise as platforms for the development of composites, where a mineral element and cell/GF constitute the delivery system. Exciting fusion outcomes were obtained in several small and large animal models with these. On what regards bioactive agents, mesenchymal stem cells, preferentially derived from the bone marrow or adipose tissue, were studied in this context. Autologous and allogeneic approaches, as well as osteogenically differentiated cells, have been tested. These cell sources have further been genetically engineered for specific GF expression. Nevertheless, results on fusion efficacy with cells have been inconsistent. On the other hand, the delivery of GF (most commonly bone morphogenetic protein-2 [BMP-2]) has provided favorable outcomes. Complications related to burst release and dosing are still the target of research through the development of controlled release systems or alternative GF such as Nel-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), Oxysterols, or COMP-Ang1. Promising solutions with new biomaterial and GF compositions are becoming closer to the human patient, as these evidence high-fusion performance, while offering cost and safety advantages. The use of cells has not yet proved solid benefits, whereas a further understanding of cell behavior remains a challenge.

Many cities worldwide are established adjacent to estuaries and their catchments resulting in estuarine contamination due to intense anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate if fish living in an estuarine urban waterway were affected by contamination, via the measurement of a suite of biomarkers of fish health. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were sampled in a small urban embayment and a suite of biomarkers of fish health measured. These were condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatic EROD activity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biliary metabolites, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (s-SDH) and branchial enzymes cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The biomarkers of exposure EROD activity, and pyrene- and B(a)P-type biliary metabolites confirmed current or recent exposure of the fish and that fish were metabolizing contaminants. Relative to a reference site, LSI was higher in fish collected in the urban inlet as was the metabolic enzyme LDH activity. CF, GSI, s-SDH, CCO, and naphthalene-type metabolites were at similar levels in the urban inlet relative to the reference site. PAH biliary metabolite ratios of high-molecular-weight to low-molecular-weight suggest that fish from the urban inlet were exposed to pyrogenic PAHs, likely from legacy contamination and road runoff entering the embayment. Similarly, the sediment PAH ratios and the freshness indices suggested legacy contamination of a pyrogenic source, likely originating from the adjacent historic gasworks site and a degree of contamination of petrogenic nature entering the inlet via storm water discharge. Biomarkers of exposure and effect confirmed that black bream collected in the Claisebrook Cove inlet, Western Australia, are currently exposed to contamination and are experiencing metabolic perturbations not observed in fish collected at a nearby reference site., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In the framework of two national research projects (ORGANOSOL and CN-linkAIR), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) was sampled for 17 months at an urban location in the Western European Coast. The PM 2.5 samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental carbon (EC), major water-soluble inorganic ions, mineralogical, and for the first time in this region, strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) composition. Organic matter dominates the identifiable urban PM 2.5 mass, followed by secondary inorganic aerosols. The acquired data resulted also in a seasonal overview of the carbonaceous and inorganic aerosol composition, with an important contribution from primary biomass burning and secondary formation processes in colder and warmer periods, respectively. The fossil-related primary EC seems to be continually present throughout the sampling period. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios were measured on both the labile and residual PM 2.5 fractions as well as on the bulk PM 2.5 samples. Regardless of the air mass origin, the residual fractions are more radiogenic (representative of a natural crustal dust source) than the labile fractions, whose 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are comparable to that of seawater. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and the mineralogical composition data further suggest that sea salt and mineral dust are important primary natural sources of fine aerosols throughout the sampling period.

