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Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory dermatosis. Recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus very often reduce the quality of life of patients, affecting their mental health. For this reason, it is necessary to undertake treatment. Treatment should be characterized by an individual approach to the patient, taking into account the predominant pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis and systematic skin care. Soothing the typical symptoms of AD, i.e., dry skin and persistent itching, involves emollients, which counteract xerosis and reduce the feeling of itching. Studies confirm that the regular use of emollients in patients with AD prolongs the period between relapses and alleviates the intensity of symptoms during periods of disease severity. This review paper aims to highlight the challenges that patients with atopic dermatitis face. This work will also present an indication of the rationale for the use of emollients in this condition, as well as an indication of the forms of their application in therapeutic and care preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry skin is a common dermatological condition that frequently affects the elderly. A contributing cause to dry skin is a reduced concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in both the epidermis and dermis. The effectiveness of moisturizer containing HA as a therapy for dry skin is impacted by its specific molecular weight. Low molecular weight HA (LMWHA) is believed to be more effective in replenishing skin hydration in aging skin compared to High Molecular Weight HA (HMWHA) due to its ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. However, there is a lack of clinical research supporting this claim. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 36 residents of a nursing home in Jakarta. The participants, aged between 60 and 80 years, had been diagnosed with dry skin. Each test subject was administered three distinct, randomized moisturizing lotions (LMWHA, HMWHA, or vehicle), to be topically applied to three separate sites on the leg. Skin capacitance (SCap), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and specified symptom sum score (SRRC) were measured at weeks 0, 2, and 4. After four weeks of therapy, area that was treated with LMWHA showed greater SCap values compared to the area treated with HMWHA (56.37 AU vs. 52.37 AU, p = 0.004) and vehicle (56.37 AU vs. 49.01 AU, p < 0.001). All groups did not show any significant differences in TEWL and SRRC scores. No side effects were found in all groups. The application of a moisturizer containing LMWHA to the dry skin of elderly resulted in significant improvements in skin hydration compared to moisturizers containing HMWHA and vehicle. Furthermore, these moisturizers demonstrated similar safety in treating dry skin in the elderly. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT06178367, . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dry skin (DS), skin-barrier function is easily disturbed and moisturizing factors in the stratum corneum are reduced. Despite being a common condition, DS is often overlooked in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases. In September 2022, specialists in dermatology and skin care met to discuss unmet needs and management of patients with DS with existing medical conditions or DS induced by ongoing pharmacological treatments. There was consensus about the need to improve the current understanding and management of DS in patients with comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, radiodermatitis, and photodamaged skin. Clinical guidance related to optimal treatment of DS in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases is needed. Dexpanthenol-containing emollients have been shown to provide rapid relief from the symptoms and clinical signs of skin inflammation and are well-tolerated and effective in terms of moisturizing and soothing DS and maintaining skin-barrier function. Thus, dexpanthenol-containing emollients may play an important role in future management of DS. Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy of dexpanthenol across the spectrum of DS, irrespective of comorbidity status or age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn dry skin (DS), skin-barrier function is easily disturbed and moisturizing factors in the stratum corneum are reduced. Despite being a common condition, DS is often overlooked in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases. In September 2022, specialists in dermatology and skin care met to discuss unmet needs and management of patients with DS with existing medical conditions or DS induced by ongoing pharmacological treatments. There was consensus about the need to improve the current understanding and management of DS in patients with comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, radiodermatitis, and photodamaged skin. Clinical guidance related to optimal treatment of DS in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases is needed. Dexpanthenol-containing emollients have been shown to provide rapid relief from the symptoms and clinical signs of skin inflammation and are well-tolerated and effective in terms of moisturizing and soothing DS and maintaining skin-barrier function. Thus, dexpanthenol-containing emollients may play an important role in future management of DS. Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy of dexpanthenol across the spectrum of DS, irrespective of comorbidity status or age.

