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Despite the fact that dietary supplements (DS) are not medicines, an increasing number of publications testify to the effectiveness of probiotics consumed with food in the complex treatment and prevention of a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the complex probiotic in the relief of diarrheal syndrome associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in patients with IBS with diarrhea and AAD. Material and methods . The study included 54 patients (31 with IBS with diarrhea and 23 with idiopathic AAD) aged 18 to 50 years. All patients included in the study were prescribed 1 capsule (350 mg) of the DS Neobiotic Lactobalance® per day for 21 days. One capsule contains: bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum CBT BG7, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3 Bifidobacterium bifidum CBT BF3), lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5), lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus CBT ST3), fructooligosaccharides, vitamin C. The daily intake of bifidobacteria was 8.7×10 8 CFU, lactobacilli - 6.1×10 9 CFU, lactic acid bacteria 3.1×10 8 CFU and vitamin C - 12 mg. The severity of symptoms was assessed in points (from 0 to 7 points) using the GSRS questionnaire (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). All patients underwent a microbiological analysis of feces with an assessment of the degree of dysbiosis before and after the administration of DS. Results . In patients with IBS with diarrhea, the assessment of the manifestations of diarrheal syndrome according to the GSRS questionnaire decreased statistically significantly from 17 to 6 points (2.9 times), abdominal pain - from 12 to 4 points (3.0 times) and dyspeptic syndrome - from 8 to 3 points (in 2.7 times). In patients with AAD, also according to the GSRS questionnaire, the manifestations of diarrheal syndrome decreased statistically significantly from 13 to 3 points (4.3 times), abdominal pain - from 4 to 1 points (4.0 times) and dyspepsia syndrome - from 5 to 2 points (in 2.5 times). Against the background of DS intake, according to the data of bacteriological examination of feces, intestinal microbiota normalized by day 21 due to an increase in the number of lacto- and bifidobacteria (p=<0.05). Conclusion . The study showed that the DS Neobiotic Lactobalance® contributes to the normalization of the intestinal microbiota and reduces the severity of clinical manifestations (diarrheal disorders or manifestations of diarrhea) in IBS and idiopathic AAD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

S-methylmethionine (methylmethionine sulfonium chloride), better known as vitamin U, is a metabolic substrate that affects many metabolic processes in the human organism. Since its discovery, a large number of studies has been produced demonstrating its safety and effectiveness in various diseases, especially in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (vitamin U) intake on the symptoms of dyspepsia and the quality of life of patients with chronic gastritis. Material and methods . The study included 37 patients (21 men and 16 women) aged 35-60 years with chronic gastritis of various etiologies. After inclusion in the study, all patients were prescribed S-methylmethionine at a dose of 300 mg per day. Clinical manifestations of dyspepsia were assessed using the GSRS questionnaire (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale), quality of life was assessed using the SF 36 questionnaire. The survey was conducted before the start of the therapy, after 3 and 6 months of complex diet therapy. Results . The most pronounced manifestations were dyspeptic (from 3 to 9 points) and diarrheal syndromes (from 2 to 5 points). Other indicators of the GSRS scale did not exceed 4 points. The total score was 15 points. By the 3rd month of therapy, there was a statistically significant decrease in the total score to 9 points (p<0.05). By the 6th month of therapy, the total GSRS score averaged 5.5 points (p<0.05). According to the SF 36 questionnaire, by the end of the 3rd month of therapy, indicators such as PF - physical functioning, BP - Bodily pain and SF - social functioning improved. By the end of the 6th month of therapy, several other indicators also improved (RP - role-physical functioning, GH - general perception of health, VT - viability, RE - Role-Emotional; MH - mental health) (p<0.05). Conclusion . The study showed that the appointment of dietary supplements containing methylmethionine sulfonium chloride at a dose of 300 mg per day helps to reduce the severity of dyspeptic symptoms in patients with chronic gastritis and their quality of life., Competing Interests: The author declares no conflicts of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

