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Summary The ‘first night effect’ (FNE) is a well‐known phenomenon in polysomnographic (PSG) sleep studies, resulting in significant variations in the macrostructure of wakefulness and sleep states, particularly between the initial and subsequent sleep recording sessions. The FNE phenomenon during sleep has been studied in various species, revealing complex variations between several sessions of sleep recording. The present study used a non‐invasive PSG method to examine differences between various vigilance states in four adult female dromedary camels during 4 consecutive nights and days of sleep recording. The results indicate the presence of a FNE in the architecture of the dromedary camel's vigilance states. On the first night, the proportions of wakefulness and light non‐rapid eye movment (NREM) sleep (drowsiness) were higher, at a mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]) of 40.92% (0.88%) and 14.93% (0.37%), respectively; while the proportion of rumination (mean [SEM] 29.55% [0.92%]) was lower compared to consecutive nights. No FNE was found on deep NREM sleep, while night‐time REM sleep had a shorter proportion during the first night compared to subsequent consecutive nights. A significantly lower REM/total sleep time (TST) ratio was observed on the first night. Daytime comparisons did not show any significant differences for the different vigilance states. The increase in wakefulness and light NREM sleep and the reduction in REM sleep and REM/TST sleep on the first night indicate a decline in sleep quality in the dromedary camel due to the FNE. Thus, we recommend excluding from a PSG sleep study at least the first session/night of the recordings to ensure accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Granulomas can appear in a variety of pathological situations. So, recognizing the granulomatous pattern is essential. because it is confined to a limited number of disorders, some of which are life-threatening. There is little pathological data on the cells that contribute to the formation of granulomas in camels. This study identified cells associated with granulomatous disorder based on histological findings. The intestinal tissues were brought to the Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, with intestinal lesions for histological evaluation. One case of epithelioid granuloma in the small intestine of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) was detected by histopathological examination. There is a central zone of necrosis. Necrotic material is amorphous, structureless, eosinophilic, and granular debris with lost cellular features. surrounded by epithelioid cells and connective tissue, which contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Epithelioid cells have a polygonal, faintly granular cytoplasm. Epithelioid cells have ill-defined cell borders and elongated or ovoid vesicular central nuclei [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q < 0.05) at genome and chromosome-wide levels of significance, respectively, with zoometrics- (width, length, and perimeter/girth), biomechanics- (acceleration, displacement, spatial position, and velocity), and behavior-related traits (general cognition, intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)) in dromedaries. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are linkedto neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders. This suggests that genetic variations related to neural development and sensory perception play crucial roles in shaping a dromedary camel's physical characteristics and behavior. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the genomic basis of essential traits in dromedary camels. Identifying specific genetic markers associated with zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior provides valuable insights into camel domestication. Moreover, the links between these traits and genes related to neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders highlight the broader implications of domestication and modern selection on the health and welfare of dromedary camels. This knowledge could guide future breeding strategies, fostering a more holistic approach to camel husbandry and ensuring the sustainability of these animals in diverse agricultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to explore the association between the immunolocalization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and S100 proteins within the efferent ductules (ED) from one side, and the sexual maturity and seasonality from the other side. For each season, tissue specimens were obtained from 7 adult and 7 juvenile, clinically healthy male dromedaries. Specimens were investigated by the standard immunohistochemical procedures. The immunohistochemical findings displayed that the pattern of expression was similar for both proteins, either in adults or in juveniles. Expression was significantly higher in adults during season of sexual activity (winter), fairly reduced during periods of transition from activity to inactivity (spring) or from inactivity to activity (autumn) and reaches its lowest magnitude during season of sexual inactivity (summer). On the other hand, a moderate immunoreactivity of both proteins in ED from juvenile male camels was nearly uniform throughout the year. The immunoreactivity for both α-SMA (smooth muscle cells in ductular and vascular walls) and S100 (ductular ciliated cells), was evident during periods of sexual activity. It can be concluded that the immunoreactivity is androgen- dependent and positively correlated with both of sexual activity and maturity, suggesting a crucial role of both α-SMA and S100 proteins in the regulation of the diverse functions of the ED in male dromedaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q

Brucellosis is a communicable zoonotic disease that is endemic in Eastern Africa and other countries, humans contracted this infection from diseased animals. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dromedary camels and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding brucellosis at the human-animal interface that could endanger humans in the study area. A cross-sectional study determined the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in 404 camels. A questionnaire survey involving 120 participants was also conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding the disease. The seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was estimated as 6% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1-1.8) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Pastoralists are in close contact with their animals, and the consumption of raw milk and handling of abortive material is common, which exposes them to a higher risk of infection. The questionnaire survey indicated that about 40% of respondents had previous knowledge about the disease. Almost, 17% and 40% knew that the disease can be transmitted from camel to humans and between camels, respectively. About 67.5% of the respondents disposed of aborted fetuses and placenta in the open field and 86.7% of the respondents consumed raw milk. This indicates that an awareness campaign is important to equip pastoral communities in the study areas with knowledge about the disease and change their malpractice to protect themselves from brucellosis. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the study. The present study revealed a low seroprevalence (0.5%). Although the seropositive animals in this study appeared to be healthy, the results indicated that the disease may manifest as a carrier and adversely affect productivity and public health.