Background and Aims: Skin aging is associated with dry skin and a decrease of the strength of the dermoepidermal adhesion, which increases the risk for lacerations (skin tears). Application of leave‐on products improves dry skin and seems to reduce skin tear incidence. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of a humectant containing leave‐on product on the strength of the dermoepidermal junction in older adult participants with dry skin. Methods: A randomized controlled trial using a split body design was conducted. One forearm was randomly selected and treated with a lipophilic leave‐on product containing 5% urea for 8 weeks. The other forearm was the control. The parameters stratum corneum hydration (SCH), transepidermal water loss, pH, roughness, epidermal thickness and skin stiffness were measured at the baseline, Weeks 4 and 8. At Week 8, suction blisters were created and time to blistering was measured. Blister roofs and interstitial fluid were analyzed for Interleukin‐1α, 6 and 8. Results: Twelve participants were included. After 8 weeks treatment, SCH was higher (median difference 11.6 AU), and the overall dry skin score (median difference −1) and median roughness (Rz difference −12.2 µm) were lower compared to the control arms. The median group difference for Interleukin‐1α was −452 fg/µg total protein (TP) in the blister roofs and −2.2 fg/µg TP in the blister fluids. The median time to blister formation was 7.7 min higher compared to the control arms. Conclusion: The regular application of humectant containing leave‐on products improves dry skin and seems to lower inflammation and contribute to the strengthening of the dermoepidermal adhesion. This partly explains how the use of topical leave‐on products helps to prevent skin tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the plum peel extract obtained by deep eutectic solvent (DES) (Betaine-Urea and Choline chloride-Urea). Formation mechanism of DESs and molecular interactions between components has been studied using quantum chemical methods. DESs have been used for obtaining extracts from plum peel. It has been established that the reducing ability of extracts obtained using DESs is higher (489–580 mg ASE/g extract) than when using a traditional aqueous-alcohol solution (336 mg ASE/g extract). Gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM-XRD analysis. The size of AuNPs was found to be 5–10 nm as per the particle size analyzer, and the zeta potential is − 46 to 47 mV. The scavenging ability of the sample solution to ABTS radical was determined by ABTS radical scavenging test. The AuNPs synthesized by extracting Cl-U exhibited significant antioxidant potential against ABTS•+, with an IC50 of 110 mg/mL. For the first time in a cosmetic product, AgNPs synthesized by plum peel extract in a deep eutectic solvent was used. The creams were evaluated for their organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical properties, and in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Results show that the cream with 0.5% AuNp increases the value of moisturizer for the skin.

Cosmetics are witnessing an increasing demand in the global market and represent a valuable natural gift. Herbal formulations have consistently garnered significant attention due to their potent efficacy and notably fewer or absent side effects compared to synthetic medications. The utilization of herbs and spices has been deeply rooted in the practice of preserving and enhancing human beauty since ancient times. In this study, we examined coconut oil, aloe vera, calendula, turmeric, green tea and sunflower oil plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory dermatosis. Recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus very often reduce the quality of life of patients, affecting their mental health. For this reason, it is necessary to undertake treatment. Treatment should be characterized by an individual approach to the patient, taking into account the predominant pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis and systematic skin care. Soothing the typical symptoms of AD, i.e., dry skin and persistent itching, involves emollients, which counteract xerosis and reduce the feeling of itching. Studies confirm that the regular use of emollients in patients with AD prolongs the period between relapses and alleviates the intensity of symptoms during periods of disease severity. This review paper aims to highlight the challenges that patients with atopic dermatitis face. This work will also present an indication of the rationale for the use of emollients in this condition, as well as an indication of the forms of their application in therapeutic and care preparations.

• Nearly all care dependent nursing home residents have mild forms of skin dryness. • Skin care dependent nursing home residents receive moisturizers more frequently. • Skin care provided by nurses might be more helpful than skin care performed independently. To identify possible factors associated with different severities of xerosis cutis and to describe possible associations between (skin) care dependency and application of moisturizers. Cross-sectional study using baseline data from a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Demographic and health characteristics, skin physiological measurements, functional abilities and application of moisturizers were compared between the participants with mild and severe dry skin. Frequency of moisturization were also compared based on the participants' skin care dependency. The more distal the body area, the more severe xerosis were observed. There were no or minor differences between the groups, except for the stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH. Participants with severe xerosis received moisturizers less often. Skin care dependent residents received moisturizers frequently. There is under-application regarding xerosis cutis treatment in long-term care. Skin care provided by nurses, in adequate frequencies, might be helpful compared to skin care performed by the residents themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aims Skin aging is associated with dry skin and a decrease of the strength of the dermoepidermal adhesion, which increases the risk for lacerations (skin tears). Application of leave‐on products improves dry skin and seems to reduce skin tear incidence. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of a humectant containing leave‐on product on the strength of the dermoepidermal junction in older adult participants with dry skin. Methods A randomized controlled trial using a split body design was conducted. One forearm was randomly selected and treated with a lipophilic leave‐on product containing 5% urea for 8 weeks. The other forearm was the control. The parameters stratum corneum hydration (SCH), transepidermal water loss, pH, roughness, epidermal thickness and skin stiffness were measured at the baseline, Weeks 4 and 8. At Week 8, suction blisters were created and time to blistering was measured. Blister roofs and interstitial fluid were analyzed for Interleukin‐1α, 6 and 8. Results Twelve participants were included. After 8 weeks treatment, SCH was higher (median difference 11.6 AU), and the overall dry skin score (median difference −1) and median roughness (Rz difference −12.2 µm) were lower compared to the control arms. The median group difference for Interleukin‐1α was −452 fg/µg total protein (TP) in the blister roofs and −2.2 fg/µg TP in the blister fluids. The median time to blister formation was 7.7 min higher compared to the control arms. Conclusion The regular application of humectant containing leave‐on products improves dry skin and seems to lower inflammation and contribute to the strengthening of the dermoepidermal adhesion. This partly explains how the use of topical leave‐on products helps to prevent skin tears.