The total rate of N-waste excretion (M N ) in juvenile tambaqui living in ion-poor Amazonian water comprised 85 % ammonia-N (M Amm-N ) and 15 % urea-N (M Urea-N ). Both occurred mainly across the gills with only ~5 % of M Amm-N and ~39 % of M Urea-N via the urine. Tambaqui were not especially tolerant to high environmental ammonia (HEA), despite their great resistance to other environmental factors. Nevertheless, they were able to maintain a continued elevation of M Amm-N during and after 48-h exposure to 2.5 mmol L -1 HEA. The normally negative transepithelial potential (-18 mV) increased to -9 mV during the HEA period, which would help to reduce branchial NH 4 + entry. During 3 h of acute environmental hypoxia (30 % saturation), M Amm-N declined, and recovered thereafter, similar to the response seen in other hypoxia-tolerant teleosts; M Urea-N did not change. However, during gradual hypoxia, M Amm-N remained constant, but M Urea-N eventually fell. The acute temperature sensitivities of M Amm-N and M N were low from 28 °C (acclimation) to 33 °C (Q10 ~1.5), but high (~3.8) from 33 to 38 °C, relative to [Formula: see text] (~1.9 throughout). In contrast, M Urea-N exhibited a different pattern over these temperature ranges (Q10 2.6 and 2.1, respectively). The nitrogen quotient (NQ = 0.16-0.23) was high at all temperatures, indicating a 60-85 % reliance on protein to fuel aerobic metabolism in these fasting animals. During steady-state aerobic exercise, [Formula: see text] and M Urea-N increased in parallel with velocity (up to 3.45 body lengths s -1 ), but M Amm (and thus M N ) remained approximately constant. Therefore, the NQ fell progressively, indicating a decreasing reliance on protein-based fuels, as work load increased. In group feeding trials using 45 % protein commercial pellets, tambaqui excreted 82 % (range 39-170 %) of the dietary N within 24 h; N-retention efficiency was inversely related to the ration voluntarily consumed. M Amm-N peaked at 4-6 h, and M Urea-N at 6-9-h post-feeding, with an additional peak in M Amm-N only at 21 h. During subsequent fasting, M N stabilized at a high endogenous rate from 2 through 8 days post-feeding. Possible reasons for the high wasting of protein-N during both fasting and feeding are discussed.

The increment in crude oil exploitation over the last decades has considerably increased the risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination to Amazonian aquatic environments, especially for the black water environments such as the Rio Negro. The present work was designed to evaluate the acute toxicity of the Urucu crude oil (CO), the chemically dispersed Urucu crude oil (CO + D), and the dispersant alone (D) to the Amazonian fish Colossoma macropomum. Acute toxicity tests were performed, using a more realistic approach, where fish were acclimated to both groundwater (GW), used as internal control, and natural Rio Negro water (RNW) and exposed to CO, CO + D and D. Then, biomarkers such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (s-SDH) in liver, DNA damage in blood cells, and the presence of the benzo[a]pyrene-type, pyrene-type, and naphthalene-type metabolites in fish bile were assessed. Fish exposed to CO and CO + D, at both water types tested, presented increased biomarker responses and higher PAH-type metabolites in the bile. However, fish exposed to these treatments after the acclimation to RNW increased the levels of LPO, s-SDH (hepatotoxicity), DNA damage in blood cells (genotoxicity), and benzo[a]pyrene-type metabolites when compared to fish in GW. Our data suggests that some physicochemical properties of Rio Negro water (i.e., presence of natural organic matter (NOM)) might cause mild chemical stress responses in fish, which can make it more susceptible to oxidative stress following exposure to crude oil, particularly to those chemically dispersed.

The so-called "blackwaters" of the Amazonian Rio Negro are rich in highly coloured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), but ion-poor and very acidic, conditions that would cause fatal ionoregulatory failure in most fish. However these blackwaters support 8% of the world's ichthyofauna. We tested the hypothesis that native DOC provides protection against ionoregulatory dysfunction in this extreme environment. DOCs were isolated by reverse-osmosis from two Rio Negro sites. Physico-chemical characterization clearly indicated a terrigenous origin, with a high proportion of hydroxyl and phenolic sites, high chemical reactivity to protons, and unusual proteinaceous fluorescence. When tested using zebrafish (a model organism), Rio Negro DOC provided almost perfect protection against ionoregulatory disturbances associated with acute exposure to pH 4.0 in ion-poor water. DOC reduced diffusive losses of Na(+) and Cl(-), and promoted a remarkable stimulation of Na(+) uptake that otherwise would have been completely inhibited. Additionally, prior acclimation to DOC at neutral pH reduced rates of branchial Na(+) turnover, and provided similar protection against acid-induced ionoregulatory disturbances, even if the DOC was no longer present. These results reinforce the important roles that DOC molecules can play in the regulation of gill functions in freshwater fish, particularly in ion-poor, acidic blackwaters.

