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The aim of this study was to analyse RASFF notifications on allergens in cereals and cereal-based products in the period from 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2019. Allergies caused by food intake due to the presence of an allergen can pose a serious danger to the health of consumers. In order to promptly respond to any health risks related to food, food contact materials, or feed, The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) enables quick information exchange between the bodies and institutions involved in the system. All data on allergens in cereals and cereal-based products were downloaded from the RASFF database (RASFF portal) and processed in MS Excel 2010. The collected data provided information on the: notifying country, country(ies) of origin and distribution of the food product in question, notification basis, notification type, risk decision, distribution status, action taken, allergen present and respective food product. More than half of the reported food products originated from Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and Netherlands. Almost half of notifications were published by United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain. The most common allergens were milk, gluten and soya. Products in question in more than two-fifths of cases were pastry (sweet or savoury). The majority of the notifications were classified as alert notifications and a vast majority of total number of notifications were of serious risk. Allergen notifications were mainly based on official controls on the market and on company's own check but some were based on food poisoning. Just over two-thirds of products in question were distributed to other (member and non-member) countries and in over two-thirds of the notifications products in question were withdrawn or recalled.

The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) is designed to respond promptly to the health risks associated with food, food contact materials or feed by enabling fast exchange of information between bodies and institutions involved in the system. Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by moulds, are common contaminants found in cereals and cereal-based product all over the world that can be harmful to human (and animal) health. The aim of this study was to analyse RASFF notifications on cereals and cereal-based products contaminated with mycotoxins in the period from 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2019. All data were downloaded from the RASFF database (RASFF portal) and processed in MS Excel 2010. The collected data provided information on the: notifying country, country(ies) of origin and distribution of the contaminated product, notification basis, notification type, risk decision, distribution status, action taken, type of mycotoxin and specific cereal or cereal-based product in which the mycotoxin has been determined. Nearly half of the reported food products originated from Italy, Pakistan, India, Serbia and Sri Lanka. More than half notifications were published by Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. Only in less than one-fifth of the notifications the country of origin of the contaminated product was also the notifying country. Contaminated products in more than two-thirds of cases were maize, rice and rye grains and their products. Aflatoxin B1 was the most frequent mycotoxin, present in more than two-fifths of contaminated cereals and cereal-based products. The majority of the notifications were classified as alert notifications and a large majority of total number of notifications were of serious risk. Regarding the distribution status, over two-fifths of contaminated products were distributed to other member countries and in almost half of the notifications contaminated products were withdrawn or recalled.

Cereal bran possesses enzymes and antinutrients which should be reduced for their usability as a food ingredient high in dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. This study investigated the influence of high-intensity ultrasound on enzymatic and antioxidant activities, phytic acid content (PA), and functional and rheological properties of oat and barley bran. Ultrasonication was performed at three specific energies (87 kJ/kg, 217.5 kJ/kg, and 348 kJ/kg), without or with pulsation (5 s emission, 10 s pause). Bran was assessed for β-glucanase, phytase and antioxidant activities, PA and total phenolic content, hydration, and rheological properties. β-glucanase from oat bran was inactivated up to 82% and from barley bran up to 55%, depending on the ultrasound-specific energy and pulsation. PA and antioxidant activities were higher in native oat bran (PA 17.35 mg/g d.w., FRAP 6.96 μmol TE/g d.w., 3.30 μmol FAE/g d.w.) compared to barley bran (PA 11.53 mg/g d.w., FRAP 2.27 μmol TE/g d.w., 5.30 μmol FAE/g d.w.). In both bran types, phytase activity increased (40–44%) after treatments at 87 kJ/kg, and on average, PA was reduced by 17% in oat bran and by 39% in barley bran. Depending on the energy and pulsation, bran ultrasonication reduced total phenolic content (27–55%), antioxidant activity (by 28–48%), complex viscosity (62–71%), and maximum stress tolerance (46–68%) while increased water swelling (42–48%) and retention capacity (44–59%). Hence, high-intensity ultrasound is a useful technique in reducing antinutrients while altering the enzymatic activity and functional properties of the bran. These results could help the wider application of bran in food production.

3D printing is an emerging technology that offers the ability to produce tailor-made foods. This work addresses the physical properties of 3D-printed snacks enriched with wheat bran as a function of flour type (oat, barley), addition of acidity regulators (citric acid, sodium bicarbonate), printing temperature (20°C, 30°C, 40°C), and bran pre-processing (high-intensity ultrasound, vacuum microwave and pulsed light). Polyphenol oxidase activity, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of bran, the viscosity profile of the flour-bran blend, the precision of 3D printing, and browning kinetics of the physical properties of the dough and of baked snacks were investigated. During 1 h required to print ten pieces, the dough became very distinctly darker. Adjusting the printing temperature to 20°C and adding sodium bicarbonate resulted in a dough which changed colour less, but still very distinctly. Bran pre-processing inactivated polyphenol oxidase activity by 77 - 92%, which stopped browning of the dough within 50 min without affecting the printing precision. The use of ultrasound, vacuum microwave and pulsed light could be extended to other food components to achieve a greater inactivation of undesirable enzymes. Pre-processing techniques resulted in minor differences in the baked snack, so their future choice depends mainly on the amount of water that can be added to the recipe.