At present, there are sufficient data on the influence of the gut microbiome on the development of food allergy and its progression. Changes in gut microbiome composition could positive impact on the course of allergic diseases by means of regulating the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as immunoglobulin E level. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of combined probiotic in treatment of food allergies in children. Material and methods . The prospective randomized controlled study included 92 children aged from 4 to 5 years with symptoms of food allergy, involving the skin and gastrointestinal tract. The main group (n=46) took two chewable tablet Bifiform Kids (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG >1x10 9 CFU, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis BB-12 >1x10 9 CFU, thiamine mononitrate 0.40 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.50 mg per tablet) 2 times per day during 21 days. The control group (n=46) did not take the complex. The dynamics of the severity of food allergy skin symptoms was assessed using the SCORAD index, of gastrointestinal manifestations - on a point scale after 21 days and after 4 and 6 months (visits 2, 3 and 4). The concentration of immunoglobulin E, interleukins IL-17 and IL-10 was determined by enzyme immunoassay in blood serum at the baseline, as well as after 21 days and after 6 months (visits 1, 2 and 4) after the study initiation. Results . The SCORAD index among children from the main group decreased from 12.4±2.3 до 7.6±1.8 (р=<0.05) while taking a combined probiotic. It was significantly lower (р=<0.05) compared to the control group (SCORAD index changed from 12.1±2.4 to 12.2±1.9). On the 21st day, a statistically significant decrease in level of pro-inflammatory IL-17 (by 27%) and a statistically significant increase in the concentration of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (by 38.9%) were recorded. In children from the main group, the severity of such gastrointestinal symptoms as pain, rumbling in the abdomen, belching with air, bloating, gas discharge, increased stool and its unformularity, decreased compare to the control group of patients (р=<0.05), in which the intensity of complaints related to gastrointestinal manifestations did not change. In the main group of patients, the most clinical efficacy was noted immediately after the end of the probiotic intake. In the following five months, the intensity of symptoms increased in individual subjects from the main group, but in general, the intensity of complaints remained significantly lower than before probiotic intake (р=<0.05). Children from the main group showed a significant decrease in IgE level from 184±121 kU/l by 43.5% at visit 2 and by 38.0% at visit 4 (p=<0.05), while in children from the control group its level didn't change, amounting to 176±141, 165±121 and 178±132 kU/l, respectively. Conclusion . The results of the study show the effectiveness of the use of a combined probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis ВB-12) with vitamins B1 and B6 in children with mild forms of gastrointestinal and skin manifestations of food allergy, both in relation to the severity reduction of the clinical symptoms of the disease (skin manifestations, pain, rumbling in the abdomen, belching with air, bloating, gas discharge, increased stool and its unformularity), and in relation to the dynamics of biochemical parameters - a decrease in the level of IgE., Competing Interests: The author declares no conflicts of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Breast cancer (BC) is the prevailing malignancy and major cause of cancer-related death in females. Doxorubicin is a part of BC neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. The administration of anthracycline derivates, such as doxorubicin, may cause several side effects, including hematological disfunction, gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is a major adverse reaction to anthracyclines, and it may vary depending on individual differences in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Determination of specific polymorphisms of genes that can alter doxorubicin metabolism was shown to reduce the risk of adverse reactions and improve the safety and efficacy of doxorubicin. Genes which encode cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), p-glycoproteins (ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family members such as Multi-Drug Resistance 1 (MDR1) protein), and other detoxifying enzymes were shown to control the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. The effectiveness of doxorubicin is defined by the polymorphism of cytochrome p450 and p-glycoprotein-encoding genes. This study critically discusses the latest data about the role of gene polymorphisms in the regulation of doxorubicin's anti-BC effects. The correlation of genetic differences with the efficacy and safety of doxorubicin may provide insights for the development of personalized medical treatment for BC patients.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the role of mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) in comparison with routine laboratory tests in patients with COVID-19., Materials and Methods: 140 hospitalized patients aged 18 and older with COVID-19 pneumonia were included in prospective single-center study. Routine analyses were performed, and MR-proADM level was measured within the first and the third hospital days using Human MR pro-ADM (Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin) ELISA Kit with a sensitivity of 0.469 pmol/L (immunofluorescence assay). National Early Warning Score (NEWS) was used for primary assessment of the disease severity. According to disease outcome the patients were divided into two groups: discharged patients ( n = 110, 78.6%) and deceased patients ( n = 30, 21.4%). Results: The groups had no statistically significant difference in sex, comorbidity, body temperature, oxygen saturation level, heart rate, respiratory rate, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level and procalcitonin (PCT). The deceased patients had statistically significant difference in age (median, 76 years; interquartile range, 73.2-78.2 vs. median, 66 years; interquartile range, 62-67; p < 0.0001), NEWS value (median, 5; interquartile range, 3-8 vs. median, 2; interquartile range, 0-6; p <0.05), hospitalization period (median, 17; interquartile range, 7-35 vs. median, 6; interquartile range, 3-14), quantitative CT extent of lung damage > 50% [ n = 26 (86.7%) vs. n = 9 (8.2%) p < 0.0001], level of leukocytes (median, 11.4 ×109/L; interquartile range, 6.2-15.5 vs. median, 5.3 ×109/L; interquartile range, 4.7-6.4; p = 0.003), level of neutrophils (median, 80.9%; interquartile range, 73.6-88.6 vs. median, 72.6%; interquartile range, 68.7-76.9; p = 0.027), level of MR-proADM at the first hospital day (median, 828.6 pmol/L; interquartile range, 586.4-1,184.6 vs. median, 492.6 pmol/L; interquartile range, 352.9-712.2; p = 0.02), and level of MR-proADM at the third hospital day (median, 1,855.2 pmol/L; interquartile range, 1,078.4-2,596.5 vs. median, 270.7 pmol/L; interquartile range, 155.06-427.1)., Conclusion: Mid-regional proadrenomedullin has a higher prognostic value in patients with COVID-19 in comparison with routine inflammatory markers (leukocyte and neutrophils levels, CRP, and PCT) and NEWS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Astapovskii, Drozdov, Shikh, Melkonyan, Sizova, Zakharova, Shindryaeva and Lapidus.)