The chemical and light-absorption dynamics of organic aerosols (OAs), a master variable in the atmosphere, have yet to be resolved. This study uses a comprehensive multidimensional analysis approach for exploiting simultaneously the compositional changes over a molecular size continuum and associated light-absorption (ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence) properties of two chemically distinct pools of urban OAs chromophores. Up to 45% of aerosol organic carbon (OC) is soluble in water and consists of a complex mixture of fluorescent and UV-absorbing constituents, with diverse relative abundances, hydrophobic, and molecular weight (Mw) characteristics between warm and cold periods. In contrast, the refractory alkaline-soluble OC pool (up to 18%) is represented along a similar Mw and light-absorption continuum throughout the different seasons. Results suggest that these alkaline-soluble chromophores may actually originate from primary OAs sources in the urban site. This work shows that the comprehensive multidimensional analysis method is a powerful and complementary tool for the characterization of OAs fractions. The great diversity in the chemical composition and optical properties of OAs chromophores, including both water-soluble and alkaline-soluble OC, may be an important contribution to explain the contrasting photo-reactivity and atmospheric behavior of OAs., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Semisynthetic and commercial coumarins were investigated for their antibacterial and adjuvant properties with antibiotic agents against norfloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline resistant Staphylococcus aureus as based on efflux mechanisms. The coumarins and certain commercial antibiotics had their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations determined by broth microdilution assay against resistant S. aureus strains which overexpress efflux pump proteins. For evaluation of the modulatory activity, the antibiotics MICs were determined in the presence of the coumarin derivatives at subinhibitory concentration. Although the coumarins did not display relevant antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 128 µg/mL), they did modulate the antibiotics activities. Various coumarins, especially the alkylated derivatives in combination with antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations, modulated antibiotic activity, reducing the MIC for tetracycline and norfloxacin by 2 to 8 times. Polar Surface Area (PSA) studies were performed and the fact that the presence of apolar groups is an important factor for the modulatory activity of coumarins was corroborated. Docking on the Penicillin-Binding Protein from MRSA identified that 18 is a potential ligand presenting low E binding. The results indicate that coumarin derivatives modulated antibiotic resistance and may be used as potential antibiotic adjuvants, acting by bacterial efflux pump inhibition in S. aureus.

