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Combining the four aspects of self‐, macro, environmental, and policy attention, using backward‐looking rolling regressions, we construct novel international and domestic investor‐attention indices using the search volume index from Google Trends together with Baidu Index to investigate how investor attention affects the CNY‐CNH spreads volatility. Moreover, comparing different GARCH‐MIDAS models and conventional GARCH‐type models is conducted concerning the out‐of‐sample volatility forecasting capability. Our results show that: (i) international and domestic investor attention has a positive impact; and (ii) the GARCH‐MIDAS models involving investor attention improve forecast accuracy. In particular, the model with domestic investor attention has an advantage in forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the expression of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods: We reviewed the data of IC patients underwent hydrodistension plus bladder biopsy. Follow‐ups were performed. We assessed the degree of inflammation of the bladder wall on slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). We performed immunohistochemistry for PD‐L1 expression detection and for counting T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Results: The present study included eight men and 32 women. With H&E staining, we detected 13, 15, and 12 patients with mild, moderate, and severe inflammation. The degree of inflammation was negatively correlated with disease course (P = 0.018) and positively correlated with bladder pain (P < 0.001). Hydrodistension was found effective at postoperative 3‐month for 19 patients. Overall, 17, 15, 7, and 1 subject had no, mild, moderate, and high PD‐L1 expression, that correlated positively with the degree of inflammation. Compared with patients with no and mild PD‐L1 expression, patients with moderate and high PD‐L1 expression tended to have more effective hydrodistension outcomes (12 of 32 vs 7 of 8; P = 0.017). In the subset of 12 patients with severe inflammation, there were five of six patients (83.3%) with moderate or high PD‐L1 expression and one of six patients (16.7%) with no and mild PD‐L1 expression with an effective hydrodistension outcome. Conclusions: Expression of PD‐L1 on bladder is detected in a cohort of IC patients presented with diffuse global glomerulation or Hunner ulcer. PD‐L1 expression is more common in IC patients with severe bladder inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To explore urodynamic characteristics and their clinical value in pelvic lipomatosis (PL) patients. Methods: We reviewed the clinical information of 84 PL patients. A voiding pressure‐flow study was used to classify patients into nonoutlet obstruction (NOO), latter‐half‐section obstruction (LHSO), or whole‐section bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) groups. Urinary morphologic features were measured by imaging examination and cystoscopy. Results: A unique LHSO that presented as sudden increasing detrusor pressure (Pdet) and decreasing flow rate in the latter half of voiding was observed for 52.4% (44 of 84) patients. Overall, 27.4% (23 of 84 patients) were diagnosed with BOO with whole‐section increasing Pdet and decreasing flow rate. According to the morphologic feature analyses, the NOO patients had the largest angle of anteroposterior vesical walls (P < 0.001) and the least severe thickened bladder trigone (P = 0.015). The external compression at the bladder neck and thickened bladder trigone caused a prolonged and strictured bladder outlet tract (see the Supplementary video). There were 0, 5, and 4 urinary diversions performed in the NOO, LHSO, and BOO groups at diagnosis (P = 0.055). No patients in the NOO group, seven in the LHSO group, and two patients in the BOO group had disease progression at follow‐up. Two LHSO patients and one BOO patients without hydronephrosis at diagnosis developed to hydronephrosis during follow‐up. Conclusions: Morphologic alterations of the urinary system of PL patients lead to unique LHSO or BOO on UDS. The presences of LHSO and BOO are associated with disease severity and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]