Probiotics are widely used as a means of dietary correction of the intestinal microbiota in patients not only with alimentary, but also with allergic and inflammatory diseases. They have systemic effects on the human organism. However, the diversity of the composition of probiotic complexes complicates the determination of the beneficial effects of specific microorganisms on the human body. These circumstances call for more research. Investigation of the effect of probiotic intake on the levels of various cytokines may explain the mechanisms of the beneficial effect of probiotic intake on the functioning of the immune system. Objective - to study the effectiveness of the probiotic Bifiform Kids for the prevention of respiratory infections in children with recurrent respiratory infections with gastrointestinal allergy symptoms. Material and methods . The prospective randomized controlled trial included 92 children aged from 4 to 5 years who suffers from more than 5 episodes of respiratory infections per year with gastrointestinal allergy symptoms. Patients from the main group (n=46) were prescribed 2 chewable tablets Bifiform Kids (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG not less than 1×109 CFU, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis not less than 1×109 CFU, thiamine mononitrate 0.40 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.50 mg in each) twice per day within 21 days. Patients from the control group (n=46) were prescribed no probiotics during the study period. The study included the measurement of blood serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G (by immunoturbodimetry) and E, as well as the concentration of cytokines IL-17, IL-10 (by enzyme immunoassay). Measurements were performed at the 1st day of the study, at the 21st day of the study, and 6 months after the study initiation. The microbiota composition was determined by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA genes in DNA preparations isolated from stool samples collected at the start of the study and after 21 days. The Shannon index was calculated for the species of detected bacteria to determine the diversity of the microbiome. The effectiveness of disease prevention was measured by calculating the prevention index and the efficiency coefficient based on the incidence of respiratory infections in both groups during the observation period (6 months). Results . In the main group, the volume of the commensal flora decreased 3 weeks after the study initiation: Enterobacter from 18.3±19.3 to 10.5±18.1%; Enterococcus from 8.7±16.1 to 3.1±10.0%; Clostridium from 3.1±8.1 to 0.5±2.2%. There was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of representatives of the genus Bifidobacterium by 2.2 times (from 16.9±26.4 to 36.5±31.5%, p=0.0017) and a decrease in the Shannon index from 1.1±2.1 up to 0.4±1.1 (p<0.05). In the control group, there were no statistically significant changes in the microbiota content. In the main group, after 21 days, the blood IL-10 level increased from 11.3±15.4 to 15.7±13.4 pg/ml, and the IL-17 concentration decreased from 8.9±7.7 to 6.5±7.1 pg/ml (p=<0.05) while maintaining this trend by the 6th month of observation. There were no changes in these indicators in children from the control group. The main group demonstrated a significant (р=<0.05) decrease in the level of IgE from 184±121 to 104±67 and 114±54 kU/l, and a significant increase in IgA from 0.73±0.45 to 1.33±0.65 and 1.21±0.57 g/l after 3 weeks and at the end of the probiotic intake, respectively. The level of IgA in the main group remained higher during the study compared to the control group. The main group demonstrated a 3-fold decrease in the incidence of respiratory infections in comparison with the control group. The efficiency index was 3.21, the therapeutic response was 69%. Conclusion . The results of the study show the effectiveness of the complex probiotic for the respiratory infections prevention in children with gastrointestinal allergy symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors declare no overt and potential conflict of interest related to the publication of this article., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

The article analyzes the effectiveness of the most studied probiotic strains that are used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. The requirements for probiotic microorganisms are described, depending on the form in which they are used. However, their scope most often covers both prevention and treatment of various functional disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, a lot of data has been accumulated on the effectiveness of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of diseases of other organs and organism systems. Most strains are successfully used as dietary supplements, and some of them have found their application in food industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare no overt and potential conflict of interest related to the publication of this article., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

One of the serious problems during the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) is the developing of adverse drug events during therapy. Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first drugs with the high incidence and severity of adverse events. This article describes OA treatment strategies approaches for OA are presented using the complex drug Alflutop, which has a composition similar to the human hyaline cartilage. The drug has anti - inflammatory and analgesic effects, normalizes the function of the affected joints, improves the quality of patients' life, also has a structure - modifying effect. Such therapy is safe, well tolerable for patients, and can be used used as a starting complex OA treatment.

Vitamin-like compound S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM, historically called vitamin U) is a metabolic agent, affects metabolic processes, which causes a wide variety of effects. The data of the studies demonstrating gastroprotective effect, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect, participation in regulation of adipocyte function, homocysteine exchange are presented. SMM is involved in all methylation reactions in which another activated form of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, normally participates. The results of the observed studies indicate a possible expansion of the clinical use of S-methylmethionine., Competing Interests: The authors declare no overt and potential conflict of interest related to the publication of this article., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Aim: To determine celiac disease detection rate in patients with digestive disease., Subjects and Methods: A total of 318 gastroenterological patients admitted to be treated at the Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology in September to October 2012 were examined. The patients' age was 18 to 74 years (mean 51.5±16.4 years). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies and IgG anti-tTG antibodies were determined. When the antibodies were elevated, esophagogastroduodenoscopy with duodenal biopsy was performed., Results: Forty-one of the 318 patients were found to have higher AGA (12.9%); out of them IgA AGA were in 17 (5.35%) patients and IgG AGA were also in 17 (5.35%). Elevated levels of both antibodies (IgA AGA and IgG AGA) were seen in 7 (2.2%) patients. Overall, the detection rate of increased AGA levels was 12.9%. The antibodies were more commonly higher in patients with liver diseases (21.8%) and in those with inflammatory bowel diseases (21.6%). Both IgA anti-tTG, IgG anti-tTG and IgA AGA, IgG AGA were detected in 6 (1.9%) of the 318 patients. The diagnosis of celiac disease was verified by duodenal histological examination in 3 (0.94%) of the 318 patients., Conclusion: The celiac disease detection rate in gastroenterological patients was 0.94%.

