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Background: One of the most successful approaches to develop new small molecule therapeutics has been to start from a validated druggable protein target. However, only a small subset of potentially druggable targets has attracted significant research and development resources. The Illuminating the Druggable Genome (IDG) project develops resources to catalyze the development of likely targetable, yet currently understudied prospective drug targets. A central component of the IDG program is a comprehensive knowledge resource of the druggable genome. Results: As part of that effort, we have developed a framework to integrate, navigate, and analyze drug discovery data based on formalized and standardized classifications and annotations of druggable protein targets, the Drug Target Ontology (DTO). DTO was constructed by extensive curation and consolidation of various resources. DTO classifies the four major drug target protein families, GPCRs, kinases, ion channels and nuclear receptors, based on phylogenecity, function, target development level, disease association, tissue expression, chemical ligand and substrate characteristics, and target-family specific characteristics. The formal ontology was built using a new software tool to auto-generate most axioms from a database while supporting manual knowledge acquisition. A modular, hierarchical implementation facilitate ontology development and maintenance and makes use of various external ontologies, thus integrating the DTO into the ecosystem of biomedical ontologies. As a formal OWL-DL ontology, DTO contains asserted and inferred axioms. Modeling data from the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) program illustrates the potential of DTO for contextual data integration and nuanced definition of important drug target characteristics. DTO has been implemented in the IDG user interface Portal, Pharos and the TIN-X explorer of protein target disease relationships. Conclusions: DTO was built based on the need for a formal semantic model for druggable targets including various related information such as protein, gene, protein domain, protein structure, binding site, small molecule drug, mechanism of action, protein tissue localization, disease association, and many other types of information. DTO will further facilitate the otherwise challenging integration and formal linking to biological assays, phenotypes, disease models, drug poly-pharmacology, binding kinetics and many other processes, functions and qualities that are at the core of drug discovery. The first version of DTO is publically available via the website http://drugtargetontology.org/, Github (http://github.com/DrugTargetOntology/DTO), and the NCBO Bioportal (http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/DTO). The long-term goal of DTO is to provide such an integrative framework and to populate the ontology with this information as a community resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the novel multi-layer composite seals for planar solid oxide fuel cells are studied. The composite seals with sandwiched structure include Al2O3-based tape as support and glass-ceramic slurry as binder connecting the interface of the neighboring components. The result finds out that glass-ceramic slurry with 20 wt% Al2O3 has the suitable strength and deformability. The thermal cycle characteristics are greatly improved by using the multi-layer composite seals, and the corresponding leakage rates are lower than 0.025 sccm cm−1 for 20 thermal cycles at the inlet pressure ranging from 0.5 psi to 2 psi. SEM investigations show a very compact and good adhesion between the neighboring components, which can minimize the leakage paths. Single cell testing is used to examine the performance of the seals. The value of open circuit voltage is 1.17 V. At the constant discharge current density of 0.37 A cm−2, the voltage is stabilized at about 0.85 V for 50 h. The results demonstrate that the novel multi-layer composite seals are good candidate for SOFC application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]