Background: Treatment for Freiberg disease has been largely conservative despite availability of various operative options for severe or refractory cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of pediatric patients with symptomatic Freiberg disease treated with intra-articular dorsal wedge osteotomy., Methods: Pediatric patients treated for Freiberg disease with surgery between January 1982 and 1999 were identified and selected for long-term clinical evaluation. Patients were evaluated regarding operative satisfaction and clinical outcome, performed according to the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) lesser toe metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale and range of motion (ROM) of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Patients had radiographic assessment of degenerative joint status with anteroposterior and oblique foot x-ray. Twenty patients (18 female, 2 male; mean age 15.2 years; range 12-17 years) were identified. The mean follow-up period was 23.4 (range 15-32) years., Results: The clinical outcomes of our patients were classified as excellent in 16 (80%) and good in 4 (20%). The AOFAS mean score was 96.8 (range 91-100) points at the last clinical appointment. A negative correlation between AOFAS score and time of follow-up (r's = -0.61, P < .001) was found. Also, a strong negative correlation was found between Smillie classification and AOFAS final score (r's = -0.88, P < .001)., Conclusion: The patients were very satisfied with pain and quality of life at a mean follow-up time of 23.4 years. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term follow-up report supporting the procedure described by Gauthier and Elbaz as a good option for operative treatment of Freiberg disease., Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Background: Lens probes used in arthroscopy typically have a small diameter and wide field-of-view. This introduces strong radial distortion (RD) into the image, ultimately affecting the surgeon's hand-eye coordination. This study evaluates potential benefits of using distortion-free images in arthroscopic surgery., Methods: Distortion-free images were obtained using RDFixer™ software (Perceive3D, SA) to remove RD in the input video stream. Twelve orthopedic residents performed an arthroscopic task (loose body removal) in a dry-knee model using video with and without distortion. Residents were questioned about image quality, and surgical performance was rated using an adapted Global Rating Scale., Results: A statistically significant improvement of all parameters was observed with distortion-free images. Residents perceived distortion-free images as providing a wider field-of-view and a better notion of relative depth and distance., Conclusion: RD correction improved the surgical performance of residents, potentially decreasing their learning curve. Future work will study whether the benefits are observable in experienced surgeons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Germ-line mutation in CDH1 gene is associated with high risk for Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) and Infiltrative Lobular Carcinoma (ILC). Although somatic CDH1 mutations were also detected in ILC with a frequency ranging from 10 to 56%, CDH1 alterations in more frequent infiltrative ductal carcinoma (IDC) appear to be rare, and no association with germ-line CDH1 mutation and IDC has been established. Here we report the case of a woman diagnosed with IDC at 39years of age, presenting extensive familial history of cancer at multiple sites with early-age onset and with no case of HDGC. Deep sequencing have revealed CDH1 missense mutation c.1849G>A (p.Ala617Thr) in heterozygous and four BRCA2 single nucleotide polymorphism in homozygosis. In this family, the mutation c.1849G>A in the CDH1 gene is not related to HDGC nor ILC. Therefore, here we highlight that multigene analysis is important to detect germ-line mutations and genetic variants in patients with cancers at multiple sites in the family, even if inconclusive genetic counseling can be offered, since hereafter, medical awareness will be held., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Our limited understanding of the effect of organic aerosols (OAs) on the climate and human health is largely because of the vast array of formation processes and sources that produce a multitude of molecular structures and physical properties. The need to unravel the enormous complexity and heterogeneity of OAs and thus understand their effects on the climate and human health has led to the development of different off-line methods based on the use of advanced analytical techniques. Within this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become essential for acquiring detailed structural characterization of the complex natural organic matter contained in atmospheric aerosols. In this article, we present a critical review on the application of NMR spectroscopy in OAs (primary and secondary) studies, focusing mainly on the water-soluble organic fraction, and how NMR has impacted our knowledge on atmospheric organic matter. A major emphasis is given on the wealth of chemical information that solid-state and multi-dimensional solution-state NMR can provide, including the sources, formation pathways, seasonal, and regional characterization of atmospheric OAs. Finally, major challenges are discussed and recommendations for future research directions are proposed., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Roundup Original® (RD) is a glyphosate-based herbicide used to control weeds in agriculture. Contamination of Amazon waters has increased as a consequence of anthropogenic pressure, including the use of herbicides as RD. The central goal of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of RD on juveniles of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Our findings show that biomarkers in tambaqui are organ specific and dependent on RD concentration. Alterations in gills structural and respiratory epithelium were followed by changes in hematological parameters such as concentration of hemoglobin, particularly in fish exposed to the higher concentration tested (75% of RD LC50 96 h). In addition, both RD concentrations affected the biotransformation process in gills of tambaqui negatively. Instead, liver responses suggest that a production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred in fish exposed to RD, particularly in the animals exposed to 75% RD, as seen by imbalances in biotransformation and antioxidant systems. The increased DNA damage observed in red blood cells of tambaqui exposed to RD is in agreement with this hypothesis. Finally, both tested sub-lethal concentrations of RD markedly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in fish brain. Thus, we can suggest that RD is potentially toxic to tambaqui and possibly to other tropical fish species., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Honduras. With the availability of a vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the causative agent for cervical cancer, the Honduran Secretary of Health undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing the HPV vaccine to support their national decision-making process., Methods: A national multidisciplinary team conducted this analysis with the CERVIVAC model, developed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization's ProVac Initiative. The cumulative costs and health benefits of introducing the HPV vaccine were assessed over the lifetime of one single cohort of 11-year-old girls. We assumed a three-dose series with 95% vaccination coverage of the cohort using a mixture of school-based and facility-based delivery. To estimate national cervical cancer cases and deaths, we used United Nations demographic projections and GLOBOCAN estimates based on registry data from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Based on estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Division of Intensified Cooperation with Countries (ICO), we assumed that 70% of cervical cancer would be due to vaccine types HPV16 and HPV18. We used a vaccine dose price of US$ 13.45 and evidence from the scientific literature to estimate vaccine effectiveness. National information was used to estimate health service utilization and costs of cervical cancer treatment. All costs and health benefits were discounted at 3%., Results: Upon fully vaccinating 86,906 11-year old girls, 2250 (undiscounted) cervical cancer cases and 1336 (undiscounted) deaths would be prevented over the lifetime of the cohort. After discounting future health benefits at 3% per year, the equivalent cases and deaths prevented were 421 and 170. HPV vaccination is estimated to cost around US$ 5 million per vaccinated cohort, but this would be offset by around US$ 1 million in avoided costs borne by the government to treat cervical cancer. Furthermore, 4349 discounted disability adjusted life years (DALYs) could be avoided at a cost of US$ 926 per DALY avoided, making HPV vaccination in Honduras a highly cost-effective intervention., Discussion: The net cost of HPV vaccination per DALY avoided is less than the WHO threshold for cost-effectiveness. However, at a cost of around US$ 5 million per vaccinated cohort, an important element to consider in this discussion is the budgetary implications that the introduction of the HPV vaccine would cause for the country., Conclusions: When comparing the costs and benefits of HPV vaccine introduction in Honduras, it is clear that this intervention would be highly cost-effective and that the intervention would greatly reduce cervical cancer disease. For these reasons, it is in the country's best interest to explore financing opportunities that could support the vaccine's introduction., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this research is to develop a direct spectrometric approach to monitor soils and waters, at a lower cost than the widely used chromatographic techniques; a spectrometric approach that is effective, reliable, fast, easy to implement, and without any use of organic solvents whose utilization is subject to law limitation. It could be suitable at least as an alert method in case of massive contamination. Here, we present for the first time a catalog of excitation-emission and total synchronous fluorescence maps that may be considered as fingerprints of a series of homologated pesticides, in large use in Morocco, aiming at a direct detection of their remains in agricultural soils and neighboring waters. After a large survey among farmers, agricultural workers and product distributors in two important agricultural regions of Morocco (Doukkala-Abda and Sebou basin), 48 commercial pesticides, which are fluorescent, were chosen. A multi-component spectral database of these targeted commercial pesticides was elaborated. For each pesticide, dissolved in water at the lowest concentration giving a no-noise fluorescence spectrum, the total excitation-emission matrix (TEEM), the total synchronous fluorescence matrix (TSFM) in addition to synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) at those offsets giving the highest fluorescence intensity were recorded. To test this preliminary multi-component database, two real soil samples, collected at a wheat field and at a vine field in the region of Doukkala, were analyzed. Remains of the commercial Pirimor (Carbamate) and Atlantis (Sulfonylurea) were identified by comparison of the recorded TEEM, TSFM, and SFS to those of the preliminary catalog at one hand, and on the basis of the results of a field pre-survey. The developed approach seems satisfactory, and the fluorimetric fingerprint database is under extension to a higher number of fluorescent pesticides in common use among the Moroccan agricultural regions.