Reiva Farah Dwiyana,1,&ast; Laila Tsaqilah,1,&ast; Lilik Sukesi,2,&ast; Setiawan,3 Erda Avriyanti,1 Kamelia Utami Suhada,1 Nazya Irene Zahira4 1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran-Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran-Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang Regency, West Java, Indonesia; 4Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang Regency, West Java, Indonesia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Reiva Farah Dwiyana, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran – Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Jl. Pasteur 38, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia, Email reiva@unpad.ac.idPurpose: This study aims to delineate the demographic and clinical characteristics of xerosis, pruritus, and pallor among patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study involved the analysis of 139 selected medical records of patients with stage 5 CKD who underwent hemodialysis between July and August 2022. A comprehensive examination was conducted by a dermatovenereologist, and the findings were duly recorded in the patients’ medical records. The documentation encompassed gender, age, employment status, as well as the clinical characteristics of xerosis, pruritus, and pallor. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results: Out of the 139 patients, 70 (50.4%) were male, while 69 (49.6%) were female. The mean (SD) age was 47.6 (11.8) years. The majority of the patients were unemployed (n=96, 69.1%). The median (IQR) duration of hemodialysis was 48 (96.0– 24.0) months. The predominant findings were xerosis (n=84, 60.4%) and pallor (n=83, 59.7%), followed by pruritus (n=56, 40.3%). Instances of xerosis were more frequently observed in males, whereas pallor was more prevalent in females. Xerosis and pruritus exhibited higher prevalence in the ≥ 65 years age group, whereas pallor was more common in the 18– 44 years age group. In contrast to xerosis, pruritus and pallor were more frequently noted in the unemployed group. Xerosis was predominantly mild with overall dry skin (ODS) score of one, and it was mainly observed on the patients’ legs. Among those experiencing pruritus, over half displayed a moderate severity with visual analogue scale (VAS) scores ranging from ≥ 3 to < 7. Patients with pallor mostly exhibited hemoglobin levels below 10 g/dL.Conclusion: Xerosis, pruritus, and pallor were prevalent among patients with stage 5 CKD undergoing hemodialysis. These disorders presented with distinct demographic and clinical characteristics. Timely diagnosis and intervention have the potential to enhance the quality of life for these patients.Keywords: CKD, dialysis, dry skin, itch, pale skin

Pathological dry skin is a disturbing and intractable healthcare burden, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and severe itch. Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis models with complications of dry skin have been studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). However, scRNA-seq analysis of the dry skin mouse model (acetone/ether/water (AEW)-treated model) is still lacking. Here, we used scRNA-seq and in situ hybridization to identify a novel proliferative basal cell (PBC) state that exclusively expresses transcription factor CUT-like homeobox 1 (Cux1). Further in vitro study demonstrated that Cux1 is vital for keratinocyte proliferation by regulating a series of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. Clinically, Cux1+ PBCs were increased in patients with psoriasis, suggesting that Cux1+ PBCs play an important part in epidermal hyperplasia. This study presents a systematic knowledge of the transcriptomic changes in a chronic dry skin mouse model, as well as a potential therapeutic target against dry skin-related dermatoses.

