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Rabies is a viral disease that is nearly 100% fatal once clinical signs and symptoms develop. Post‐exposure prophylaxis can efficiently prevent rabies, and antibody (Ab) induction by vaccination or passive immunization of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play an integral role in prevention against rabies. In addition to their capacity to neutralize viruses, antibodies exert their antiviral effects by antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which plays an important role in antiviral immunity and clearance of viral infections. For antibodies against rabies virus (RABV), evaluation of ADCC activity was neglected. Here, we developed a robust cell‐based reporter gene assay (RGA) for the determination of the ADCC activity of anti‐RABV antibodies using CVS‐N2c‐293 cells, which stably express the glycoprotein (G) of RABV strain CVS‐N2c as target cells, and Jurkat cells, which stably express FcγRⅢa and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) reporter gene as effector cells (Jurkat/NFAT‐luc/FcγRⅢa cells). The experimental parameters were carefully optimized, and the established ADCC assay was systematically validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2 guideline. We also evaluated the ADCC activity of anti‐RABV antibodies, including mAbs, HRIG, and vaccine induced antisera, and found that all test antibodies exhibited ADCC activity with varied strengths. The established RGA provides a novel method for evaluating the ADCC of anti‐RABV antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norovirus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine is promising against human norovirus infection. Unfortunately, genetic diversity of norovirus hindered the development of this vaccine. In this study, the immunogenicity of norovirus VLPs induced by the endemic GII.4 and the epidemic GII.17 genotypes, and the cross‐reactivity between them as well as GI.1 and GII.3 VLPs were evaluated in mice by using serum IgG and histo‐blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking antibodies as index. Results showed well immunogenicity of both GII.4 and GII.17 VLPs in mice. Serum IgG GMT (Geometric Mean Titer) were 3.63 (GII.4) and 3.88 (GII.17) respectively, and sustained to the 15th week. The HBGA blocking antibodies were 130 (GII.4) and 360 (GII.17) respectively at the end of the 4th week. Additionally, there was a dramatically statistical difference found in the cross‐reactivity within genogroup (GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p <.001), and also showed similar difference between genogroups (GI.1 vs. GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p <.001). Summarized the pPICZa pichi pichia expression system showed a potential to be the alternative for expression of norovirus VLPs in secretion form, and the little cross‐reactivity found between the endemic strain and the epidemic strain provides an evident for the consideration of selecting candidates of norovirus vaccine strains. Highlights: Recombinant norovirus VLPs can be produced in secretion form.Significant statistical difference of cross‐reactivity was found within genogroup.Significant statistical difference of cross‐reactivity was found between genogroup.GII.4 norovirus VLP induced‐antibody lacks cross‐reactivity against GII.17 VLP.Candidate norovirus vaccines should provide broad protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Transition metal sulfides show excellent performance in an aqueous supercapacitor. However, all‐solid‐state supercapacitors are attracting more and more interest because of thinner, lighter, and more flexible. Binary sulfides Ni3Co6S8 nanowire arrays (NCS) are directly grown on a nitrogen‐doped carbon foam (NCF) through hydrothermal reaction, which is applied as a binder‐free electrode for all‐solid‐state supercapacitor. The unique needlelike structure assembled by nanosheet effectively increases the utilization efficiency of active materials and promotes electrochemical performance. The NCS‐NCF electrode shows promising application potential for wearable electronic devices due to the flexibility of NCF. A high‐specific capacitance of 243 mAh g−1is delivered by NCS‐NCF electrode, which also exhibits good rate behavior along with outstanding cycle stability. The NCS‐NCF electrode (positive electrode) and NCF electrode (negative electrode) are employed to assemble asymmetric all‐solid‐state supercapacitor. When the high power density is 675 W kg−1, the energy density of supercapacitor reaches the maximum of 28.31 Wh kg−1. The specific capacitance of supercapacitors could maintain 84%, after 10 000 cycles of galvanostatic charge and discharge under 4 A g−1, indicating the potential application of NCS‐NCF electrode as an excellent supercapacitor electrode material in flexible, wearable energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF)-based method was developed and validated as a multi-attribute method for a bispecific antibody (BsAb). First, as the traditional application of the icIEF method, it serves as an identity assay and purity assay for the BsAb. Second, the method can also be used as an impurity assay for the homodimer monoclonal antibodies generated during BsAb assembly. The homodimer impurity analysis for BsAb is usually done by hydrophobic interaction chromatography methods in the industry. The icIEF method has good sensitivity (down to 4 µg/mL in a limit of quantitation) when UV fluorescence detection is used, which detects the native fluorescence of proteins. This is the first report that an icIEF method has been applied as impurity assay., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: Human sapovirus (HuSaV) is an enteric virus responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) globally. A seven-year active surveillance study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HuSaVs associated with AGE outbreaks in Chaoyang District of Beijing Municipality, China from January 2015 to December 2021., Methods: Fecal and anal swab samples were obtained from patients experiencing AGE outbreaks. HuSaVs were identified through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and partial viral protein 1 (VP1) sequences (approximately 434 base pairs) were utilized for genotyping, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, and phylogenetic examination., Results: HuSaVs were identified in 71 AGE outbreaks, demonstrating a detection rate of 10.5%, second only to norovirus. The primary demographic affected by HuSaV were children under the age of 5 in kindergarten settings. Infection rates tended to peak during two distinct periods: May to June and September to December. Upon genotyping, seven distinct genotypes emerged. GII.3 was the most prevalent, accounting for 54.9% of cases, followed by GI.1 (12.7%), GI.2 (9.9%), GII.5 (7.0%), GI.5 (2.8%), GI.6 (1.4%), GII.1 (1.4%), and untyped cases (9.9%). A phylogenetic analysis of GII.3 identified three distinct groups, with 15 notable SNPs observed., Conclusions: This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the persistent prevalence of HuSaV outbreaks in Chaoyang District, Beijing Municipality, China. Over time, the diversity of HuSaV subtypes has shifted, and it is now recognized as the second leading viral agent responsible for AGE outbreaks. This highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance in the future., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023.)