One of the factors in the polymorbidity development are systemic metabolic changes such as lipid disorders, mineral metabolism, glucose metabolism, hormonal status. The article highlights the current knowledge about the metabolic role of vitamin D, it is concluded that the vitamin D deficiency is a factor of polymorbidity.

A search for ways to overcome the secondary inefficiency of anti-cytokine therapy (ACT) with infliximab (IFX) in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) remains relevant and determines the need for new approaches to solving this problem. The secondary inefficiency of ACT has been found to depend on the level of antibodies to IFX (anti-IFX Ab). The Department of Intestinal Pathology, Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology, is investigating the mechanisms for the occurrence of primary and secondary inefficiency of ACT, as well as ways to overcome them by cultured allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). In the framework of the searching investigation evaluating the efficiency and safety of MSC in patients with IBD, the investigators revealed that was a phenomenon of a decrease in anti-IFX Ab and came to the conclusion that the secondary inefficiency of ACT should be overcome in a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC). The elevated anti-IFX Ab levels were directly associated with the worsening clinical and endoscopic picture of UC and with the enhanced activity of an inflammatory process. The administration of cultures MSC contributed to lower anti-IFX Ab levels, overcome secondary inefficiency (an escape phenomenon) during ACT, and enhanced IFX sensitivity. The clinical observation indicated that MSC administration reduced anti-IFX concentrations and promoted UC remission during IFX therapy. Thus, MSC transplantation can be considered as a promising method for overcoming the secondary inefficiency of ACT, which aids in increasing the previously lost response to anti-inflammatory therapy.

Aim: To estimate the diagnostic value (DV) of direct markers of liver fibrosis, such as type IV collagen (C-IV), hyaluronic acid (HA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in combination with indirect markers of fibrosis, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), platelets, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in evaluating liver fibrosis., Subjects and Methods: Sixty-seven patients with chronic diffuse liver diseases were examined. ALT, AST, gamma-GTP, and ALP were determined as indirect indicators of fibrosis. The levels of TIMP-1, HA, C-IV, and TNF-alpha were estimated by ELISA; the stage of fibrosis was determined by the results of indirect liver ultrasound fibroelastography (FE)., Results: According to the results of FE, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) (n = 25) F < or = 2 METAVIR and 2) (n = 42) F3-F4. While estimating DV of severe fibrosis stages (F3-F4), the area under the ROC curve (AUC) increased for platelets, HA, and C-IV. DV of ALT, AST declined with the higher degree of fibrosis. The highest ratio of test specificity and sensitivity (TSp and TSen) and AUC were observed for AST and HA. ALT and platelets showed low TSen, and TNF-alpha and TIMP-1 had no TSp. For evaluation of fibrosis (F4), a HA increase of over 57.7 ng/ml had 92.6% TSen and 67.5% TSp; for a C-IV elevation of above 133.1mkg/l, TSen was 85.2%, TSp was 57.5%; for a TIMP-1 rise from 24.4 ng/ml, TSen was 74.1% and TSp was 62.5%. For the diagnosis of fibrosis (F4) with a HA rise of more than 57.7 ng/ml, DV of a positive test was 65.8 (48.65-80.4; 95% CI) and that of a negative test was 93.1 (76.8-99.2; 95% CI). Thus, the negative rather than positive test results are of great diagnostic value for evaluation of the degree of fibrosis., Conclusion: The results of the investigation convincingly suggest that examination of the serum markers of fibrosis allows one to estimate with a high probability its presence and severity in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. The so-called direct markers (substances reflecting the biochemistry and regulation of fibrogenesis) are undoubtedly of great diagnostic value.

Background: Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs represent an important osteoarthritis (OA) therapy component, but also a leading cause of gastropathy: one of the most frequent and serious OA therapy complications. The aim of the present study was to study the influence of GI health in an OA population receiving either ginger or diclofenac., Methods: Forty-three (43) patients with confirmed OA (knee and hip) were included in a randomized controlled study. A ginger group of 21 patients (17 women, 4 men) was given a specific ginger combination daily (340 mg EV.EXT 35 Zingiber officinalis extract) for 4 weeks. A diclofenac group (positive control) of 22 patients (18 women, 4 men) received 100 mg diclofenac daily for the same period. Both groups also received 1000 mg glucosamine daily. Gastrointestinal pain and dyspepsia were evaluated according to the severity of dyspepsia assessment (SODA) form. Patients also underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) including biopsy before and after the treatment. Serum gastrin-17 levels, and stomach mucosa prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F2α, and 6-keto PGF1α (PGI2) levels were measured. Arthritic pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) on standing and moving., Results: The ginger group showed a slight but significantly lowered SODA pain and no change of SODA dyspepsia. EGDS showed significantly increased levels of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α in the stomach mucosa. This rise in gastric mucosa PG levels correlated with an increase in serum gastrin-17. On the other hand, the diclofenac group showed increased SODA pain and dyspepsia values with a corresponding significant decrease of stomach mucosa prostaglandins and general negative stomach mucosa degeneration. Both groups showed a relevant and significantly lowered VAS pain both on standing and moving., Conclusions: The ginger combination is as effective as diclofenac but safer in treating OA, being without effect on the stomach mucosa. The increased mucosal PGs synthesis in the ginger group supports an increased mucosa-protective potential. VAS; visual analogue scale, 0-100 mm.