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition that begins in infancy, characterized by extreme skin dryness, excoriations, and erythema. A completely natural product with plant extracts and vegetable oils was developed to manage eczema and associated conditions in a mixed population including infants. Materials and Methods: An open-label, single-arm, single-center study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the test product on eczema severity. A total of 58 subjects, including infants, children, and adults aged 0 months to 60 years, diagnosed with mild-to-moderate eczema, were included. The subjects applied a small amount of product on the affected area twice daily for 14 days. Three-Item Severity (TIS) score, Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) change, and symptomatic relief were assessed at various time points. Results: The TIS score in children significantly reduced from baseline at 24 h (12.22%), day 7 (52.26%), and day 14 (79.74%), (all P <0.0001). Similarly, a statistically significant reduction in EASI was observed in adults at day 7 (13.68%) and day 14 (30.87%) (all P < 0.0001), which continued to offer relief throughout the study duration. Irritation significantly decreased from baseline throughout the study duration to day 14 (75.17%) (P < 0.0001). A significant reduction in other symptoms including dryness, itching, rashes, and edema was also seen from day 7 to day 14 (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The test product was found to be safe and effective in reducing eczema severity and associated conditions in infants and adults. It promotes the development of healthy neonatal skin and hence can be considered as a skin-healing cream for infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological dry skin is a disturbing and intractable healthcare burden, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and severe itch. Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis models with complications of dry skin have been studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). However, scRNA-seq analysis of the dry skin mouse model (acetone/ether/water (AEW)-treated model) is still lacking. Here, we used scRNA-seq and in situ hybridization to identify a novel proliferative basal cell (PBC) state that exclusively expresses transcription factor CUT-like homeobox 1 (Cux1). Further in vitro study demonstrated that Cux1 is vital for keratinocyte proliferation by regulating a series of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. Clinically, Cux1 + PBCs were increased in patients with psoriasis, suggesting that Cux1 + PBCs play an important part in epidermal hyperplasia. This study presents a systematic knowledge of the transcriptomic changes in a chronic dry skin mouse model, as well as a potential therapeutic target against dry skin-related dermatoses. [Display omitted] • Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals keratinocytes heterogeneity in chronic dry skin mouse model. • The elevated transcriptional factor Cux1 induces basal cell hyperproliferation. • Cux1-positive basal cells contribute to epidermal hyperplasia of the psoriasis patient. • Enhancement of cell-type-specific inflammatory cytokines changed the communication network during skin dryness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From dry skin in the newborn to atopic eczema in the infant and child, health professionals in primary care play a crucial role in supporting families in the care of skin, and the treatment and management of skin conditions in children. The evidence base can be conflicting and guidance changes frequently. With so much information to share with new parents, baby skincare is often seen as a lower priority when imparting health promotion advice than other areas such as safe sleep or infant feeding. It has been argued that, with the rising prevalence of atopic eczema in the UK population, advice to parents about what to be concerned about and when to seek medical advice is imperative. This article explores the evidence on general skincare from the newborn period to the treatment and management of common skin conditions, including atopic eczema and seborrheic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dry skin is a hallmark of impaired skin barrier function. Moisturizers are a mainstay of treatment to help the skin retain moisture, and there is a high consumer demand for effective products. However, the development and optimization of new formulations are hampered due to lack of reliable efficacy measures using in vitro models. Methods: In this study, a microscopy-based barrier functional assay was developed using an in vitro skin model of chemically induced barrier damage to evaluate the occlusive activity of moisturizers. Results: The assay was validated by demonstrating the different effects on barrier function between humectant (glycerol) and occlusive (petrolatum). Significant changes in barrier function were observed upon tissue disruption, which was ameliorated by commercial moisturizing products. Conclusion: This newly developed experimental method may be helpful to develop new and improved occlusive moisturizers for the treatment of dry skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry skin and pressure injuries in older persons have become global health care problems. This was a multicentre, prospective cross‐sectional study in 44 hospitals and 8 long term care institutions from 20 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China and aimed to explore the relationship between the two skin problems in older patients. We mainly found 11 602 cases with dry skin and 1076 cases with pressure injuries in a total of 33 769 valid participants. The overall prevalence of dry skin and pressure injuries was 34.