Gluten free bakery products often contain high levels of starch and refined rice flour, ingredients that are hypoallergenic but of low nutritive value. Pumpkin seed cake is a gluten free, nutrient-dense by-product of the oil industry, unfortunately still mainly used as animal feed. This study aimed to optimize the use pumpkin seed cake (10-30 %) flour and proso millet flour (10-50 %), in rice gluten free bread, based on their effect on textural and sensory properties, nutritive value and bread yield, through a central composite design (n = 13). While pumpkin seed cake flour contributed to nutritive value, it had a predominantly negative effect on texture and colour. These drawbacks were somewhat reversed by the proso millet flour, indicating a complementary relationship between the two flours. The optimized gluten free bread can be labelled rich in protein (14.1 g/100 g) and a source of fiber (5.2 g/100 g).

Flavor is one of the most important, but also the least researched parameter of bread quality. Numerous volatile compounds that contribute to the flavor profile of bread are usually extracted by the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS- SPME) method. The development of a reliable and sensitive HS-SPME method requires the selection and optimization of all key extraction parameters as well as performance of a validation procedure. The aim of this study was to optimize the temperature and time of HS-SPME of volatile flavor compounds of gluten-free bread and to validate an optimized HS-SPME/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for their quantification. This study included 62 volatile flavor compounds from the chemical classes of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, sulfur compounds, pyrazines, pyrroles, and furans. The determined optimal conditions for extraction with carboxen/divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane fiber were temperature 60 °C and time 60 min. Calibration was performed using a standard addition method. Linearity and precision were achieved within the examined method range for all compounds analyzed, with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.999. The relative SDs of the determined method repeatability and intermediate precision ranged from 0.3 to 18.9% and from 2.4 to 31.2%, respectively. The obtained limits of detection and quantification differed significantly among the analyzed compounds and ranged from 49.0 pg/kg to 94.5 μg/kg and 163 pg/kg to 315 μg/kg, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the proposed optimized method can be successfully applied for the quantification of all the analyzed bread volatile flavor compounds.

Buckwheat hulls (BWH) are a lignocellulosic material with valuable nutrient contents, especially rutin and dietary fibre, which are worth exploring from a food industry perspective. BWH are also a voluminous material that is difficult to grind to very fine particle sizes, which can be achieved under cryogenic conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effect of fractionation by cryo-grinding and size separation (180 µm) on the dietary fibre content and bioactive profile of BWH. While we hypothesised that micronisation would increase fibre solubility and release of bioactive compounds, we found that BWH must be fractionated to a size

In the present work, the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (0, 100, 200 and 300 MPa) and different treatment time (5 and 10 minutes) on the moisture uptake, cooking yield, colour and texture, as well as microbial population of chicken breast fillets was investigated. The application of high hydrostatic pressure resulted in a modification of quality parameters of chicken breast meat. By increasing pressure and time of the treatment the moisture uptake was reduced: samples treated with 300 MPa for 10 min had the lowest moisture uptake values. Cooking yield was not affected by HPP treatments. Increased pressure affected the colour by increasing L*, a* and b* values (only HPP treatment of 100 MPa in duration of 5 and 10 minutes did not affect colour of chicken breast meat). Lower pressures (100 and 200 MPa) tenderized, whereas elevated pressure (300 MPa) increased hardness in chicken breast fillets. Higher level of pressure (300 MPa) reduced bacteria count by about 3.0 – 5.3 log (CFU/g), depending on the microorganism and duration of the process.

Interest in healthier snacks is on the rise. 3D printing of healthier snacks enables the use of alternative ingredients such as grain by-products, but also presents challenges such as dough darkening and post-process deformations. This work aimed to investigate the influence of the amount of oil (10–30% on flour basis), xylanase activity (17–57 U/g on flour-bran basis) and resting time (1–3 h) of the dough on rheology of dough with added glucose oxidase, its 3D printing precision and snack quality (shrinkage, texture, colour). Response surface methodology, partial least squares and artificial neural networks (ANN) were compared for modelling the dough rheology and snack quality. ANN identified the highest sensitivity of the snack formulation to the amount of oil and the lowest to the resting time. Optimal amount of oil was 20% ; at lower amounts, dough had higher complex viscosity, yield point and flow point, whereby snacks were harder, darker, redder and yellower. At the optimum xylanase amount of 37 U/g, shrinkage during baking was minimized (5.4%) as the structure scanned by electron microscopy was more complex and compact. ANN showed that rheological properties of the dough can be valuable predictors of shrinkage and colour of 3D-printed snacks, facilitating product development.

