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Objective To investigate the effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55212-2 (WIN), on acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice with sepsis and its underlying mechanism. Methods Twenty-four healthy male mice were divided into (n=6): Control group, sepsis group (LPS group), sepsis+WIN55212-2 group (LPS+WIN group) and sepsis+WIN55212-2+mTOR activator MHY1485 group (LPS+WIN+MHY group). The sepsis model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS. After the tissue and blood samples were harvested in 24 h after modeling, ELISA was used to determine the contents of IL-1β, IL-18 and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in the renal tissues, as well as Scr, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and lactic acid (LA) in the serum. HE staining was employed to observe the pathological changes of kidney tissue and Paller score was calculated. The expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR and 6-phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in the renal tissues was detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the Control group, the LPS group had obvious kidney tissue damage, increased Paller score (P < 0.05), increased serum contents of lactic acid, Scr and KIM-1 (P < 0.05), up-regulated contents of LDHA, IL-1β and IL-18 in the renal tissues (P < 0.05), and elevated expression levels of p-AKT, p-mTOR and PFKFB3 in the renal tissues (P < 0.05). Milder pathological injury in kidney tissue, decreased Paller score (P < 0.05), reduced contents of lactic acid, Scr and KIM-1 (P < 0.05), decreased contents of LDHA, IL-1β and IL-18 (P < 0.05), and lower expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR and PFKFB3 were observed in the LPS+WIN group than the LPS group (P < 0.05). The LPS+WIN+MHY group had notably higher Paller score (P < 0.05), raised contents of lactic acid, Scr and KIM-1 (P < 0.05), increased contents of LDHA, IL-1β and IL-18 (P < 0.05), and up-regulated expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR and PFKFB3 (P < 0.05) when compared with the LPS+WIN group. Conclusion WIN can alleviate AKI in sepsis, and it may reduce the level of glycolysis in renal tissue, and alleviate inflammation through inhibiting AKT/mTOR/PFKFB3 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism of naringin (Ng) for intestinal mucosal injury in mice with intra-abdominal infection (IAI). Methods A mouse IAI model was established by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sixty-four healthy male mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=16): Control group (0.2 mL PBS), LPS group (LPS 10 mg/kg), Ng group (50 mg/kg Ng+10 mg/kg LPS), and BzATP group (5 mg/kg BzATP +50 mg/kg Ng+10 mg/kg LPS). Ng and BzATP were administered i.p. 1 h before modeling, while the Control group received an equivalent volume of PBS. At 24 h post-modeling, 6 mice from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed for ileum collection, and the histopathological changes in the ileal mucosa and Chiu's score were assessed using HE staining. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to investigate the expression and distribution of intestinal mucosal P2X7, pyroptosis effector protein GSDMD, and macrophage marker CD68. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression of P2X7 and pyroptosis-related proteins NLRP3, Caspase11, GSDMD, and GSDMD-N protein in ileum tissue. ELISA was utilized to measure the contents of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-10 in the ileum. The mouse sepsis score (MSS) was recorded within 7 d. Results In comparison to the Control group, the LPS group exhibited significantly higher MSS and Chiu's scores (P < 0.05), along with inflammation-associated damage to the ileal mucosa; Immunofluorescence assay displayed consistent and intensified distribution of intestinal mucosal P2X7, GSDMD, and CD68 (P < 0.05); Levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 were increased, while that of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was decreased (P < 0.05); Additionally, the protein expression of P2X7, NLRP3, Caspase11, GSDMD, and GSDMD-N in ileum tissue was increased (P < 0.05). In contrast to the LPS group, the Ng group displayed a decrease in MSS; HE staining and Chiu's scores indicated a reduction in inflammatory damage to the intestinal mucosa; Moreover, fluorescence signals for P2X7, GSDMD, and CD68 were decreased (P < 0.05). Levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were decreased (P < 0.05), while that of IL-10 was elevated (P < 0.05). The expression of P2X7, NLRP3, Caspase11, GSDMD, and GSDMD-N protein was decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the BzATP group were in contrast to those of the Ng group. Conclusion Elevoted expression of P2X7 receptor and Caspase11-mediated non-canonical pyroptosis aggravates the intestinal mucosal injury IAI mice. Ng may ameliorate the injury in IAI mice by suppressing P2X7 receptor and modulating non-canonical pyroptosis.