Aim: To reveal the specific features of pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus (DM) and to discuss the principles of its medical therapy., Subjects and Methods: Sixty-six patients (55 men and 11 women) aged 30 to 65 years with chronic pancreatitis (CP) were examined. The disease was accompanied with pancreatic calcification and cyst formation in 22 and 13 patients, respectively; 5 patients were found to have a pseudotumorous form of CP and 10 had clinically and laboratorily verified DM. 14 resections and 11 drainages for complicated CP were performed. Its diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical, instrumental, and laboratory findings. Pancreatic exocrine function was evaluated from the results of the 13C-trioctanain breath test (BT) that is designed for its in vivo diagnosis. The level of C-peptide was studied by an enzyme immunoassay., Results: The findings suggest that pancreatic exocrine function is diminished in CP patients both with and without complications as compared with the normal value in 44% (24.3 +/- 1.7 and 26.6 +/- 1.3%, respectively), as shown by BT. According to the results of BT, a substantial decrease in the total proportion of a released label was noted in patients with CP and pancreatic calcification, diabetes mellitus, after resection operations for complications of CP and there were also significant differences, as compared to a group of CP patients without complications. In these patient groups, the level of C-peptide fell to a larger extent than that in CP patients without complications and in patients with CP and DM it was decreased to 0.11 +/- 0.02 ng/ml, the normal level being 0.7-1.9 ng/ml. There was a direct correlation between C-peptide levels and BT results in the patients with CP after resection operations. Insulin antibodies were absent in all the examined patients with CP, which proves the specific type of DM in CP. These are detectable only in type 1 DM. Seven patients with CP and DM were found to have calcification, 5 underwent resection operations, 3 had calcification and underwent pancreatic resection operations., Conclusion: The development of DM may be predicted in CP patients with formation of pancreatic calcification and resections. In these patients, pancreatic exocrine dysfunction achieves a severe degree.

Research of features of a current of a spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) allows to allocate close interrelation between SBP, system inflammatory reaction and a sepsis to consider SBP, as one of stages in evolution of the difficult infectious process caused, as a rule, by resident flora, developing at patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC), which demands timely preventive maintenance and adequate antibacterial therapy. In the present work therapy and preventive maintenance SBP questions are considered. In article the extensive review of the data of the literature and own supervision by efficiency of treatment SBP also is presented. For the purpose of optimization of pharmacotherapy of the sick LC, the complicated ascites, had been conducted pharmacokinetics research ciprofloxacin (CPF) according to dynamics of its maintenance in blood serum (BS) and ascitic fluid (AF) depending on presence and ascites size. Materials and methods. Researches are spent 18 sick decompensated liver cirrhosis (a class B and C on Ch-P), without signs SBP after unitary reception of 500 mg CPF per os on an empty stomach. All patients have been divided on two groups: I gr. (n = 10) with the expressed, intense ascites (> 10 1) and II gr. (n = 8) with the moderate, small ascites. Definition CPF in BS also was already carried out by a method of a highly effective liquid chromatography. On the basis of the received data for each patient counted the semidelucing period (T1/2), the area under pharmacokinetic curve (curve concentration - time) - (AUC), volume of distribution of a preparation (Avd), factor AUC(AF)\MIC (size of the relation of the area under pharmacokinetic curve to its minimum inhibitive concentration). Results of research have shown that concentration levels (C) (CPF in BS and AF for the given concrete patient are at one level, showing thus distinctions in dynamic behavior. Average value AUC(AF)\MIC (MIC - minimum inhibitive concentration) at patients II gr. has made 187,3 +/- 5,6 h that almost in 2 times more than necessary value, as has allowed not to recommend to patients increase in dose CPF. On the contrary, parity AUC(AF)/MIC at patients I gr. has made 43,8 +/- 3,6 h (less than 100 h) that it is not enough for therapeutic effect. Conclusions. The conducted research has allowed to make the conclusion that presence and ascites size make essential impact on pharmacokinetic parameters CPF and to recommend increase in dose CPF to 1000 mg/days for sick LC with sharply expressed ascites and safe nephritic function.

It is known that for risk group's importance of early diagnostics and prevention of a cancer of a thick section of the intestines. The view was expressed that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prospectively. The article presents the data obtained after the determination of the effect on the domestic drug diclofenac on the ability of the lines of tumor cells of the human colon multiply this antiproliferativoe action on the dose of the drug. Used photometric method for determination antiproliferativoe action. In vitro determined the effect of the national drug diclofenac on the ability of the lines of tumor cells of the human colon multiply, and is set in a dose-dependent effect. It is established that under the action of NSAIDS metabolic activity of cells can both strengthen and weaken that depends on the line of tumor cells and the concentration of the drug.

We presented the results of our research in comparison with the literature on the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) at liver cirrhosis (LC), complicated by ascites. Based on these data, was proposed a classification of SBP. Were identified criteria for early diagnosis of SBP on the basis of clinical manifestations of bacterial peritonitis, systemic inflammatory response, results of studies of ascitic fluid (AF) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In accordance with the proposed criteria was proposed a scheme for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STDs. Presents data on the effectiveness of therapy and prevention of SBP. Denote the potential major long-term trends in the treatment of SBP in cirrhosis.