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33.9–34.9) and 3.1% (95% CI 2.9–3.3). Stage 2+ pressure injuries were the most (32.9%), followed by stage 1 (32.4%). The patients with dry skin had more pressure injuries than ones without dry skin (50.0% vs 33.9%). The patients with very severe and severe dry skin had more pressure injury risk (OR 2.22 and 1.90) and more stage 2+ pressure injury risk (OR 2.83 and 1.63). Other nine predictors associated with overall pressure injuries and stage 2+ pressure injuries. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the predictive models of overall pressure injuries and stage 2+ pressure injuries were 0.89 (95% CI 0.88–0.90) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.90–0.92), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition that begins in infancy, characterized by extreme skin dryness, excoriations, and erythema. A completely natural product with plant extracts and vegetable oils was developed to manage eczema and associated conditions in a mixed population including infants. Materials and Methods: An open-label, single-arm, single-center study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the test product on eczema severity. A total of 58 subjects, including infants, children, and adults aged 0 months to 60 years, diagnosed with mild-to-moderate eczema, were included. The subjects applied a small amount of product on the affected area twice daily for 14 days. Three-Item Severity (TIS) score, Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) change, and symptomatic relief were assessed at various time points. Results: The TIS score in children significantly reduced from baseline at 24 h (12.22%), day 7 (52.26%), and day 14 (79.74%), (all P

In dentistry, occupational contact dermatitis may affect dental professionals along with technicians, nurses, and patients. Changes to dental practice in recent years have altered the reported frequencies of allergens causing contact dermatitis in both dental professionals and dental patients. In the current cross-sectional study, we used a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations to examine the prevalence of self-reported hand eczema among United Arab Emirates (UAE). The relationship between subjective skin discomfort and latex, composite/bonding, or other dental materials also was explored. A structured questionnaire was designed to analyze the prevalence of skin conditions among dental professionals and study its implication in gender, occupation, and age groups. The questionnaire included information about skin symptoms, atopy, occupational experience, and other background factors like respiratory symptoms, work history and methods, and exposure at work. It was distributed to 550 randomly selected dental healthcare professionals. Out of 550 dental healthcare workers contacted, 434 responded giving a response rate of 79%. The prevalence of dry and rough skin on the hands was highest (45%). There was a total of 29 cases of allergic contact dermatitis, 15 cases of contact urticaria, 12 cases of irritating contact dermatitis, and 1 incidence of onychomycosis among the 100 dental healthcare professionals who reported having dermatitis on their hands, forearms, or faces due to their daily dental chores. Rubber chemicals and natural rubber latex (NRL) in protective gloves used by dentists, as well as dental-restorative plastic materials (methylacrylates), were the most common causes of allergy. Dry skin and hand eczema were more common among dental healthcare professionals. Plastic gloves or NRL gloves with a low protein content are recommended for dental work. Skin exposure to methylacrylates or latex should be avoided.

To overcome interruption of skin barrier in transdermal drug delivery, the microneedle (MN) patch penetrates the barrier by punching with its MNs. Setting a needleless patch (NL patch) as the control intervention, this study assessed the efficacy of a biodegradable hyaluronic acid MN patch (BHMN patch) for atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with dry skin. Similar two AD lesions were selected from the extremities of a participant. For one lesion, a BHMN patch was attached for 6–8 h on where an aroma cream was applied (BHMN patch group). Simultaneously, an NL patch was attached on the other lesion as in the BHMN patch group (NL patch group). For 2 weeks, the interventions were conducted 3 times a week. The local scoring AD (L-SCORAD) index, the visual analog scale for pruritus and skin dryness, skin hydration, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and safety were assessed. Fifteen participants finished this trial with no dropouts. Both groups improved the L-SCORAD index after 2 weeks (p < 0.05), but the score of the BHMN patch group decreased more than that of the NL patch group (p < 0.05). The other outcomes, except for the TEWL, also showed statistical significance in intragroup comparisons. Nevertheless, none of the other outcomes showed statistical significance in intergroup comparisons. The TEWL showed no statistical significance even in intragroup comparison. Recoverable minor adverse events were reported in three cases. Considering the result of L-SCORAD index, the BHMN patch may be effective for ameliorating AD. However, a large-scale confirmatory trial is necessary to reassess other outcomes. Trial Registration: This study was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service, Republic of Korea (Submitted date: 04/01/2022, Registered date: 23/02/2022, The first participant enrollment: 01/12/2021, Registration No. KCT0007037). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystatin M/E (encoded by the CST6 gene) is a cysteine protease inhibitor, that exerts regulatory and protective effects against uncontrolled proteolysis mainly by directly regulating cathepsin V, cathepsin L, and legumain activities. Previous studies have suggested that CST6 may exert a regulatory role in epidermal differentiation and hair follicle formation by inhibiting the activity of respective cognate target proteases. However, until recently, studies have revealed that loss‐ or gain‐of‐function of the CST6 gene causes dry skin with hypotrichosis in humans. Here, we reported two siblings of Chinese origin with dry skin, desquamation and abnormal keratosis without hypotrichosis. By applying whole‐exome sequencing, we identified homozygous loss‐of‐function mutation c.251G > A (p.Gly84Asp) in the CST6 gene as the underlying genetic cause. Further fluorimetric enzyme assays demonstrated the mutant cystatin M/E protein lost its inhibitory function on the protease activity of cathepsins. Moreover, the corresponding mutation in mice resulted in excessive cornification, desquamation, impaired skin barrier function, and abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. In conclusion, the homozygous missense mutation c.251G > A in CST6 gene resulted in dry skin, desquamation, as well as abnormal keratosis of the skin, promoting our understanding of the role of protease‐antiprotease balance in human skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidermal protective functions are closely associated with skin hydration homeostasis. The understanding of different states of water binding is a rising concept in assessing topically applied formulations and their interaction within the stratum corneum (SC). In addition to global water content, primary bound water, partially bound water, and unbound water and barrier‐related lipid lateral packing and protein secondary structure can be measured by Raman spectroscopy. This study aimed to establish an in vitro SC model to evaluate differences in the efficacy of a natural sugar‐derived complex in combination with glycerol and a botanical extract in modulating SC water binding and structural proteins and barrier lipids. These compounds were selected due to their water‐binding and soothing properties. The SC water profiles were assessed at the surface and in 8 μm SC depth. After a 12‐hour hyperhydration and subsequent product incubation the measurements were performed during a 6 hours desiccation phase. The maximal water caption and the time until reaching a steady state are measured as well as water retention and resistance against water loss. Global water content, partially bound, and unbound water, as well as lipid and protein structures were assessed with confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Both the natural sugar‐derived mixture and more pronounced, the same mixture with additional glycerol increased all three water‐binding parameters at the surface and in 8 μm SC depth at the beginning and during the desiccation phase. Further addition of botanical extract did not result in an additional increase of the water‐binding. All three formulations showed an increase in the lipid lateral packing values prevented the protein alteration as measured by β‐sheets signal compared to blank. The present model is suited for screening studies comparing the specific effects of different compounds on hydration states. The natural sugar‐derived mixture Aquaxyl showed evidence for an improvement of all SC hydration states, lipid and protein structure which was further enhanced by the addition of glycerol 5%. This improvement was evidenced at the surface and within the SC for all hydration‐related parameters, and the lipid as well the protein structures. The addition of botanical extract phytoessence blue daisy did not show further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry skin is one of the main conditions that symptoms can psychologically affect clients' (Moniaga, Tominaga, Takamori, 2020). The most common cause of dry skin is a damaged protective skin barrier, as a result of the decrease of hyaluronic acid in the body, and it is noticeable as a person ages (Abels, Angelova-Fischer, 2018, Kim et al., 2017a). Due to the complex defense system of the body, it is difficult for passively applied moisturizers to penetrate deeper into the skin; for this reason, the using hyaluronic acid by iontophoresis is more effective way, since the active substance is better absorbed through the stratum corneum (Hashimoto et al., 2022). During the research, the methods of oral survey, observation and comparative analysis are applied, before and after cosmetology treatments. The level of moisture in the skin after the course of the performed treatments increased with the application of manual and hardware treatments. It was found that a course of 4 hyaluronic acid treatments using iontophoresis and daily planned facial skin care had a greater influence on achieving better results of moisture enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chimpi, the dried peel of Citrus unshiu or Citrus reticulata, has various pharmacological effects. Chimpi extract was recently shown to affect the skin, including its inhibitory effect against atopic dermatitis. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Chimpi extract on the functional molecule aquaporin-3 (AQP3), which is involved in water transport and cell migration in the skin. Methods and Results: Chimpi extract was added to HaCaT human skin keratinocytes, and the AQP3 expression level was analyzed. A wound healing assay was performed to evaluate the effect of Chimpi extract on cell migration. The components of Chimpi extract and fractions obtained by liquid–liquid distribution studies were added to HaCaT cells, and AQP3 expression was analyzed. Chimpi extract significantly increased AQP3 expression in HaCaT cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that Chimpi extract also promoted the transfer of AQP3 to the cell membrane. Furthermore, Chimpi extract enhanced cell migration. Hesperidin, narirutin, and nobiletin did not increase AQP3 levels. Although the components contained in the fractions obtained from the chloroform, butanol, and water layer increased AQP3, the active components could not be identified. Conclusions: These results reveal that Chimpi extract may increase AQP3 levels in keratinocytes and increase the dermal water content. Therefore, Chimpi extract may be effective for the management of dry skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Dry skin is one of the most common skin complications associated with chronic renal failure in hemodialysis patients. Aloe vera gel and Violet oil can be effective in improving the symptoms of dryness through special mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the topical effect of Aloe vera and Violet with hydroxyzine on dry skin of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: In this randomized crossover interventional trial, 36 people were selected according to the inclusion criteria and available sampling method. Following that, they were divided into three groups (12 cases per group) of A, B, and C by simple random sampling. The study consisted of three two-week intervention periods and two wash-out periods for one week. By performing a random allocation, all three groups received one of the interventions, including Aloe vera gel, Violet oil, or hydroxyzine tablets in each period. Data were collected using the VAS tool before and after the interventions by the co-researcher. The obtained data were then analyzed in SPSS software (version 16). Furthermore, SAS software (version 9.2) was also used to analyze crossover effects including period and carry-over effects. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that in the first and third periods, in all three treatments, the mean score of dryness intensity had a statistically significant decrease before and after the intervention (P0.05). In addition, the effect of all three treatments showed no statistical significance on the severity of dryness in patients after the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion: All three treatments can improve the symptoms of skin dryness as equipotent in hemodialysis patients. However, further research is needed to confirm the results of this study.

Abstract Objectives It has been known that the use of moisturizers is useful in preventing the onset and maintaining remission of atopic dermatitis (AD). We recently focused on the moisturizing effect of natural mineral dissolved water and have conducted various studies. In this study, we investigated whether the bath treatment using natural mineral dissolved water can improve dry skin in AD patient in prospective nonblind, nonrandomized controlled study. Methods Thirteen adults with almost clear to moderate AD took bath therapy using tap water for 13 days, followed by bath therapy using natural mineral dissolved water for 13 days. Changes in the severity scoring, patient‐oriented eczema measure, pruritus numerical rating scale, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were evaluated at day1, 14 and 28. Results Tap water using bath treatment did not change the severity scoring and itch associated score, and it partially decrease TEWL when compared with baseline condition. Bath treatment using natural mineral dissolved water slightly decrease eczema area and severity index (EASI) score and significantly decrease TEWL with respect to baseline condition. Moreover, in relatively severe AD analysis, bath treatment with mineral dissolved water significantly decreased EASI and TEWL. Conclusions Based on these results, bathing with natural mineral dissolved water may be effective in improving the dry skin of atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate its effects more clearly.

Background: Gentle cleansing of the skin without further compromising its barrier function and moisture content and being simultaneously devoid of adverse effects on the skin microbiome are important features of body cleansers for atopic‐prone skin sufferers. For this population, a new dexpanthenol‐containing liquid cleanser (DCLC) was developed. Methods: Two prospective 4‐week studies have been conducted. Study 1 investigated the effect of once‐daily DCLC on stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH, and skin microbiome (all on the volar forearm) in adult subjects with dry skin (N = 44). Study 2 explored the cutaneous tolerability of DCLC and its effect on the microbiome biodiversity of the volar forearm skin in infants/children with atopic‐prone skin (N = 33, aged 6 months to 6 years). In the latter study, DCLC was applied 2–3 days/week in combination with an emollient applied at least twice daily. Results: In Study 1, on Day 29, the mean change in skin surface capacitance from baseline was significantly greater in the forearm test area treated with DCLC than in the contralateral test area (control) treated with water only (5.16 vs. 3.65 a.u.; p = 0.011), suggesting long‐term SC hydration. DCLC use was not associated with changes in TEWL, skin pH, or microbiome biodiversity if compared to control. In Study 2, the 4‐week use of DCLC in combination with an emollient was well tolerated according to pediatrician skin assessment, and no flare‐ups were recorded. The microbiome biodiversity did not shift during the study. Conclusion: These findings support the use of DCLC in subjects with atopic‐prone skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xerosis