Acrolein is a toxic compound present in food. It can be formed by bacterial species isolated from sourdough or applied as sourdough starter cultures, such as Lactobacillus reuteri. To the best of our knowledge, the content of acrolein in sourdough bread has not yet been determined, neither has a method for its quantification in such a sample been published. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple method for determining acrolein in sourdough, batter, and bread by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The selected conditions for acrolein extraction were temperature 40 °C and time 20 min. A significant effect of the matrix on acrolein signal was observed. Linearity and precision were achieved within the examined range for all evaluated matrices. The obtained limits of detection and quantification were 1.21 μg/kg of sample and 4.05 μg/kg of sample, respectively. The acrolein solution with the addition of 0.2% hydroquinone was stable for 48 h. The developed method was applied for the quantification of acrolein in gluten-free sourdough (with L. reuteri DSM 20016 or L. brevis DSM 20054 as a starter culture), and batter and bread with or without added sourdough. Acrolein was not detected in the samples prepared without L. reuteri DSM 20016. Acrolein content in bread prepared with L. reuteri DSM 20016 sourdough was 161 μg/kg, which is below the WHO provisional tolerable concentration, but its consumption would significantly contribute to the overall acrolein exposure.

Tjestenina predstavlja idealan matriks za dodavanje različitih izvora nutrijenata. Obogaćivanjem se tjestenini, osim nutritivnih, mijenjaju i senzorske karakteristike. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi prihvatljivost svježih i svježih kuhanih uzoraka širokih rezanaca obogaćenih različitim udjelima proteina graška i proteina konoplje od strane potrošača. U tu svrhu pripremljena su i ocijenjena po 4 (četiri) uzorka širokih rezanaca, svježih i svježih kuhanih, s različitim udjelima proteina konoplje i graška u recepturi proizvoda dodanih kao konopljino brašno s 31 % proteina konoplje i kao prah proteina graška s min. udjelom proteina graška od 80 %. Iz dobivenih rezultata senzorske procjene može se zaključiti da je najprihvatljiviji uzorak širokih rezanaca obogaćenih konopljinim brašnom onaj s udjelom konopljinog brašna od 10 % (3,1 % proteina konoplje) na ukupne suhe sastojke i u slučaju svježih i u slučaju kuhanih uzoraka te da je najprihvatljiviji uzorak širokih rezanaca obogaćenih proteinima graška u prahu onaj s udjelom proteina graška u prahu od 5 % (4 % proteina graška) na ukupne suhe sastojke i u slučaju svježih i u slučaju kuhanih uzoraka.

Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je odrediti parametre kvalitete svježeg pilećeg mesa nakon tretmana ultrazvukom visokog intenziteta. Rezultati su pokazali da ne postoji značajna razlika u ukupnom broju bakterija između tretmana u ultrazvučnoj kupelji kroz 5 i 15 minuta u ispitanim uzorcima pilećeg mesa te da tretman ultrazvukom nema trajan učinak na uništavanje bakterija u pilećem mesu. Nasuprot tomu, funkcionalna svojstva pilećeg mesa su poboljšana tretmanom ultrazvukom u trajanju od 5 minuta pri frekvenciji 37 kHz, snazi 380 W i amplitudi 100%.

Millet is an unexploited cereal with potential in the food industry due to its nutritional value and resistance to harsh climate conditions. Nutritious millet by-products have a potential to be exploited in the development of functional cereal products, but require processing in order to improve their physical and nutritional quality. Therefore, we investigated high intensity ultrasound as a pre-treatment for increasing the amount of freely available bioactives from proso millet bran. We also investigated high intensity ultrasound effect on enzymatic browning, water retention and protein digestibility, that are crucial for the utilization in the bakery and pasta industry. A 15 % millet bran suspension in water was treated with 400 W ultrasound probe during 5, 12.5, or 20 min, with the 60, 80, or 100 % of amplitude. High intensity ultrasound treatment with 80 % amplitude during 12.5 min showed the most significant improvement of the nutritive value ; – the antioxidant activity measured by FRAP test increased by 15 % (p < 0.05), total phenolic content by 16 % (p < 0.05). Still, the impact on the dietary fibre soluble in water and not ethanol, was Food Technology and Biotechnology 57 (2) 2019 www.ftb.com.hr Please note that this is an unedited version of the manuscript that has been accepted for publication. This version will undergo copyediting and typesetting before its final form for publication. We are providing this version as a service to our readers. The published version will differ from this one as a result of linguistic and technical corrections and layout editing. evident after the 100 % amplitude and 20 min treatment, causing a rise by 38 %. High intensity ultrasound treatment of 100 % amplitude and 5 min caused largest improvements in water retention and limited browning of the sample. Polyphenol oxidase was activated by high intensity treatment, regardless of the applied heating of the sample. Ambiguous impact of high intensity ultrasound on proso millet bran characteristics required an optimization which showed that the optimal pre-treatment for a 15 % millet bran suspension in water is at 100 % amplitude during 9.3 min.

Wheat bran is a by-product rich in bioactive compounds but possess a strong polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, which can act undesirably on product quality. This study aimed to optimize the particle size (500, 255, 10 µm) of wheat bran and time and amplitude of high- intensity ultrasound (HIU) treatment on the PPO activity, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and water swelling using response surface methodology. The PPO activity decreased depending on the particle size and HIU treatment time. Phenolic content, antioxidant activity and swelling were dependent on bran particle size. Temperature rise, depending on the HIU time and amplitude, affected PPO, phenolics and antioxidants. In optimized conditions (particle size 10 µm, HIU 15 min), 93% of bran PPO was inactivated while phenolic content increased for 11%. Wheat flour combined with micronized and ultrasonically treated bran (at 20% w/w) had improved gluten formation and pasting properties compared with flour containing native bran.