This article studies the clinical features of the flow of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in the formation of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Were shown the incidence of disorders of bone mineral density in patients with chronic pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, gallstone disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diseases accompanied by syndrome of malabsorption (gluten enteropathy, a syndrome of short small intestine). Were established population (age, sex, lower body mass index, menopause), clinical and laboratory factors indicating high risk of lower bone mineral density in these patients.

The paper presents the results of a study of bone mineral density in patients with various chronic diseases of the digestive system. Studied the value of the known population risk factors such as female gender, menopause in women, decreased body mass index, age, and in the genesis of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis in gastroenterological patients.

The paper presents the results of a study of iron metabolism in 185 patients with cirrhosis of different etiologies. The frequency of iron deficiency in 28.6% of patients and the syndrome of iron overload - 18.9%. The gender and etiology of cirrhosis role in the frequency of occurrence of the syndrome of iron overload and iron deficiency. The iron metabolism disorders in relationship with the frequency of complicated cirrhosis, the severity of liver cirrhosis, according to Child-Pugh's grade of severity of liver disease, the severity of cytolytic syndrome.

The Aims: To develop criteria for prediction of disorders of bone metabolism and improve prevention and treatment of osteopenia in gastroenterological patients on the basis of pathogenic features of its development. Recent literature data show that a number of digestive diseases exacerbate the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in patients with population risk factors. Reduced bone mineral density in patients with certain diseases of the digestive system occurs equally in both cortical and trabecular bone tissue, indicating the polyetiology osteopenia in this group of patients.

We studied the effect of NSAIDs on the stomach lining and intestines. Animals received the selective and nonselective NSAIDs. Revision of the abdominal cavity was performed after 24 hours and 14 days. In the mucosa was determined by the levels of prostaglandins and measured the index of damage. Lowering the synthesis of PG in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract contributes to the formation damage. After 24 hours when receiving non-selective COX inhibitors and selective inhibitors of COX-2 revealed the presence of mucous membrane lesions that are smaller than in groups of animals treated with selective NSAIDs. After 14 days of reception remains a low level of GHGs in the group of animals treated with nonselective NSAIDs. Visually mucosal damage are insignificant, but in the submucosal layer preserved microcirculatory blood flow disturbances.

Aim: To develop criteria of early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in hepatic cirrhosis (HC)., Material and Methods: Clinical symptoms of SBP including systemic inflammatory reaction were analysed in 286 patients. The count of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PNL) in ascitic liquid (AL), microbiological study of the blood and AL were made. Ultrasound investigation assessed acoustic homogeneity of AL. Blood serum (BS) and AL were tested for cytokines content: interleukine-1beta, TNF-alpha, interleukine-4, transforming growth factor beta, C-reactive protein. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MC) estimated quantity and quality of chemical components--markers of potential infectious agents of AL., Results: Three groups of patients were identified: group A (a classic SBP) consisted of 23 patients with clinical symptoms of SBP and PNL content > 0.25 x 10(9)/l; group B (control) consisted of 19 patients free of SBP symptoms and PNL content < 0.25 x 10(9)/l; group C (patients at risk)--18 patients with SBP symptoms and PNL content < 0.25 x 10(9)/l. Cultural test of AL was negative in all the groups. Symptoms of SIR occurred equally often in groups A and C. CRP in AL was higher (23.8 +/- 4.3 g/l) in group A than in group B (p < 0.05). CRP concentration (8.6 +/- 2.1 g/l) was higher in group C than in group B (p < 0.05). Changes in cytokine composition were similar in groups A and C. The number of chemical bacterial markers was higher in groups A and C (p < 0.005)., Conclusion: Patients of group C with SIR, elevated CRP, changed cytokine status, high content of chemical markers of AL infection by GC-MC are at high risk of SBP. Such patients need adequate and early antibacterial therapy.

The article presents the results of the first Russian open randomized comparative multicenter study on the effectiveness of Famotidine in the prevention of NSAID-gastropathy--Barrier. In addition, were showen the results of studies of the drugs effect used for prevention of NSAID gastropathy (Famotidine, Lansoprazole, Misoprostol) for the synthesis of prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa in patients with osteoarthritis. Was shown the impact of alternative anti-inflammatory drug on the basis of an extract of ginger as joint pain, and the mucous upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with osteoarthritis.

Anemia in IBD is the result of a combination of iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease. Therapy of IBD is relief of inflammation, but the drugs usage may cause the development hemolytic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. We studied the effect of basic therapy on the incidence of anemia and assess the impact of modern biological therapies on the main markers of AHZ. A total of 153 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 53 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), which at the time of the study received basic anti-inflammatory therapy for at least 1 year. All patients underwent blood tests, iron metabolism parameters were determined by the level of erythropoietin and G-gepsidina C reactive protein. Modern biological therapy increases the effectiveness of the treatment of anemia in patients with IBD. The use of Remicade gives a quick positive response, which is due to the decrease of gepsidin negative influence on iron metabolism and unlocking the synthesis of erythropoietin. The use of MSCs does not inhibit the synthesis of erythropoietin, and is likely to stimulate erythropoiesis at the erythroblast precursors.