Abstract Background Camels are bred for their milk, meat, wool and hair, transportation, and their excrement as fuel. The seasonal reproduction of camel bull is accompanied by changes in sexual activity, the morphology, and function of the testes. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in serum testosterone (T) levels as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testes of dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, the impact of rutting season on the testicular size and histomorphology was also observed. Seventy mature dromedary bulls were divided into a rutting group (n = 35) and a non-rutting group (n = 35). From these bulls, blood samples and testes were collected during the rutting season (October to April) and non-rutting season (May to September) from a local slaughterhouse. Results All parameters changed significantly during rutting and non-rutting periods in camel bulls. The levels of TAC in testes, and serum T were significantly (P

The reproductive efficiency of dromedary camels is hindered by challenges such as early embryonic mortality, which may be attributed to a lack of synchronization between conceptus signalling and uterine receptivity. Understanding the intricate biological processes involved in feto‐maternal interactions during implantation is crucial to address these limitations. Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in cell signalling and adhesion, playing a crucial role in embryonic implantation. Previous studies have shown the presence of OPN in the uterine endometrium of various mammalian species including dromedary camels. However, the expression pattern of OPN in dromedary conceptuses remains unexplored. Thus, the current study aimed, for the first time, to investigate the temporospatial expression of OPN in dromedary conceptuses during the peri‐implantation period at Days 8, 10, and 12 of pregnancy. Twelve conceptuses were recovered non‐surgically from pregnant females on Days 8, 10, 12 of pregnancy. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qrt‐PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF) were employed for analysis of the expression of OPN mRNA and protein. The results revealed significant increases in both OPN mRNA and protein expression started on Day 10 and peaked at Day 12 of pregnancy. Immuno‐localization confirmed the presence of OPN protein in the trophectoderm and endoderm of dromedary conceptuses. In conclusion, the expression and localization of OPN during the peri‐implantation period in dromedary conceptuses imply its involvement as a crucial reproductive factor and its upregulation during this period, with a pronounced increase close to attachment time (Day 12 of pregnancy) further supports its role in embryo adhesion, implantation, and placentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In mammals, the cerebral cortex depends on a robust blood supply for optimal function. The rostral and caudal cerebral arteries are critical for supplying the cerebrum. This study presents the first detailed anatomical description of the rostral and caudal cerebral arteries of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), including their origins, routes, and complex branching patterns. Methods: A sample of 55 heads from male dromedary camels aged 2-6 years was analyzed using advanced casting techniques with various casting materials to provide precise visualization of these arterial structures. Results: The rostral cerebral arteries originate dorsally from the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM), while the caudal cerebral arteries arise from the caudal communicating artery, which is another branch of the RERM. Both sets of arteries give rise to multiple cortical branches responsible for supplying the medial aspects of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, as well as the medial and caudal regions of the occipital lobes. Conclusion: This study significantly expands our understanding of the cerebrovascular anatomy of dromedary camels. Our findings have potential implications for veterinary medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in camels and may offer insights into broader comparative neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the uterotubal junction in two distinct mammalian species, the bovine (Bos taurus) and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), focusing on histological and histomorphometric parameters. Uterotubal junction (UTJ) was dissected from 8 cows and 12 camels with dominant follicles, and processed for H&E staining for histology, and histomorphometry examination. The results showed that the camel uterotubal junction papillae (UTJP) existed only in camels and was completely absent in cattle. Histologically, the cow UTJ appears with a star‐shaped lumen, and the mucosa is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and non‐ciliated cells. Superficial (SG) and deep glands (DG) were abundant in the submucosa. Camel UTJP is a conical structure, it has a pale yellowish colour, 0.5 ± 0.2 cm height, and 0.3 ± 0.1 cm width, and it has a distinct sphincter at the tip towards the uterine lumen. In the camel UTJP, the lumen is wider, and the mucosa showed large multiple folds lined with ciliated and non‐ciliated cells in a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The submucosa showed no mucosal glands. Lumen area, lumen epithelial height, luminal epithelial density, the thickness of the muscular layer, number of folds, fold height, epithelial height, fold area and epithelial perimeter were higher in camel UTJP (p <.001) than cow UTJ, while the total endosalpinx area and glandular epithelial density were lower in camel UTJP (p <.001) than in cow UTJ. In conclusion, this study elucidates potential variations in the uterotubal junction between bovines and dromedary camels, providing valuable insights into their reproductive adaptations. The epithelial lining, absence of glands and the thick layer of tunica muscularis might indicate that camel UTJP could play a mechanical role in selecting spermatozoa and assisting the hatching of blastocysts during their passage into the uterus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scenario of the fertile spermatozoa with high fertilizing capability is basically dependent on gene expression‐based epididymal function. The current investigation aimed to declare the varied expression of different candidate genes (PLA2G4D, LCN15, CLUAP1, SPP1, AQP12B, DEFB110 and ESR1) relevant to spermatozoa features between the different epididymal segments in the mature dromedary camels (n = 30). Scrotal contents were collected post‐slaughtering, during the breeding season and the epididymis was separated from the testicles and divided into three segments (caput, corpus and cauda) based on its morphology and anatomical characteristics. Epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from each epididymal portion and evaluated for motility, count, viability and morphology. Samples were grouped depending on their epididymal sperm cells features into high‐fertile (n = 15) and low‐fertile (n = 15) groups. The gene expression of the candidate genes was defined in the isolated RNA from each epididymal portion tissue. The segmental sperm motion and count were significantly (p <.05 and p <.01) higher in the three epididymal parts of high‐fertile camels than the lower ones. There were some candidate genes markedly up‐regulated in its expression in epididymal head of high‐fertile camels (PLA2G4D and LCN15) and low fertile (CLUAP1), while others in the body region of the high‐fertile group (SPP1, AQP12B and DEFB110). Nevertheless, ER1 did not differ in the expression among the epididymal segments. In conclusion, the variant expression patterns of these epididymal genes in relation to the regional spermatozoa features might suggest important roles of these genes in sperm maturation process in the epididymis and focusing more interest on their potential utility as markers for male camel fertility prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a communicable zoonotic disease that is endemic in Eastern Africa and other countries, humans contracted this infection from diseased animals. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dromedary camels and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding brucellosis at the human-animal interface that could endanger humans in the study area. A cross-sectional study determined the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in 404 camels. A questionnaire survey involving 120 participants was also conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding the disease. The seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was estimated as 6% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1-1.8) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Pastoralists are in close contact with their animals, and the consumption of raw milk and handling of abortive material is common, which exposes them to a higher risk of infection. The questionnaire survey indicated that about 40% of respondents had previous knowledge about the disease. Almost, 17% and 40% knew that the disease can be transmitted from camel to humans and between camels, respectively. About 67.5% of the respondents disposed of aborted fetuses and placenta in the open field and 86.7% of the respondents consumed raw milk. This indicates that an awareness campaign is important to equip pastoral communities in the study areas with knowledge about the disease and change their malpractice to protect themselves from brucellosis. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the study. The present study revealed a low seroprevalence (0.5%). Although the seropositive animals in this study appeared to be healthy, the results indicated that the disease may manifest as a carrier and adversely affect productivity and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Camels are bred for their milk, meat, wool and hair, transportation, and their excrement as fuel. The seasonal reproduction of camel bull is accompanied by changes in sexual activity, the morphology, and function of the testes. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in serum testosterone (T) levels as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testes of dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, the impact of rutting season on the testicular size and histomorphology was also observed. Seventy mature dromedary bulls were divided into a rutting group (n = 35) and a non-rutting group (n = 35). From these bulls, blood samples and testes were collected during the rutting season (October to April) and non-rutting season (May to September) from a local slaughterhouse. Results: All parameters changed significantly during rutting and non-rutting periods in camel bulls. The levels of TAC in testes, and serum T were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. However, testicular MDA was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. TAC was negatively correlated with MDA (r = -0.59, p < 0.01). Moreover, in the rutting group and the non-rutting group, T was positively correlated with levels of TAC (r = 0.66, p < 0.0003). Additionally, testicular size (length, breadth, and thickness) was significantly greater in camels during the rutting season than in camels during the non-rutting season. Moreover, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and spermatogenesis increased during the rutting season, whereas, the collagen content and apoptosis increased during the non-rutting season. Conclusion: This study revealed that the rutting normal breeding season (NBS, rutting group) was associated with higher levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), T, and spermatogenic activity while the collagen content, concentrations of MDA (the oxidative stress factor) and apoptosis (an outcome of oxidative stress) were lower than those in the low breeding season (LBS, non-rutting group). In addition, the testicular size and seminiferous tubule diameter and number were higher during the NBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: The post-partum gross examination of the fetal membranes is an efficient tool for detecting the abnormalities that might influence the survival, health, and future development of a newborn. The routine on-field gross evaluation of the placenta performed by veterinarians could represent a valuable tool for the management of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) newborns. A description of the dromedary camel placenta was therefore performed in this study. Female dromedary camel parturitions were attended and placentas were collected, cleaned of sand, and observed. The chorionic surface appeared velvety and non-uniform in color, varying from pink to pale or bright red and often with dark red areas; the latter were located mainly around the uterine body portion or in the area outside the insertion of the umbilical cord. The pregnant horn portion was always bigger in size than that of the non-pregnant portion; the uterine body portion showed variability in shape and size. The allantoic surface showed variable appearance, from pearly white, to pink or red-bluish, depending on the background color of the chorionic surface, and was characterized by the presence of several blood vessels. The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) fetal membranes, commonly referred to as "the placenta", are epitheliochorial, diffuse, and microcotyledonary, similarly to the mare's placenta. The evaluation of the placenta is an essential component of the neonatal evaluation in the equine species. However, post-partum or post-abortion placental assessment in dromedary camels is unfortunately too frequently neglected and, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the dromedary camel species lacks a comprehensive description of the normal placenta's gross morphology. In order to facilitate its on-field evaluation, the current study describes the macroscopic features of the placenta of the dromedary camel after full-term pregnancy and spontaneous parturition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main functions of the mammalian cecum include microbial digestion of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates and the absorption of significant amounts of water and electrolytes. The present study was carried out to investigate the gross anatomy and electron microscopy of the cecum in adult camels (Camelus dromedarius), which still needs to be clarified. The study was conducted using samples collected from camels slaughtered at an abattoir in Omdurman, Sudan. The camel cecum, which occupied the right part of the abdomen, was situated caudally to the abomasum and directed caudally to the pelvis. It was short and S-shaped and began largely at the ceco-colic junction at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra and became smaller towards its apex. Morphometrically, camel cecum constituted 3.2% of the large intestine length, 1% of both the small intestine and large intestine length, and 0.10% of the long axis of the animal body. Ultra-structurally, the cecal mucosa showed several folds and was lined by a simple columnar epithelium with many intestinal cells (enterocytes) and goblet cells; two types of enterocytes were shown: type one contained a dark cytoplasm and type two had a light cytoplasm. In conclusion, the cecum in dromedary camels was generally similar in structure to other domestic animals; however, they have a shorter cecum compared to ruminants.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is endemic in dromedaries in Africa, but camel-to-human transmission is limited. Sustained 12-month sampling of dromedaries in a Kenya abattoir hub showed biphasic MERS-CoV incidence; peak detections occurred in October 2022 and February 2023. Dromedary-exposed abattoir workers (7/48) had serologic signs of previous MERS-CoV exposure.