Gluten-free bread is often characterised by poor nutritional value and bioactive profile. Legume flours have potential for its enrichment, but the effect of sourdough fermentation of legume matrices on the phenolics and antioxidant capacity of bread is scarcely investigated. Thus, this study aimed was to determine the effect of partial replacement (25%) of wholemeal rice flour with yellow pea flour on phenolics and antioxidant capacity of gluten-free sourdough and bread. Sourdough was fermented with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016, Lactobacillus fermentum DSM 20052 or Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20054. Free phenolic acids (protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and ferulic), lactic and acetic acid content was determined by HPLC, and free total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH and FRAP antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometric methods. After 16 h of fermentation, total titrable acidity of the sourdough ranged from 11.85 to 18.97 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, with lactic/acetic acid content of 2.65–9.41. Yellow pea flour addition substantially increased protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content, but decreased the antioxidant capacity of unfermented dough and bread. Depending on the starter, the sourdough fermentation of pea-rice flour blend and its addition to bread increased the phenolic acid content, TPC and antioxidant capacity. Bread with yellow pea flour and L. brevis sourdough showed the highest improvement in phenolic acid content (40%), TPC (44%) and antioxidant capacity (30% DPPH, 50% FRAP) compared to bread without added sourdough. The study demonstrates the importance of using sourdough fermentation with a carefully selected starter when adding pea flour to gluten-free bread to ensure high antioxidant potential.

Cereal by-products can negatively affect sensory properties and shelf life of foods if they are not pre-processed in order to alter their physico-chemical properties. Cryo-grinding is an innovative method for processing cereal by-products ; therefore, we investigated the effect of adding cryo-ground proso millet bran (10%) and buckwheat hulls (2%) on the quality and shelf life of sugar-free whole-wheat biscuits. Shelf life was investigated by texture and sensory analysis, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Regardless of particle size, by-products similarly affected the quality of biscuits and increased their nutritional value, while their shelf life was comparable to that of whole-wheat biscuits. NIRS and chemometric analysis of spectra successfully separated biscuits by composition and storage time. While developed partial least squares models showed lower precision in predicting storage, FFA, and PV based on NIR spectra, the artificial neural networks showed high prediction accuracy and low errors.

Wheat bran has a short shelf life, which could be prolonged by reducing the activity of enzymes in lipid degradation. In this study, high-intensity ultrasound treatment (400 W, 80% amplitude, 15 min), with or without cooling, was investigated for reducing the activity of lipase and peroxidase of wheat bran. Lipid stability parameters (free fatty acid content, peroxide value, anisidine value) of bran with coarse and reduced particle size (median 50th percentile diameter 503 and 177 μm, respectively) were followed under ambient or refrigerated storage conditions. Ultrasonic treatment without accompanying cooling inactivated 63% of lipase and 90% of peroxidase, but also decreased the antioxidant activity of bran by 13%. Compared with the untreated bran, the ultrasound-treated bran was darker, redder, and yellower. When ambiently stored, the critical anisidine value (10) of the unprocessed bran was exceeded after only 2 months, whereas the ultrasound-treated bran had an acceptable anisidine value for almost 12 months. Cooling during ultrasonication limits the ability to inactivate enzymes, and the reduction in bran particle size promotes its oxidative deterioration. The application of high-intensity ultrasound without cooling is beneficial for prolonging the oxidative stability of wheat bran compared to refrigerated storage.

Research background. Carob is widely cultivated Mediterranean plant, but its flour is scarcely used in bread-making. Previous studies investigated the quality of wheat bread with added carob flour showing discrepant results. This study aimed to investigate the fermentation performance, antioxidant activity, rheological behaviour, and baking application of carob sourdough. Experimental approach. Carob sourdough was fermented with Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24 h at 30 °C. At the end of sourdough fermentation number of viable lactic acid bacteria and yeast cells, titratable acidity, pH value, antioxidant activity, phenolics and sugar content of sourdough were determined. Carob flour (12 % of flour mass) or sourdough equivalent (22.5 % of dough mass) was applied in making composite partially baked frozen bread. Dough rheology was monitored using a farinograph. Rebaked bread samples were evaluated for nutritive value, physical properties, and sensory attributes using a hedonic test. Results and conclusions. By the end of fermentation, carob sourdough reached pH 4.2-4.5 and total acidity 9.9-12.3 mL of 0.1 M NaOH, sugar content was reduced for 8 g/100 g d.m, while total phenolics and antioxidant activity were increased up to 21 %, depending on the starter culture. Addition of carob flour or sourdough to wheat dough resulted in higher consistency, longer development time, and lower quality number. Regardless, bread with carob flour had significantly improved specific volume of bread. Compared with common wheat bread, carob breads had increased dietary fibre content (46 %), total phenolics (140-200 %) and antioxidant activity (240-300 %), higher shape, reduced crumbliness, unchanged firmness, and darker crumb colour. Consumers’ preference and overall acceptability scores of carob sour breads were comparable to those of wheat bread, falling into the category of 'liking very much'. Novelty and scientific contribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study that proved the feasibility of carob sourdough fermentation using mixed starter cultures, where L. brevis associated with S. cerevisiae was better adapted to the substrate than L. fermentum. The carob sourdough could be used as a natural ingredient for improvement of nutritive value and reduction of crumbliness of partially baked frozen bread.