The aim of the study was to compare the level of nitric oxide to clinical and laboratory criteria for acute CP, and indicators of oxidative stress in CP. A total of 129 patients with CP (96 males and 33 females), mean age 46,9 +/- 9,2 years, were distributed to the groups with uncomplicated and complicated course. A study of nitric oxide in the blood as an additional criterion for acute CP. Found it significantly increased in patients with CP compared with control values. The content of nitric oxide in the blood during uncomplicated CP was 149,07 +/- 15,4 umol/l, with complicated course increased to 211,5 +/- 17,7 umol/l, which is significantly higher than that in uncomplicated CP (p = 0,042). A significant increase of NO level in the amplification of pain intensity (10-point analogue scale), and also obtained a direct correlation between these criteria (r = 0,69, p = 0,01). Received a significant increase in levels of nitric oxide with an increase in pancreas head size, revealed a direct correlation between these parameters (r = 0,59, p = 0,04). The obtained results allowed using nitric oxide as a criterion of acute HP. For diagnostic levels of nitric oxide made its rise above 120 mmol/liter. Sensitivity and specificity improvement of nitric oxide above 120 umol/L were 97% and 57% respectively when compared with the pain syndrome and 42% and 62% respectively when compared to pancreas head size. Were studied AAO and MDA indices. A significant increase in MDA (t = 2,58, p = 0,012), indicating that activation of LPO. There was a significant increase of MDA in the amplification of the intensity of pain, and also obtained a direct correlation between these criteria (r = 0,30, p = 0,03). Identified a direct correlation between levels of MDA and nitric oxide (r = 0,63, p = 0,01). Study of the level of nitric oxide can be used as an additional criterion of exacerbation of CP. In patients with CP enhanced LPO processes, as evidenced by the increase of MDA in patients with high levels of nitric oxide in the blood. Growth of LP may be an additional pathophysiological factor amplifying damaged pancreas.

Unlabelled: The concept of "health" is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. Currently, one of the most widely used questionnaires of general type is the SF-36 Health Status Survey, proposed the Boston Institute for Health and created on the basis of other already existing tools for assessing QOL. Translated into Russian and testing methodology was conducted by the Institute of clinical and pharmacological studies (St. Petersburg). Any surgical intervention, in particular the removal of part of the colon can lead to a restriction of all aspects (physical, mental and social) of a normal human life. The goal of treatment of any disease should be considered as improving the quality of life of the patient on a background of positive clinical dynamics, assessing the quality of life indicators, which depend on many external and internal factors., Aim: to study the quality of life of patients after hemicolectomy, depending on the type of colon resection and the level of endotoxemia., Results: Analysis of quality of life of patients after undergoing surgery--hemicolectomy carried out using questionnaire SF-36 indicates a decline in general condition and mental health in patients after left-sided hemicolectomy. The study showed a close pathogenetic relationship between endotoxemia and decreased quality of life of patients after hemicolectomy.

There are shown results of studies of bone mineral density in patients with celiac disease. The problem of malabsorption syndrome with clinical and pathogenetic point of view, which can lead to bone loss due to on absorption violations of calcium and vitamin D at celiac disease. Also into account the effect of proinflammatory cytokines and hormones on calcium regulated processes of bone remodeling. The role of the commitment to a gluten-free diet in the formation of bone loss.

The article presents the results of a bone mineral density study in patients with glutensensitive celiac disease. Was discussed problem of malabsorption syndrome with clinical and pathogenetic point of view, which can lead to bone loss due to malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D for celiac disease. Also was take into account the effect of inflammatory cytokines and hormones on calcium regulating processes of bone remodeling. The role of adherence to a gluten-free diet in the formation of bone loss. The article is illustrated with three tables, one figure and two schedules.

Unlabelled: Gepsidin is an iron regulatory protein that inhibits ferroportin, limiting the transport of iron into the cell of the small intestine villi and blocking the exit of iron from macrophages, that often leads to disruption of iron homeostasis, iron deficiency and the development of anemia. The Aim was to study the levels of gepsidin in patients with IBD and determine its prognostic significance for the development of anemia. We examined 80 patients with IBD, 45 (56%) men and 35 (44%) women with the average age of 39,0 +/- 15,8 years. In 40 patients with anemia and 40 patients with IBD without anemia syndrome, studies were conducted in the status of iron metabolism, the level of gepsidin, TNF, C-reactive protein., Conclusion: IBD with systemic inflammatory response leads to increased levels gepsidina and increases the risk of anemia in IBD. Determination of gepsidin in IBD patients enables identify patients at risk for anemia and to clarify the effectiveness of the basic treatment of the disease.

The article presents literature data on the diagnostic value of the new indicator of the epithelial damage of the small intestine--I-FABP (protein binding fatty acids) and the results of our investigation of this indicator in 63 patients with functional bowel disease, and 20--the control group presented patients with erosive gastritis. Also presented diagnostic value of this indicator and defined the boundaries of normal values for this indicator.

Paper is devoted to the study of the clinical features of the course diseases of gastrointestinal tract and liver in the formation of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Given frequencies of occurrence of infringements of mineral density of bone at patients with chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, cholelithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease as well as diseases that are accompanied by malabsorption syndromes (celiac enteropathy syndrome of short small intestine). Established populational (age, sex, lower body mass index, menopause), clinical and laboratory factors indicating high risk of lower bone mineral density in these patients.