Pregnancy maintenance in dromedary camels poses significant challenges, including early embryonic loss in the left uterine horn (LH) and unsuccessful pregnancy in the right uterine horn (RH), suggesting a potential asynchrony between conceptus signaling and uterine receptivity. The transition of the uterine epithelium from a pre-receptive to a receptive state requires a delicate balance of adhesion-promoting and anti-adhesion molecules. Mucin-1 (MUC1) acts as an anti-adhesive molecule on the uterine luminal (LE) and glandular (GE) epithelium. Downregulation of MUC1 is believed to be crucial for successful embryo attachment in various mammals. This study aimed to investigate the temporospatial expression of MUC1 in the LH and RH on Days 8, 10, and 12 pregnant dromedaries and their conceptuses. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-PCR), Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to assess MUC1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. The results demonstrated a reduction in MUC1 mRNA expression on Day 8, then increased on Day 10, followed by a decrease on Day 12 in LH. While the RH exhibited progressive increases, peaking on Day 12. However, MUC1 expression constantly exhibited higher levels in RH than in LH in all days. Two bands were detected at 150-kDa and 180-kDa, with the highest intensity observed on Day 10. Spatially, MUC1 was localized in the apical, cytoplasmic, and lumen of uterine glands only. MUC1 was barely detectable on Day 8 but gradually increased on Days 10 and 12 in both horns. Likewise, the RH exhibited higher MUC1 signals than the LH on Days 10 and 12. In the conceptuses, MUC1 mRNA increased on Day 8, peaked on Day 10, and declined on Day 12. Notably, MUC1 protein was detected in both the trophectoderm and endoderm, with high expression observed on Day 10 and reduced by Day 12. In conclusion, the decrease in MUC1 expression on Day 8 in the LH may be associated with maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), and the increase on Day 10 may related to embryo protection and movement, while the subsequent decrease on Day 12 could be linked to the embryo attachment and preparation for the implantation. Conversely, the increase of MUC1 in the RH implies a role in the anti-adhesion mechanism. These findings contribute to understanding MUC1's involvement in reproductive processes and provide insights into the complex mechanisms underlying successful pregnancy establishment and maintenance in dromedary camels. • Differential expression patterns of MUC1 in LH and RH of dromedary camels suggest potential functional specialization. • MUC1 reduction in LH and conceptus on Day 8 may be associated with MRP. • MUC1 elevation in LH and conceptus on Day 10 may play role in embryo movement. • MUC1 reduction in LH and conceptus on Day 12 may contribute to embryo attachment. • The increase of MUC1 in RH implies a crucial role as anti-adhesion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionIn mammals, the cerebral cortex depends on a robust blood supply for optimal function. The rostral and caudal cerebral arteries are critical for supplying the cerebrum. This study presents the first detailed anatomical description of the rostral and caudal cerebral arteries of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), including their origins, routes, and complex branching patterns.MethodsA sample of 55 heads from male dromedary camels aged 2–6 years was analyzed using advanced casting techniques with various casting materials to provide precise visualization of these arterial structures.ResultsThe rostral cerebral arteries originate dorsally from the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM), while the caudal cerebral arteries arise from the caudal communicating artery, which is another branch of the RERM. Both sets of arteries give rise to multiple cortical branches responsible for supplying the medial aspects of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, as well as the medial and caudal regions of the occipital lobes.ConclusionThis study significantly expands our understanding of the cerebrovascular anatomy of dromedary camels. Our findings have potential implications for veterinary medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in camels and may offer insights into broader comparative neuroscience research.