This study presents the results of conventional aqueous (CE) and non-conventional ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extractions of polyphenolic compounds from lees extracts of red wine varieties (Merlot and Vranac). The effect of ultrasound extraction time (t, s), and amplitude (A,%) from a 400 W ultrasound processor with different ultrasonic probes diameters (Ds, mm) on the amount and profile of polyphenolic compounds in the obtained extracts was investigated and compared to CE. The optimal conditions resulting in maximum extraction of phenolic compounds were: Probe diameter of 22 mm, amplitude 90% and extraction time for Vranac wine lees 1500 s and for Merlot wine lees extraction time of 1361 s. UAE proved to be significantly more effective in enhancing the extraction capacity of trans-resveratrol glucoside (30.57% to 300%), trans-resveratrol (36.36% to 45.75%), quercetin (39.94% to 43.83%), kaempferol (65.13% to 72.73%), petunidin-3-glucoside (41.53% to 64.95%), malvidin-3-glucoside (47.63% to 89.17%), malvidin-3-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside (23.84% to 49.74%), and malvidin-3-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside (26.77% to 34.93%) as compared to CE. Ultrasound reduced the extraction time (2.5-fold) and showed an increase of antioxidant potential by 76.39% (DPPH) and 125.83% (FRAP) compared to CE.

The primary aim of the industrial use of sourdough is to improve bread quality and to replace additives. This study investigates the applicability of frozen stored barley sourdough in wheat bread. Sourdough was fermented with Weissella cibaria in the presence of sucrose and xylanase, and stored frozen for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. During storage, the number of viable cells in the sourdough declined. Softer dough and crumb were obtained after the sourdough was stored for a longer period (4 weeks), while bread specific volume was unaffected by the sourdough storage time. The highest bread specific volume, shape, crumb softness, and sensory liking were obtained with 20% of the sourdough. This study demonstrates the possibility for the industrial application of frozen barley sourdough, since it can improve the quality of bread compared to the native barley flour.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati fizikalno-kemijska i senzorska svojstva plodova više sorti kupina, jagoda, malina i borovnica uzgojenih u neposrednoj okolici Zagreba tijekom 7 dana skladištenja pri 4 °C u svrhu boljeg poznavanja svojstava sorti uzgojenih u Hrvatskoj. Shodno tome, 1., 4. i 7. dan skladištenja provedeno je određivanje topljive suhe tvari, pH vrijednosti, ukupne kiselosti, parametara boje (CIELab), tvrdoće pomoću teksturometra i senzorski je ocijenjena opća prihvatljivost, a mikrobiološka analiza provedena je samo 1. dan. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata pokazalo se da su se od svih ispitivanih vrsta voća borovnice pokazale najstabilnijima tijekom skladištenja te su senzorski dobro ocijenjene i to posebno sorta 'Duke' iz ekološkog uzgoja. Za druge sorte i općenito druge vrste, pozitivan utjecaj ekološkog uzgoja nije uočen. Među ispitivanim sortama kupina sorta 'Thornfree' se pokazala najstabilnijom, a sorta 'Tulameen' je bila najstabilnija i najbolje senzorski ocijenjena sorta malina. Jagode nisu pokazale zadovoljavajuću stabilnost tijekom 7 dana skladištenja, pri čemu se sorta 'Joly' pokazala najboljom do 4. dana skladištenja. Općenito, uspoređujući sorte koje su se u pojedinim vrstama istaknule kao najbolje primjećuje se da su imale visok udio topljive suhe tvari i nižu ukupnu kiselost te da se za jagodu i malinu preferirala svjetlija boja i srednja tvrdoća plodova, a za kupinu i borovnicu tamnija boja te tvrđi plodovi. Rezultati mikrobiološke analize upućuju na potrebu za primjenom strožih higijenskih mjera tijekom berbe i rukovanja voćem., The aim of this study was to examine the physical, chemical and sensory properties of several cultivars of blackberries, strawberries, raspberries and blueberries grown in Zagreb area during 7 days storage at 4 °C in order to gain better knowledge of properties of cultivars grown in Croatia. Therefore, on the 1st, 4th and 7th day of storage the determination of soluble solids, pH, total acidity, color parameters (CIELab), firmness using the texturometer and sensory evaluation of overall acceptance was carried out, while microbiological analysis was performed only on the 1st day. Based on the obtained results, blueberries showed the greatest stability during storage of all examined fruit types and they were sensorially good graded, particularly cultivar 'Duke' from organic breeding. Positive influence of organic breeding was not observed for other cultivars and for all fruit types in general. Among examined blackberry cultivars, cultivar 'Thornfree' proved to be the most stable, while 'Tulameen' was the most stable and the best sensory graded raspberry cultivar. Strawberries did not show satisfactory stability during 7 days of storage, with the 'Joly' as the best cultivar till the 4th storage day. Generally, comparing the cultivars that have been highlighted within each fruit type, they had high soluble solids content and lower total acidity, and that brighter color and medium fruit firmness were preferred for strawberry and raspberry, while darker color and firmer fruit were beneficial for blackberry and blueberry. The results of microbiological analysis indicate that more strict hygiene measures during harvesting and fruit handling are required.