Infections caused by dermatophytes, mainly Trichophyton rubrum,are often vulnerable to relapses upon cessation of antifungal therapy, reinforcing the need of new antifungals. Aldimines have potential biological activities, but there are few reports on their antifungal profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of 2-(benzylideneamino)phenol (3A3) and 4-(benzylideneamino)phenol (3A4) against dermatophytes. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, time-kill curves and fractional inhibitory concentration of the combination of 3A3, 3A4 and itraconazole against a set of isolates of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale. 3A3 was tested in a murine model of dermatophytoses caused by T. rubrum, and the effect on phagocytosis was assessed. The MIC values ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL for 3A3 and from 64 to 256 μg/mL for 3A4. The interaction between 3A3 and 3A4 with itraconazole proved to be synergistic and indifferent, respectively. 3A3 was as efficient as itraconazole in reducing the fungal burden on the skin of mice, being this effect associated with the influx of neutrophil and macrophage. Also, 3A3 was able to increase the internalization of conidia by macrophages. Altogether, our data encourage future clinical studies with 3A3 to treat dermatophytoses.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate both the bleaching potential and changes to average surface roughness (Ra) of enamel after brushing with a dentifrice. Fifty-four enamel specimens (4 x 4 x 2 mm) were divided into 3 groups (n = 18) and treated with 1 of 3 dentifrices: 1 with calcium peroxide, and 2 without. The samples were submitted to 20,000 brushing cycles. Color and Ra were measured before and after brushing. Although the Ra increased in all groups after brushing, only the dentifrice containing calcium peroxide resulted in an increase in reflectance.