AbstractCamel brucellosis is a major public health concern in Sudan; however, there is no overall estimation of the prevalence of camel brucellosis in Sudan. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of 30 eligible studies published before December 31, 2022, with a total of 70059 dromedary camels, to estimate the pooled prevalence of camel brucellosis and its risk factors in Sudan. The random effect model was used for the final analysis due to the significantly high heterogeneity among the included studies, and the results showed that the overall pooled prevalence of camel brucellosis was 17%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 12%–21%. The prevalence was higher in males than females (54% vs. 46%) and in adults than youngling (77% vs. 23%). The prevalence also varied by region, with central and northern Sudan having the highest prevalence (24%), compared to other regions of Sudan. Moreover, the prevalence of camel brucellosis appeared to be decreasing over time. The current study concluded that camel brucellosis infection is still endemic in many areas of Sudan, with the disease being especially prevalent in central and northern Sudan. Thus, this study provides valuable information for the prevention and control of camel brucellosis in Sudan. However, the significant heterogeneity among the included studies should be taken into account when interpreting these results. Finally, to provide adequate information, research must be updated, and more research must be conducted in many regions of Sudan.

Introduction: Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptationmechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects. Methods: Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues. Results and discussion: It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced nomajor effects in the vital organs. Onlyminor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in humans in 2012. Since then, 2605 cases and 937 associated deaths have been reported globally. Camels are the natural host for MERS-CoV and camel to human transmission has been documented. The relationship between MERS-CoV shedding and presence of neutralizing antibodies in camels is critical to inform surveillance and control, including future deployment of camel vaccines. However, it remains poorly understood. The longitudinal study conducted in a closed camel herd in Egypt between December 2019 and March 2020 helped to characterize the kinetics of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies and its relation with viral shedding. Results During the 100-day longitudinal study, 27 out of 54 camels (50%) consistently tested negative for presence of antibodies against MERS-CoV, 19 (35.2%) tested positive and 8 (14.8%) had both, positive and negative test results. Fourteen events that could be interpreted as serological indication of probable infection (two seroconversions and twelve instances of positive camels more than doubling their optical density ratio (OD ratio) in consecutive samples) were identified. Observed times between the identified events provided strong evidence (p = 0.002) against the null hypothesis that they occurred with constant rate during the study, as opposed to clustering at certain points in time. A generalized additive model showed that optical density ratio (OD ratio) is positively associated with being an adult and varies across individual camels and days, peaking at around days 20 and 90 of the study. Despite serological indication of probable virus circulation and intense repeated sampling, none of the tested nasal swab samples were positive for MERS-CoV RNA, suggesting that, if the identified serological responses are the result of virus circulation, the virus may be present in nasal tissue of infected camels during a very narrow time window. Conclusions Longitudinal testing of a closed camel herd with past history of MERS-CoV infection is compatible with the virus continuing to circulate in the herd despite lack of contact with other camels. It is likely that episodes of MERS-CoV infection in camels can take place with minimal presence of the virus in their nasal tissues, which has important implications for future surveillance and control of MERS-CoV in camel herds and prevention of its zoonotic transmission.

Abstract The reproductive activity of the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a seasonal breeder is affected by various seasonal changes that reflect on the reproductive performance. In the current study, we explored a differential cellular localization of lectins in eight dromedary camel testes utilizing lectin histochemistry (LHC). The glycoconjugates’ localizations were detected within the testicular tissue utilizing 13 biotin-labeled lectins (PNA, ConA, LCA, RCA120, GS IB4, WGA, BPL, DBA, ECA, PHA-E4, UEA-1, PTL-II, and SBA) distributed into six sets. The cellular structures revealed diverse lectins distribution that may reflect various glycoproteins’ structures and their compositional modifications during spermatogenesis. Some of the investigated lectins were restricted to acrosomes of spermatids that will help study different stages during the spermatogenic cycle of dromedary camel, particularly PNA, and ECA. The statistical analysis showed a marked positive correlation between the response intensity of various lectins and the breeding season (P