Pumpkin seed cake, a by‐product of pumpkin seed oil production, is a potential source of nutraceuticals, which remain unexploited by current management practices. This research assessed its bioactive potential and investigated the effect of cryogenic grinding pretreatment on extractability of various nonpolar and polar bioactive molecules. Notable amounts of squalene (1,684 mg/kg), phytosterols (3,900 mg/kg), and tocopherols (220.3 mg/kg) were extracted from the untreated (control) pumpkin seed cake together with 72.6 mg/kg of protochlorophylls and 90.1 mg/kg of total phenols. Control pumpkin seed cake also yielded 16.75% of total fiber. Application of cryogenic grinding as well as its duration significantly increased the amount of bioactive molecules extracted from pumpkin seed cake as well as extracts antioxidant activity. Major increase was determined for phytosterols and protochlorophylls which were 2 and 2.5 fold higher, respectively, in pumpkin seed cake samples ground with cryogenic cooling during 12 min. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Yearly production of pumpkin seed oil leaves behind more than 11.500 tons of by‐product in the form of pumpkin seed cake which is currently mainly used as livestock feed or for composting. Results of this study reveal high bioactive potential of pumpkin seed cake, which opens way to new possibilities of its utilization in functional food and dietary supplements production. In particular, it could be exploited as low cost raw material for the extraction of high added value extracts aimed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Application of cryogenic conditions during grinding additionally enhances bioactive potential of pumpkin seed cake.

Purpose Cookies were not generally viewed as functional contributors to well-being as they are primarily perceived as confectionery products. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of flaxseed-enriched cookies as carriers of lignans and omega-3 fatty acids – functional compounds that are lacking in the western diet. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire collected data from Croatian consumers (n=1,035). The majority of the samples were women (73 per cent) in the age range 15-65 years (97 per cent). Most participants were employed, had a higher education degree, and lived in urban areas. Questions examined the consumption of cookies and flaxseed, interest for functional cookies, nutritional knowledge, and awareness. Findings Majority of subjects consumed cookies (93 per cent), while 61 per cent did not eat flaxseed or ate it less than once a month. The consumers showed elevated interest for the functional cookies with flaxseed, among which elderly women with higher nutrition awareness, and nutrition knowledge were the most interested. Functional cookies with flaxseed could be used for delivery of lignans and omega-3 fatty acids in everyday diet, but in order to reach wider range of consumers producers might benefit from employing nutritional educational marketing campaigns. Originality/value Data from the study decreased scarcity of information on consumer behaviour related to flaxseed consumption and on potential use of cookies as a functional food. Reported findings will be useful to dieticians, food industry, and food researchers in countries with a high prevalence of cookie consumption.

This study aimed to valorise the underutilised by-product of proso millet decortication. Millet bran was sieved into three fractions with substantially different nutritional profile. The fraction with diameter

Market reports show an increasing interest for healthy biscuits, with omega-3 and lignan rich flaxseeds being highlighted as key ingredients. Usage of milled flaxseed in comparison to the whole seed might improve bioaccessibility of lignans and omega-3, but also accelerate lipid oxidation, thus diminishing the consumers' acceptability. This research investigated the nutritional (lignans, omega-3, phenolic acids, antioxidant activity), physical (texture, spreading), and sensory properties of biscuits made from whole wheat, rye, oat, and barley with added milled flaxseed (10% on flour basis), as well as oxidative stability during storage. Lignans concentration in flaxseed biscuits (final range 101–117 mg/kg) was 30 times higher than in non-enriched whole-wheat biscuits (3.6 mg/kg), and concentration was unaffected by baking. The addition of flaxseed contributed to the variety of phenolic acids but not total phenolics, as well as increased the spread factor. The right combination of cereal flours with flaxseed resulted in sensory acceptance similar to white flour biscuits. While the barley-flaxseed combination was the least favourable, oat flour showed the best combination with flaxseed, but their acceptance significantly decreased during storage. Texture was dependent on the used cereal flour, as was the oxidative stability of biscuits which was minimally three months at ambient conditions.