Background: Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis., Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation., Results: The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC--Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00 mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250 mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500 mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes., Conclusions: In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.

Objectives: This parallel randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of two treatments for removing fluorosis stains., Methods: Seventy individuals living in an area endemic for fluorosis, with at least four maxillary anterior teeth presenting fluorosis with a Thylstrup and Fejerskov index from 1 to 7, were randomized into two treatment groups (n=35): GI - enamel microabrasion or GII - microabrasion associated with at-home bleaching. Microabrasion was performed using 37% phosphoric acid and pumice and, at-home tooth bleaching was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide. Areas of enamel opacities were recorded by digital camera at baseline and 1-month (1M) after treatment. Two blinded examiners evaluated the reduction in the area (mm(2)) of opacity using software. Two visual analogue scales were used: one for recording tooth sensitivity and/or gingival irritation ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (severe) and the other to evaluate participant satisfaction with the treatment used ranging from 1 (no improvement) to 7 (exceptional improvement)., Results: 1M after treatment, both groups showed a significant reduction in the area of enamel opacity (p=0.0001) and there was no difference between groups (p=0.1). Most of the participants from both treatment groups reported no or mild tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation (p>0.05). Participants reported that they were happy with the improvement in dental appearance, however, individuals from GII reported that they were happier than those from GI (p=0.004)., Conclusions: Both treatment protocols were effective in reducing fluoride stains, however, when home bleaching was associated to enamel microabrasion, patients reported a major satisfaction with dental appearance., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the color and surface roughness of nanoparticle (C1) and nanohybrid (C2) composites after immersion in distilled water, acai juice, grape juice and red wine and repolishing., Materials and Methods: After recording the initial surface roughness and color, the specimens were divided into four groups according to the storage solution. The specimens were reassessed after immersion for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and after repolishing., Results: The results showed that after 2 weeks, there were statistically significant changes in color of both resins in all groups, with the exception of the specimens stored in distilled water (P > 0.05). Only 12 weeks of immersion in red wine changed the roughness of composite C1 (P = 0.009)., Conclusions: Red wine produced the greatest color change in nanocomposites, followed by grape juice. Acai juice made the color unacceptable clinically only after 12 weeks. Repolishing reduced the color change in all groups.

Many image-based systems for aiding the surgeon during minimally invasive surgery require the endoscopic camera to be calibrated at all times. This article proposes a method for accomplishing this goal whenever the camera has optical zoom and the focal length changes during the procedure. Our solution for online calibration builds on recent developments in tracking salient points using differential image alignment, is well suited for continuous operation, and makes no assumptions about the camera motion or scene rigidity. Experimental validation using both a phantom model and in vivo data shows that the method enables accurate estimation of focal length when the zoom varies, avoiding the need to explicitly recalibrate during surgery. To the best of our knowledge this the first work proposing a practical solution for online zoom calibration in the operation room.