The linear power amplifier (LPA) suffers from low power supply utilization in the DC power supply mode, leading to reduced output efficiency. This paper constructs an efficient power supply mode based on closed‐loop dynamic power supply system (CLDPSs). The CLDPSs can generate a pair of bipolar dynamic power supplies based on a predetermined signal to provide power to LPA, which can maintain a small voltage drop between the power supply and the output of LPA, thereby improving the power supply utilization of LPA. In addition, the study also focuses on the conflicting relationship between the output ripple and the dynamic performance of the CLDPSs, for which a new parametric design of the LC filter circuit is proposed, aiming to achieve a balance between these two aspects. Finally, a voice coil motor driving platform is constructed for experimental testing. The results demonstrate that the output ripple and dynamic performance of the CLDPSs can be balanced. In comparison to the DC power supply mode, the CLDPSs power supply mode can enhance the efficiency of LPA by 2 times while the driving accuracy of voice coil motor is basically unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocrusts play an essential role in maintaining ecosystem stability, which is common in arid and semi‐arid areas. Although there have been some previous studies on the stoichiometry of biocrust subsoil in grazing systems, further research is needed to assess the effects of varying grazing intensities. Four grazing gradients were established to investigate the change mechanism of biocrust subsoil stoichiometry under grazing conditions, considering its seasonal response. These findings revealed that biocrusts' coverage and their chlorophyll content showed a parabolic trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase in grazing intensity. At the same time, their standard response thresholds to grazing intensity ranged from 2.67 to 5.33 sheep/ha. Moreover, the premise that the biocrust is damaged by grazing trampling has become a consensus; our study found that the biocrust still played an important role, although its structure was destroyed because of its greenness (BG) increased. The influence of grazing intensity on the biocrust subsoil stoichiometry is unquestionable; in addition, they are influenced by a combination of vegetation (10% and 19%) and environmental influences (6% and 18%). Furthermore, it was observed that these changes did not compensate for the reproduction and development of biocrusts in grazing‐induced trampling damage. In this study, the integrated consideration of biocrusts into the grazing system fully affirmed its essential role. Additionally, it clarified the pathways and effect of grazing on biocrusts subsoil stoichiometry, providing a new perspective and reference for developing grazing strategy on the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent control algorithms have been extensively utilized for adaptive controller parameter adjustment. While the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has several issues: slow convergence speed requiring a large number of iterations, a tendency to get trapped in local optima, and difficulty escaping from them. It is also sensitive to the distribution of the solution space, where uneven distribution can lead to inefficient contraction. On the other hand, the Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm is robust, precise, and has strong global search capabilities. However, its limitation lies in focusing on a single individual. As the number of iterations increases, the step size decays, causing it to get stuck in local extrema and preventing escape. Although setting a fixed or larger initial step size can avoid this, it results in poor stability. The PSO algorithm, which targets a population, can help the BAS algorithm increase diversity and address its deficiencies. Conversely, the characteristics of the BAS algorithm can aid the PSO algorithm in finding the optimal solution early in the optimization process, accelerating convergence. Therefore, considering the combination of BAS and PSO algorithms can leverage their respective advantages and enhance overall algorithm performance. This paper proposes an improved algorithm, W-K-BSO, which integrates the Beetle Antennae Search strategy into the local search phase of PSO. By leveraging chaotic mapping, the algorithm enhances population diversity and accelerates convergence speed. Additionally, the adoption of linearly decreasing inertia weight enhances algorithm performance, while the coordinated control of the contraction factor and inertia weight regulates global and local optimization performance. Furthermore, the influence of beetle antennae position increments on particles is incorporated, along with the establishment of new velocity update rules. Simulation experiments conducted on nine benchmark functions demonstrate that the W-K-BSO algorithm consistently exhibits strong optimization capabilities. It significantly improves the ability to escape local optima, convergence precision, and algorithm stability across various dimensions, with enhancements ranging from 7 to 9 orders of magnitude compared to the BAS algorithm. Application of the W-K-BSO algorithm to PID optimization for the Pointing and Tracking System (PTS) reduced system stabilization time by 28.5%, confirming the algorithm's superiority and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 (WIN) on acute lung injury (ALI) in septic mice, and to explore its potential mechanisms through glycolysis. METHODS: A mouse model of septic ALI was established by intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6) : (1) control group; (2) LPS group, receiving intraperitoneal injections of LPS at 10 mg/kg; (3) LPS+WIN group, receiving 1 mg/kg WIN intraperitoneally 30 min prior to LPS injection; (4) LPS+WIN+MHY1485 [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activator] group, receiving 10 mg/kg MHY1485 intraperitoneally 1 d before LPS injection and 1 mg/kg WIN plus 10 mg/kg MHY1485 30 min before LPS injection. Tissues were collected 24 h after modeling for analysis. Lung indexes were calculated, and histopathological changes of lung tissues were observed via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-10 in lung tissues, and lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in serum were quantified using ELISA. The levels of mTOR/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) signaling pathway-related proteins were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the LPS group exhibited an increased lung index, significant lung tissue damage, an increase in IL-1β levels (P<0. 05), a decrease in IL-10 levels (P<0. 05), and elevated expressions of lactate and LDHA (P<0. 05), along with increased levels of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), HIF-1α and PFKFB3 proteins (P<0. 05). The LPS+WIN group showed improvements with a reduced lung index (P< 0. 05), lessened lung injury, decreased IL-1β levels (P<0. 05), increased IL-10 levels (P<0. 05), and lower levels of lactic acid, LDHA, p-mTOR, HIF-1α, and PFKFB3 (P<0. 05). Conversely, the LPS+WIN+MHY1485 group displayed increased lung indexes and lung tissue damage, elevated IL-1β levels (P<0. 05), reduced IL-10 levels (P<0. 05), and higher expressions of lactic acid, LDHA, p-mTOR, HIF-1α and PFKFB3 (P<0. 05) compared to the LPS+WIN group. CONCLUSION: WIN55212-2 mitigates sepsis-induced ALI, potentially by modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α/PFKFB3 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting glycolysis and alleviating inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the improvement on Proportional‐Integration‐Derivative (PID) control for standard second‐order plus time‐delay systems (SOPTD). To achieve higher tracking precision and stronger disturbance rejection, a PID type‐ii and type‐iii control‐loops design method based on the combination of the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and dominant pole configuration technology is proposed in this paper. The PID type‐ii control loop is capable of achieving perfect tracking of step and ramp reference signals with zero steady‐state position and velocity error. The PID type‐iii control loop is capable of achieving perfect tracking of step, ramp and parabolic reference signals with zero steady‐state position, velocity and acceleration error. The effectiveness of the proposed PID type‐ii and type‐iii controller parameters tuning rules has been demonstrated via simulation of over‐damped, critical‐damped and under‐damped systems. To be specific, compared with the PID type‐i control loop, rise time, settling time and disturbance rejection property of the system have been significantly improved while realizing faster reference signal tracking. Finally, the effects of non‐dominant pole on the stability and robustness of PID type‐ii and PID type‐iii closed loop systems have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]