Potaknuti nastojanjima industrije da zadovolji potrebe potrošača za svježe pečenim, raznolikim i kvalitetnim pekarskim proizvodima istražili smo utjecaj dodatka ječmenog kiselog tijesta i vakuumskog hlađenja na kakvoću polupečenog kruha pakiranog u modificiranoj atmosferi tijekom skladištenja pri sobnim uvjetima. Ječmeno kiselo tijesto fermentirano je s pomoću bakterije Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 20016, F275). Polupečeni kruh s dodanim kiselim tijestom bio je mikrobiološki ispravan sve do tridesetog dana skladištenja, dok je na kruhu bez dodatka kiselog tijesta plijesan bila vidljiva na trideseti dan skladištenja. Udjel vlage, fizikalna i senzorska svojstva određeni su nakon dodatnog pečenja polupečenog kruha, i to nakon 1, 8, 15, 22 i 30 dana skladištenja. Na petnaesti dan skladištenja zabilježen je gubitak vlage (5 %), nakon čega je udjel vlage ostao nepromijenjen do kraja ispitivanog vremena. Tijekom skladištenja došlo je do kontinuiranog smanjenja teksturalne kvalitete kruha, uslijed stvrdnjavanja sredine, dok se njegov okus i miris nisu promijenili sve do pojave plijesni. Analizom glavnih komponenata utvrđene su glavne razlike u okusu i mirisu analiziranog kiselog i kontrolnog kruha, kao i u tvrdoći sredine i udjelu vlage. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju pozitivan utjecaj dodatka ječmenog kiselog tijesta fermentiranog s pomoću L. reuteri na kakvoću polupečenog kruha, naročito na mekšu teksturu sredine kruha tijekom barem 15 dana skladištenja i sprečavanje porasta plijesni i bakterija tijekom 30 dana. Proces vakuumskog hlađenja kruha s dodatkom kiselog tijesta poboljšao je njegov oblik i poroznost, smanjio kiseli okus i mrvljivost, te posvijetlio boju kore. Stoga se ovi procesi mogu uspješno primijeniti za poboljšanje skladišne kakvoće polupečenog kruha pakiranog u modificiranoj atmosferi., Driven by the bakery industry urge to satisfy consumer demand for fresh, diverse and high quality bakery products, we investigated the influence of barley sourdough and vacuum cooling on shelf life quality of partially baked bread stored in modified atmosphere packaging at ambient conditions. Barley sourdough was fermented with Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 20016, F275). Partially baked bread with sourdough was microbiologically acceptable during 30 days of storage, while bread without sourdough had detectable mould on the 30th day. Stored bread samples were rebaked after 1, 8, 15, 22 and 30 days to determine moisture content, physical and sensorial properties. Moisture loss (5 %) was detected on the 15th day, after which it remained stable until the end of investigated storage period. Nevertheless, textural quality of stored bread continuously declined due to crumb firming. Bread flavour did not change during mould-free storage time. The principal component analysis identified major differences in the flavour of sour and control bread, also in crumb firmness and moisture content of samples. This study indicates the positive role of barley sourdough fermented with L. reuteri in improving crumb texture for at least 15 days, and ensuring mould- and bacteria-free partially baked bread for 30 days. Vacuum cooling combined with sourdough improved bread shape, porosity, and reduced sour taste, crust colouring and rumbliness. Hence, it can successfully extend shelf life quality of partially baked bread in modified atmosphere packaging.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of addition of fresh sourdough and whey proteins to partially baked and frozen wholemeal wheat-flour rolls on the glycaemic index (GI). The study was performed on healthy humans (n = 15). Each human tested five types of wholemeal wheat rolls: (1) fully baked, non-frozen (FBNF), (2) partially baked and frozen (PBF), (3) fully baked, non- frozen with the addition of fresh sourdough (FBNF + FS), (4) partially baked and frozen with the addition of fresh sourdough (PBF + FS), and (5) partially baked and frozen with the addition of fresh sourdough and whey proteins (PBF + FS + WP). The results of the study show that supplementing whole-wheat rolls with sourdough, or freezing separately and supplementing with sourdough and whey proteins combined with frozen storage, significantly reduced the glycaemic response.

Gluten-free bread often has low nutritive value, high glycemic index (GI) and short shelf-life. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of sourdough addition on GI, quality parameters and firming kinetics of gluten-free bread produced by partially baked frozen technology. Sourdough was fermented with a commercial starter of Lactobacillus fermentum and added to bread batter at four levels (7.5; 15; 22.5 or 30%). We determined biochemical characteristics of the sourdough and bread chemical composition, glycemic index in vivo , physical properties and firming kinetics after final rebaking. All breads were enriched with inulin and were high in fiber (>6 g/100 g). Control bread that was prepared without sourdough had medium GI (68). Sourdough addition decreased bread GI. However, only breads with 15 and 22.5% of sourdough had low GI. Moreover, addition of 15 and 22.5% of sourdough had positively affected the quality parameters of partially baked frozen bread: specific volume increased, crumb firmness decreased and firming was delayed. In conclusion, the combined application of sourdough and partially baked frozen technology can decrease glycemic index, improve quality and shelf-life of gluten-free bread. Such breads can be recommended as a part of well balanced gluten-free diet.