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 7 is a zoonotic disease detected in dromedary camels. Hypothesis/objectives The consumption of camel meat and dairy products, the abundance of dromedary camels in Southeast Iran and the import of camels from neighbouring countries to Iran made the researchers investigate the infection rate of camels by the virus. Animals A total of 53 healthy camels in Southeast Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province) tested for HEV RNA. Method A total of 17 blood samples and 36 liver samples were taken from 53 healthy dromedary camels (aged between 2 and 10 years) from various southeastern regions of Iran. The samples were tested for HEV using RT‐PCR. Results Overall, 56.6% of the studied samples (n = 30) tested positive for HEV RNA. Conclusions and clinical importance The present study was the first of its kind in Iran and revealed the presence of HEV in the Iranian dromedary camel population, which might play the role of a zoonosis reservoir for its transmission to humans. This discovery raises concerns about food‐borne illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. However, further research is needed to identify the specific genotype of the HEV in Iranian dromedary camel infections and to determine the risk of spread to other animals and humans.

Background and Aim: Anaplasmosis, an underestimated disease transmitted by ticks, is widespread in ruminants, such as the Arabian camel (dromedary camel). This study aimed to examine the presence of Anaplasma marginale in dromedary camels in the Al-Hiadyia region of the Al-Najaf desert, Iraq, using serological and molecular tests. Moreover, hematological and biochemical changes in infected animals were compared with those in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 healthy and 260 infected camels with severe anemia, pale mucus membranes, and progressive emaciation to investigate antibodies against A. marginale using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by polymerase chain reaction for selected positive samples targeting a specific region of A. marginale major surface protein 5 (MSP5). In addition, hematological and biochemical parameters were measured to indicate the effect of the disease on blood profile, mineral status, and liver and kidney functions. Results: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis and microscopic examination revealed that 115/260 (44.23%) and 87 (33.46%) camels were positive for Anaplasma spp., respectively. The MSP5 gene, which is unique to A. marginale, was amplified. The results of hematological analysis indicated a significant decrease in total red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume and a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume in infected camels, but no difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Moreover, there was a significant increase in total white blood cells count, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelets. The results of biochemical analysis indicated a significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and iron and a decrease in copper in infected camels. Cholesterol and triglyceride showed no significant variations between healthy and diseased camels. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study to demonstrate the presence of A. marginale in dromedary camels in Iraq. The MSP5 gene is a valuable and unique diagnostic target for identifying A. marginale.

Background and Aim: Paratuberculosis (PTB) or John’s disease is a chronic disease of ruminants impeding the reproduction and productivity of the livestock sector worldwide. Since there is a lack of pathological studies explaining the nature and development of the disease in camels, this study aimed to highlight the anatomopathological changes of PTB in camels, which may help in verifying and validating some diagnostic tests used to detect the etiology of the disease in camel tissues. Materials and Methods: In August 2017, at Alselaa border’s Veterinary Clinic of Al Dhafra Region, Western Abu Dhabi, UAE, one imported culled she-camel of 2 years old was subjected to clinical, microscopic, and anatomopathological investigations along with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to confirm the infection and correlate between clinical signs and pathological lesions of the PTB in dromedary camels. Results: Clinically, typical clinical signs compliant with the pathognomonic gross and histologic lesions of PTB were seen in naturally infected dromedary camel. As presumptive diagnosis microscopically, acid-fast coccobacillus bacterium clumps were demonstrated in direct fecal smears as well as in scraped mucosal and crushed mesenteric lymph node films, and in histopathological sections prepared from a necropsied animal and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Free and intracellular acid-fast clump phagosomes were further confirmed as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by q-PCR. Conclusion: Clinical signs and pathological lesions of paratuberculosis in a dromedary camel were found to be similar to those of the other susceptible hosts.

Resistin, an adipocyte-specific hormone involved in insulin resistance and adipocyte differentiation, was initially identified in adipose tissue and macrophages. The physiological role of this molecule in camels remains largely unexplored. This study analysed for the first time blood and tissue levels of resistin as well as expression of resistin gene by real time PCR in adipose tissue (hump, visceral & epididymal) and different muscles (gastrocnemius, heart and caecum) in dromedary camels. The re-sults revealed that resistin concentration was significantly (P

To date, the biomechanical dynamics in camelids have not been addressed, although it might be a factor that can affect selection and breeding in this species. Therefore, the aim of this article is to conduct curve fitting and discriminant canonical analysis to identify the mathematical function that best captures the dynamics of camel locomotion and to study the impact of kinematic, morphometric, physiological, and phaneroptic variables on gait performance in leisure riding and racing activities in dromedaries, respectively. The cubic function emerged as the most suitable mathematical model to represent the locomotive behavior of camels. Various factors were found to play a pivotal role in the athletic performance of leisure riding and racing dromedary camels. Concretely, angular measurements at the distal fore and rear extremity areas, pelvis inclination, relative volume of the hump, impact forces of the front limbs, post-neutering effects, and the kinematic behavior of the scapula, shoulder, carpus, hip, and foot are the factors that greatly impact gait performance in leisure riding and racing camels. The biomechanical performance at these specific body regions has a profound impact on weight absorption and minimization of mechanic impact during camel locomotion, static/dynamic balance, force distribution, energy of propulsion, movement direction and amplitude, and storage of elastic strain in leisure riding and racing dromedaries. In contrast, other animal- and environment-dependent factors do not exert significant influence on camel gait performance, which can be attributed to species-specific, inherited adaptations developed in response to desert conditions, including the pacing gait, broad foot pads, and energy-efficient movements. The outcomes of our functional data analysis can provide valuable insights for making informed breeding decisions aimed at enhancing animal functional performance in camel riding and racing activities. Furthermore, these findings can open avenues for exploring alternative applications, such as camel-assisted therapy.

IntroductionDromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects.MethodsNineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues.Results and discussionIt was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.

ABSTRACTSARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the ability to infect a wide range of animal species. Here, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection in livestock species in Oman and provided serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cattle, sheep, goats, and dromedary camel using the surrogate virus neutralization and plaque reduction neutralization tests. To better understand the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and associated risks, “One Health” epidemiological investigations targeting animals exposed to COVID-19 human cases should be implemented with integrated data analysis of the epidemiologically linked human and animal cases.

Background: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in humans in 2012. Since then, 2605 cases and 937 associated deaths have been reported globally. Camels are the natural host for MERS-CoV and camel to human transmission has been documented. The relationship between MERS-CoV shedding and presence of neutralizing antibodies in camels is critical to inform surveillance and control, including future deployment of camel vaccines. However, it remains poorly understood. The longitudinal study conducted in a closed camel herd in Egypt between December 2019 and March 2020 helped to characterize the kinetics of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies and its relation with viral shedding. Results: During the 100-day longitudinal study, 27 out of 54 camels (50%) consistently tested negative for presence of antibodies against MERS-CoV, 19 (35.2%) tested positive and 8 (14.8%) had both, positive and negative test results. Fourteen events that could be interpreted as serological indication of probable infection (two seroconversions and twelve instances of positive camels more than doubling their optical density ratio (OD ratio) in consecutive samples) were identified. Observed times between the identified events provided strong evidence (p = 0.002) against the null hypothesis that they occurred with constant rate during the study, as opposed to clustering at certain points in time. A generalized additive model showed that optical density ratio (OD ratio) is positively associated with being an adult and varies across individual camels and days, peaking at around days 20 and 90 of the study. Despite serological indication of probable virus circulation and intense repeated sampling, none of the tested nasal swab samples were positive for MERS-CoV RNA, suggesting that, if the identified serological responses are the result of virus circulation, the virus may be present in nasal tissue of infected camels during a very narrow time window. Conclusions: Longitudinal testing of a closed camel herd with past history of MERS-CoV infection is compatible with the virus continuing to circulate in the herd despite lack of contact with other camels. It is likely that episodes of MERS-CoV infection in camels can take place with minimal presence of the virus in their nasal tissues, which has important implications for future surveillance and control of MERS-CoV in camel herds and prevention of its zoonotic transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive activity of the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a seasonal breeder is affected by various seasonal changes that reflect on the reproductive performance. In the current study, we explored a differential cellular localization of lectins in eight dromedary camel testes utilizing lectin histochemistry (LHC). The glycoconjugates' localizations were detected within the testicular tissue utilizing 13 biotin-labeled lectins (PNA, ConA, LCA, RCA120, GS IB4, WGA, BPL, DBA, ECA, PHA-E4, UEA-1, PTL-II, and SBA) distributed into six sets. The cellular structures revealed diverse lectins distribution that may reflect various glycoproteins' structures and their compositional modifications during spermatogenesis. Some of the investigated lectins were restricted to acrosomes of spermatids that will help study different stages during the spermatogenic cycle of dromedary camel, particularly PNA, and ECA. The statistical analysis showed a marked positive correlation between the response intensity of various lectins and the breeding season (P < 0.05). We can conclude that lectins have a fundamental role during camel spermatogenesis and are associated with the reproductive activity of dromedary camel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumors have been rarely documented in the Arabian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Importantly, the current study investigated multiple primary tumors in the liver of dromedary camels, slaughtered at different abattoirs in Egypt during the period from January 2019 to February 2022. The study focused on the existence of two or more separate primary neoplasms, or one involving multiple sites in the same liver. The study conducted a comprehensive and accurate gross and histopathological description of the neoplastic cases. The use of special stains and diverse types of immunohistochemical-specific antibodies contributed significantly to the confirmed diagnosis of neoplastic cells. Interestingly, our results diagnosed unusual multiple primary hepatic tumors (prevalence 7/988, 0.7%), including one case each of cholangiocarcinoma-leiomyosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma-cholangiocarcinoma-leiomyoma, myelolipoma-osseous metaplasia, lymphosarcoma and three cases of leiomyomas. Detecting multiple primary hepatic tumors for the first time in the veterinary research area is a major challenge in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of tumors. Additionally, liver cirrhosis, amyloidosis, parasitic infection, and mycotic granuloma may be predisposing factors associated with increased overgrowth of primary mesenchymal hepatic tumors in camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) fetal membranes, commonly referred to as “the placenta”, are epitheliochorial, diffuse, and microcotyledonary, similarly to the mare’s placenta. The evaluation of the placenta is an essential component of the neonatal evaluation in the equine species. However, post-partum or post-abortion placental assessment in dromedary camels is unfortunately too frequently neglected and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the dromedary camel species lacks a comprehensive description of the normal placenta’s gross morphology. In order to facilitate its on-field evaluation, the current study describes the macroscopic features of the placenta of the dromedary camel after full-term pregnancy and spontaneous parturition.