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (LC×LC) systems play an ever increasing role in separation and characterization of complex samples. When coupled with multichannel detectors, such as the diode array detector, these LC×LC systems become especially useful for non-target analysis and identification of patterns based on the information extracted from those complex samples. Nevertheless, due to the large amount of data generated by these systems, the extraction of useful information for the identification of patterns still is one of the major drawbacks for a wider application of this technique. As a preliminary step in data treatment, we have developed a simple and fast way to deal with this large amount of multi-dimensional data by identifying the three-dimensional (3D) regional maxima of each chromatographic peak generated in a LC×LC-DAD system: retention times at the peak maximum in the first- and second-dimensions and the wavelength of the maximum UV absorption. This dataset is then used to build a 3D fingerprinting of the given sample, which alongside the 3D fingerprinting of other samples, can be used to identify different patterns associated with the specific properties of every sample under study. The applicability of the developed methodology was further assessed by performing a non-target LC×LC-DAD analysis of four Portuguese red wine samples., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Spinal infection is a rare pathology although a concerning rising incidence has been observed in recent years. This increase might reflect a progressively more susceptible population but also the availability of increased diagnostic accuracy. Yet, even with improved diagnosis tools and procedures, the delay in diagnosis remains an important issue. This review aims to highlight the importance of a methodological attitude towards accurate and prompt diagnosis using an algorithm to aid on spinal infection management., Methods: Appropriate literature on spinal infection was selected using databases from the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health., Results: Literature reveals that histopathological analysis of infected tissues is a paramount for diagnosis and must be performed routinely. Antibiotic therapy is transversal to both conservative and surgical approaches and must be initiated after etiological diagnosis. Indications for surgical treatment include neurological deficits or sepsis, spine instability and/or deformity, presence of epidural abscess and upon failure of conservative treatment., Conclusions: A methodological assessment could lead to diagnosis effectiveness of spinal infection. Towards this, we present a management algorithm based on literature findings.

We evaluated the effects of acute exposure to low pH on Na(+) regulation in two Amazon cichlids collected from natural ion-poor "blackwaters", angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and discus (Symphysodon discus). Na(+) uptake kinetic parameters, unidirectional Na(+) fluxes, and net Cl(-) fluxes were determined at pH6.0 and 3.6. At pH6.0, both species presented low unidirectional Na(+) flux rates, with kinetics showing a relatively low affinity for Na(+) (angelfish Km=79, discus Km=268μmolL(-1)), with similar maximum transport capacities (Jmax~535nmolg(-1)h(-1)). Overall, there appeared to be high sensitivity to inhibition by low pH, yet low intrinsic branchial permeability limiting diffusive ion effluxes, resulting in relatively low net loss rates of Na(+), the same strategy as seen previously in other blackwater cichlids, and very different from the strategy of blackwater characids. At low pH, Na(+) uptake in angelfish was inhibited competitively (increased Km=166μmolL(-1)) and non-competitively (decreased Jmax=106nmolg(-1)h(-1)), whereas in discus, only a decrease in Jmax (112nmolg(-1)h(-1)) was statistically significant. An acute reduction in H(+)-ATPase activity, but not in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, in the gills of angelfish suggests a possible mechanism for this non-competitive inhibition at low pH. Discus fish were more tolerant to low pH than angelfish, as seen by lesser effects of exposure to pH3.6 on unidirectional Na(+) uptake and efflux rates and net Na(+) and Cl(-) loss rates. Overall, discus are better than angelfish in maintaining ionic balance under acidic, ion-poor conditions., (© 2013.)

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity of dentin, enamel, and 8 restorative composites on conventional radiograph and digital images with different resolutions., Materials and Methods: Specimens were fabricated from 8 materials and human molars were longitudinally sectioned 1.0 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The specimens and tooth sections were imaged by conventional radiograph using #4 sized intraoral film and digital images were taken in high speed and high resolution modes using a phosphor storage plate. Densitometric evaluation of the enamel, dentin, restorative materials, a lead sheet, and an aluminum step wedge was performed on the radiographic images. For the evaluation, the Al equivalent (mm) for each material was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05), considering the material factor and then the radiographic method factor, individually., Results: The high speed mode allowed the highest radiopacity, while the high resolution mode generated the lowest values. Furthermore, the high resolution mode was the most efficient method for radiographic differentiation between restorative composites and dentin. The conventional radiograph was the most effective in enabling differentiation between enamel and composites. The high speed mode was the least effective in enabling radiographic differentiation between the dental tissues and restorative composites., Conclusion: The high speed mode of digital imaging was not effective for differentiation between enamel and composites. This made it less effective than the high resolution mode and conventional radiographs. All of the composites evaluated showed radiopacity values that fit the ISO 4049 recommendations.