The volume change of partially fermented dough exposed to refrigeration has been investigated. Lean dough pieces (70 g) were exposed to pre-fermentation at 30 °C during selected time to reach expansion ratios of 2, 3 and 4. The pre-fermented dough were exposed to cooling at 4 °C for 2 h. Dough pieces were then frozen, thawed and baked. The evolution of the volume of the dough during the different stages of the time–temperature history has been measured. Image analysis (cell distribution), of both pre-fermented dough in frozen state and baked bread obtained with these dough, were carried out and used to assess the impact of the degree of pre-fermentation on the stability of the dough and of the baked bread. Results showed that increasing the degree of pre-fermentation results in a reduction in the final dough and bread volume. Freezing applied to pre-fermented dough resulted in a baked bread with larger and less numerous gas cells. However, it was observed that applying a chilling step (4 °C for 120 min) before freezing the pre-fermented dough minimized the loss in bread volume (−40.5% vs. −27.5% in comparison to reference bread – direct baking).

Rheological properties of gluten-free dough (GFD) as well as conventional gluten containing dough (CGD) during processing were measured. Both CGD and GFD were examined in terms of mechanical spectrum, in the frequency range 0.1–10 Hz, at constant deformation γ = 0.01, at different temperatures. As a result changes in viscoelasticity of dough during selected stages of bread production (mixing–proofing–baking) were obtained. Changes in complex moduli of GFD and CGD, at a frequency of 1 Hz were measured. Curves obtained showed the changes in tan(delta) (phase shift) with time and allowed calculations of first derivatives which indicated the temperatures of gelatinization of the starches present in the studied systems (wheat, corn and potato). The results of rheological measurements were compared to DSC results of appropriate dough samples. It was concluded that rheological measurements followed by derivative calculations are useful for determining the gelatinization temperature of starches included in the dough.

Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to energy via several routes. One of them is hydrolysis to sugars with subsequent transformation to fuels and chemicals. Due to the crystalline structure of lignocellulose, pretreatment is a prerequisite to achieving increased enzymatic hydrolysis’ rates. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum extrusion operating conditions for glucose and xylose production from Miscanthus. Extrusion was conducted in a high shear extruder (single screw type) with compression ratio 3:1. Barrel temperature and screw speed, along with sample moisture content and particle size were the parameters evaluated using Response surface methodology (RSM). Conversion rate to glucose and xylose was monitored after enzymatic hydrolysis with low enzyme loadings (5 FPU g-1 of cellulase complex and 18 CBU g-1 of β- glucosidase). The optimum conditions for the glucose production (3.63 g L-1) were: barrel temperature 150 °C, screw speed 2.5 Hz, moisture content 20% and particle size 2 mm ; the optimum conditions for the xylose production (0.78 g L- 1) were: barrel temperature 150 °C, screw speed 1.67 Hz, moisture content 15% and particle size 2 mm. Hence, under controlled conditions, extrusion resulted in better digestibility of Miscanthus and as such it can be utilized as a source of glucose and xylose in ethanol production.

The research on the influence of hydrothermal "cooking" procedure on the starch, protein and oil content was conducted on two corn hybrids of the same vegetation group (Bc 354 and Bc 394). The "cooking" procedure was started at the moistures of 32, 73% (for Bc 354) and 31, 67% (for Bc 394), which were increased after the "cooking" procedure by 7, 36% (for Bc 354) and by 2, 96% (for Bc 394). Analyses of chemical characteristics of the corn kernels, i.e. of starch, protein and oil content were conducted before and after the "cooking" procedure and the process of drying the kernel at air temperatures of 70o ; C, 90o ; C, 110o ; C and 130o ; C. The data acquired in the research lead to the conclusion that a hybrid Bc 354 kernel took longer time to dry after the "cooking" procedure in comparison to a hybrid Bc 394 kernel at all selected temperatures, whereas without the "cooking" procedure, a hybrid Bc 354 kernel dried longer than a hybrid Bc 394 kernel only at the temperature of 70o ; C. After the process of drying and "cooking" procedure, both of the hybrids showed an increase in starch content and a decrease in protein and oil content in kernel when compared to a naturally dried kernel. In the same way, starch content increased and oil and protein content decreased in kernel treated by the "cooking" procedure in comparison to those kernels that were only dried.

In order to determine the quantity of fungal α-amylase to be added to flour of low amylolytic activity, it was thought necessary to develop a method suitable for measuring the activity of both cereal and fungal α-amylase.For determination of fungal α-amylase activity, thermolability of the enzyme made the classical Falling Number Method not suitable. The Fungal Falling Number (FFN) Method was developed to measure amylolytic activity in flour supplemented with fungal α-amylase. Reproducibility of Fungal Falling Number measurements on tested flour samples is high (standard deviation was 16.33 s and the variation coefficient 6.19%). The ratio between flour amylolytic activity, after addition of fungal α-amylase, and the quantity of the added fungal α-amylase, as well as the initial amylolytic activity of flour was described by the multiple regression non-linear model. By applying the model, one could account for 88.48% of total deviations of the regression of the measured Fungal Falling Number values, making the model representative. Such a model can be used to determine the required quantity of fungal α-amylase to achieve the optimal amylolytic activity of flour for the baking industry, provided the starting amylolytic activity in flour is known. The analysis of test baking results has shown that flour with an amylolytic activity range of 100 s < FFN f < 200 s yields bread loaves of the largest volume and excellent sensory properties.