Surra is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), which affects a wide variety of animals worldwide. The disease has a severe impact on the productivity, health, and working capacity of camels and causes mortality and extensive economic losses if not diagnosed early. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of T. evansi infection in dromedaries in Balochistan province. In the present study, 393 blood samples (indigenous, n = 240; imported, n=153) were collected from one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and were tested by molecular methods to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi in three districts (Pishin, Nushki, and Lasbella) of Balochistan province. The overall prevalence of T. evansi among examined camel samples was 28.24% (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.02–32.89%). The risk of T. evansi infection in adult camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odd-ration (OR) = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3357–5.3164%). Moreover, male camels were six times more likely to get an infection than female camels. The detection of T. evansi infection in camels sampled in summer and spring was 3.12- and 5.10-fold higher, respectively, than in camels sampled in winter. In conclusion, our findings showed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three districts. Our study emphasizes the need for a strict surveillance program and risk assessment studies as prerequisites for control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 7 is a zoonotic disease detected in dromedary camels. Hypothesis/objectives: The consumption of camel meat and dairy products, the abundance of dromedary camels in Southeast Iran and the import of camels from neighbouring countries to Iran made the researchers investigate the infection rate of camels by the virus. Animals: A total of 53 healthy camels in Southeast Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province) tested for HEV RNA. Method: A total of 17 blood samples and 36 liver samples were taken from 53 healthy dromedary camels (aged between 2 and 10 years) from various southeastern regions of Iran. The samples were tested for HEV using RT‐PCR. Results: Overall, 56.6% of the studied samples (n = 30) tested positive for HEV RNA. Conclusions and clinical importance: The present study was the first of its kind in Iran and revealed the presence of HEV in the Iranian dromedary camel population, which might play the role of a zoonosis reservoir for its transmission to humans. This discovery raises concerns about food‐borne illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. However, further research is needed to identify the specific genotype of the HEV in Iranian dromedary camel infections and to determine the risk of spread to other animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Anaplasmosis, an underestimated disease transmitted by ticks, is widespread in ruminants, such as the Arabian camel (dromedary camel). This study aimed to examine the presence of Anaplasma marginale in dromedary camels in the Al-Hiadyia region of the Al-Najaf desert, Iraq, using serological and molecular tests. Moreover, hematological and biochemical changes in infected animals were compared with those in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 healthy and 260 infected camels with severe anemia, pale mucus membranes, and progressive emaciation to investigate antibodies against A. marginale using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by polymerase chain reaction for selected positive samples targeting a specific region of A. marginale major surface protein 5 (MSP5). In addition, hematological and biochemical parameters were measured to indicate the effect of the disease on blood profile, mineral status, and liver and kidney functions. Results: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis and microscopic examination revealed that 115/260 (44.23%) and 87 (33.46%) camels were positive for Anaplasma spp., respectively. The MSP5 gene, which is unique to A. marginale, was amplified. The results of hematological analysis indicated a significant decrease in total red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume and a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume in infected camels, but no difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Moreover, there was a significant increase in total white blood cells count, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelets. The results of biochemical analysis indicated a significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and iron and a decrease in copper in infected camels. Cholesterol and triglyceride showed no significant variations between healthy and diseased camels. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study to demonstrate the presence of A. marginale in dromedary camels in Iraq. The MSP5 gene is a valuable and unique diagnostic target for identifying A. marginale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistin, an adipocyte-specific hormone involved in insulin resistance and adipocyte differentiation, was initially identified in adipose tissue and macrophages. The physiological role of this molecule in camels remains largely unexplored. This study analysed for the first time blood and tissue levels of resistin as well as expression of resistin gene by real time PCR in adipose tissue (hump, visceral & epididymal) and different muscles (gastrocnemius, heart and caecum) in dromedary camels. The results revealed that resistin concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher in epididymal adipose tissue as compared to other tissues and the lowest concentration was detected in serum. Additionally, the differential mRNA expression levels of resistin gene showed the highest expression level in epididymal adipose tissue as compared to other tissues. In conclusion, the results demonstrated for the first time that resistin was expressed in different tissues of dromedary camels. These data underscore an important facet of the physiological role of resistin as a factor involved in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]