Aim: To determine optimal treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) in patients with hepatic cirrhosis (HC) basing on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-adrenoblockers (BAB)., Material and Methods: A total of 360 patients with AH of the second degree, steatosis and alcoholic HC of class A according to Child-Pue participated in the study. The control group consisted of 120 patients with peptic ulcer in remission and normal function of the liver. The patients' treatment with enalapril (pharmacologically inactive prodrug), lisinopril (biologically active substance), atenolol (hydrophilic drug) and metoprolol (lipophylic drug) was analysed., Results: Lisinopril showed a better hypotensive effect than enalapril in AH patients with HC. BAB decreased blood pressure in all hypertensive patients. Atenolol and metoprolol effectively reduced blood pressure in 88.89% patients with AH and HC. Bradycardia episodes in atenolol treatment were observed in 14.4% patients while in metoprolol treatment--in 22.2% patients, this evidencing for pronounced shifts in pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol exposed to hepatic metabolism., Conclusion: Biological activity is an essential criterion of choice of ACE inhibitor in patients with hepatic pathology. Enalapril, for example, as a pharmacological inactive prodrug, is metabolized in the liver to acquire activity, whereas lisinopril has a direct biological activity and has, therefore, a stronger hypotensive action in AH patients with HC. BAB should be selected by the ability to effectively control blood pressure and heart rate without inducing bradycardia the appearance of which necessitates correction of dose regimen with reduction of day dose.

Unlabelled: The normal intestinal microflora important for maintaining the optimum level of metabolic processes in the human body, the immune system, as well as to create a high colonization resistance against the pathogenic microbes. With aging, changes microbiocaenosis intestine, resulting in an increase in the total number of microbes in the gut and profound changes in the functional properties of microorganisms. Under physiological conditions, the main reservoir of endotoxin in the human body is the intestine. Endotoxins, penetrating through the intestinal mucosa, arrive first at the local (intestinal), and then through the portal system in the liver, are able to initiate it various lesions, including fatty degeneration of the parenchyma., Objective: Based on clinical and laboratory studies to determine changes in gut microbiota and the level of endotoxemia in elderly patients in the remote period after undergoing surgery--hemicolectomy., Results of the Study: Metabolic activity of microflora in the colon according to the concentrations of short chain fatty acids in the feces of elderly patients in distant periods after hemicolectomy revealed in various degrees of violation of the microbiota of the colon. Violation of gut microbiota leads to endotoxaemia, which has a toxic effect on liver function, level of endotoxin and protein that binds to endotoxin was significantly higher in patients who underwent left-sided hemicolectomy.

The pharmacokinetics of iron oral medication in was studied in patients with liver cirhorosis. In patients with hepatocellular insufficiency and high level of gepsidin found a decrease of the iron absorption constant, which led to a change in pharmacokinetic parameters. Tests on the absorption of iron have been conducted in 25 patients with liver cirrhosis, 36% of them showed a decrease of iron absorption, which led to the decrease in the efficiency of subsequent iron therapy. Found that elevated levels of gepsidin that lead to violation of iron metabolism and absorption and reduce the effectiveness of the treatment of iron deficiency.

In order to identify features of the course pancreatic diabetes and discussion of the principles of conservative therapy were examined 66 patients with CP in age of 30 to 65 years (55 men, 11 women). Among them in 22 cases disease was followed with formation of calcification of pancreas, 13 - pancreatic cysts, and 5 revealed pseudo tumor form of CP, 10 patients had clinical and laboratory evidence of diabetes. Concerning CP complicated course were performed 14 resection and 11 draining operations on the pancreas. Based on clinical, instrumental and laboratory data was made the diagnosis of CP. Exocrine pancreatic function was assessed on the results of the breath test, using 13C-trioktanaine, which is applied for exocrine pancreatic function in vivo test. The content of C-peptide was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data indicate pancreatic exocrine function decrease in patients with CP with complications and without complications in compare with the norm of 44% (24,3 +/- 1,7, 26,6 +/- 1,3%, respectively) according to the breath test. Significant decrease of the cumulative output tags based on the test data of patients with CP and pancreatic calcification, diabetes mellitus, after resection surgery with CP complications, and there were significant differences in compare with a group of patients with CP without complications (p = 0.5). The level of C-peptide in these groups of patients decreased significantly in compare with a group of patients with CP without complications, and patients with CP and Diabetes was reduced to 0,11 +/- 0,02 ng/ml, at a rate range of 0.7-1.9 ng/ml, ie below the minimum values of norm. Obtained a direct correlation between the level of C-peptide and indicators breath test in patients after resection HP (r = 0,84, p = 0,03). Antibodies to insulin in the whole group of studied patients CPs were negative, which proves the specific type of Diabetes at HP. Antibodies to insulin can be detected only at diabetes type 1. In 7 patients with CP and CD detected calcification, 5 patients performed resection surgery, 3 patients had calcification and conducted the pancreas resection. Thus, we can conclude that in patients with CP and formation of pancreas calcification, pancreas resections may predict the development of diabetes.

There were shown results of the bone mineral density study in patients with glyutensensitive celiac disease. Were highlighted issues relating to the role of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D deficiency and its active metabolite in the formation of osteopenia/osteoporosis in patients with celiac disease glyutensensitive pre- and menopausal age.