is a common skin condition as well as a key aspect of a number of diseases associated to hereditary and acquired conditions. The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the pluronic lecithin organogel containing natural moisturizing agents for topical application. Different formulations of pluronic lecithin organogels were prepared by using Pluronic F127, Lecithin, Vitamin E, Aloe vera, water, sorbic acid, and potassium sorbate. The gel containing different quantities of Polaxomer, soya lecithin and polyvinyl alcohol were characterized for their mechanical properties and moisturizing capabilities. The pH of the formulations was 6.89-7.19 reflecting no risk of skin irritation. Pluronic enhances the stability of organogel by increasing the viscosity. The polymeric films, which were produced, were thin, flexible, resistant, and suitable for application on limbs and feet. Studies showed that the film was intact for longer period of time. The results obtained showed that the polymeric films formed from organogel containing vitamin E and Aloe vera could be an innovative therapeutic approach for enhancing the moisturization of skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry skin is a problem for millions of people and often causes discomfort and even psychological stress. Increasing the water content in the stratum corneum can be done by applying moisturizer regularly and regularly because it will improve lipid levels and hydrate the epidermis. Saccharide isomers (SI) are one of the answers for the development of Glycobiology. The hypothesis of this study is that the addition of 5% SI in the moisturizing formulation further increases skin hydration and can maintain higher skin hydration even after discontinuation of use compared to ordinary moisturizers. The research subjects were 30 women aged 30-45 years who were not menopausal. Randomly divided into control group (15 people) and treatment group (15 people) by double blind. Moisturizer used for 2 weeks in a row, then discontinued use. Measurement of skin hydration was carried out 3 times a week during the use of moisturizer and after discontinuation. The non-invasive measuring instrument used is the Multi Skin Test Center® MC 750 made in Germany. Giving moisturizer in both groups resulted in an increase in skin hydration after 2 weeks of use (p<0.05). After discontinuation of the moisturizer, the four locations showed significant differences in skin hydration (p<0.05). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of 5% SI in the moisturizing formulation can increase skin hydration higher and can maintain higher skin hydration even after discontinuation of administration compared to ordinary moisturizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisturisers improve the barrier function of the stratum corneum by providing it with water and lipids. They therefore form the cornerstone in atopic dermatitis therapy and should be included in management plans. They are important components of both active treatment, maintenance and the prevention of atopic dermatitis flares. A number of studies have shown that they reduce symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring and lichenification. It is important to recognise, though, that not all moisturisers are the same. As a result, the prescriber should be guided by clinical need, affordability, availability and informed patient choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisturizers are one of the most widely used preparations in cosmetics and have been extensively used to soften the skin for consumers. Moisturizers work effectively in combating dry skin which may cause pain, tightness, itch, stinging, and/or tingling. The aim of this review is to evaluate published studies on the history, ingredients, preparation processes, characteristics, uses, and applications of moisturizers. Moisturizers bridge the gap between medicine and consumer goods by being used to make the skin more beautiful and healthy. In the future, in moisturizer therapy, the capacity to adapt specific agents to specific dermatological demands will be crucial. Cosmetically, moisturizers make the skin smooth by the mechanism of increasing the water content in the stratum corneum, hence exerting its most vital action, which is moisturizing action and maintaining a normal skin pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new dexpanthenol-containing hand cream (ND-HC) was developed for people with dry, sensitive, and/or environmentally stressed hands. To explore the performance and acceptability of ND-HC, we conducted a randomized, intraindividual comparison study in 40 healthy adult subjects with sensitive and very dry skin on the hands. Instrumental measurements determined the effects on stratum corneum (SC) hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after single and/or 4 weeks' use of ND-HC. Single and continued at least four times daily applications of ND-HC to very dry skin of the hand for 4 weeks triggered significant increases in SC hydration. On day 29, the mean change in skin capacitance from baseline was significantly greater when ND-HC was applied to the test area compared with the untreated area on the contralateral hand (12.41 vs. 4.46 a.u.; p < 0.001). Upon use of ND-HC over 4 weeks, mean TEWL decreased significantly (bilateral difference: −1.8 vs. 1.0 g/m2/h; p = 0.003), indicating an improvement in SC barrier function. A reduction in dry hand symptoms was observed over the study course. ND-HC was well tolerated and achieved a high level of acceptance and satisfaction. Our findings suggest that ND-HC complies with the required features of a state-of-the-art hand cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]