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Background Experience of stroke is associated with an increased risk for diabetes and metabolic syndrome, yet few interventions exist that have been tailored to the population's unique needs. Purpose To examine adherence and efficacy of the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance program (DPP-GLB) modified for individuals post stroke (GLB-CVA) using a randomized controlled trial. Methods Adults (18–85 years of age), >12 months post stroke, and body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 were included in this study. Sixty-five individuals were assigned to either the GLB-CVA intervention or a 6-month wait-list control. Participants completed the 12-month GLB-CVA intervention, with attendance and assessment of weight, anthropometric, biomarker, functional, and patient reported outcome data collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results High attendance (90%) and dietary and activity tracking (71%) suggest high adherence to the 12-month GLB-CVA. Six-month randomized controlled trial data indicate significant weight loss (p =.005) in the GLB-CVA group (7.4 ± 13.6 lbs, 3.65%) compared with the wait-list control (0.1 ± 10.1 lbs, 0%), and improvements in arm circumference (p =.04), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p =.028), 8-year diabetes risk (p =.011), and pain interference (p <.001). Combined 12-month data showed participants lost 10.1 ± 16.8 lbs (4.88%) and improved waist circumference (p =.001), HbA1c (3.6%), diastolic blood pressure (p <.001), pain (p =.001), social participation (p =.025), and eating practices (p =.01) and habits (p <.001). Conclusions Engagement in the GLB-CVA can result in weight loss and improved health for individuals who are overweight or obese following stroke. Future efforts should examine effectiveness in real-world settings and focus on knowledge translation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) and the Deep Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) observational data sets to calculate the cosmic star formation rate (SFR) and active galactic nuclei (AGN) bolometric luminosity history (CSFH/CAGNH) over the last 12.5 billion years. SFRs and AGN bolometric luminosities were derived using the spectral energy distribution fitting code ProSpect , which includes an AGN prescription to self-consistently model the contribution from both AGN and stellar emission to the observed rest-frame ultra-violet to far-infrared photometry. We find that both the CSFH and CAGNH evolve similarly, rising in the early Universe up to a peak at look-back time ≈10 Gyr (z ≈ 2), before declining towards the present day. The key result of this work is that we find the ratio of CAGNH to CSFH has been flat (⁠|$\approx 10^{42.5}\, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }^{-1}\, yr}$|⁠) for 11 Gyr up to the present day, indicating that star formation and AGN activity have been coeval over this time period. We find that the stellar masses of the galaxies that contribute most to the CSFH and CAGNH are similar, implying a common cause, which is likely gas inflow. The depletion of the gas supply suppresses cosmic star formation and AGN activity equivalently to ensure that they have experienced similar declines over the last 10 Gyr. These results are an important milestone for reconciling the role of star formation and AGN activity in the life cycle of galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determine the atomic hydrogen (H  i) to halo mass relation (HIHM) using Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey H  i data at the location of optically selected groups from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We make direct H  i detections for 37 GAMA groups. Using H  i group spectral stacking of 345 groups, we study the group H  i content as a function of halo mass across a halo mass range of 1011–1014.7 M⊙. We also correct our results for Eddington bias. We find that the group H  i mass generally rises as a function of halo mass from 1.3% of the halo mass at |$10^{11.6} \, \text{M}_\odot$| to 0.4% at |$10^{13.7} \, \text{M}_\odot$| with some indication of flattening towards the high-mass end. Despite the differences in optical survey limits, group catalogues, and halo mass estimation methods, our results are consistent with previous group H  i -stacking studies. Our results are also consistent with mock observations from shark and IllustrisTNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a revised measurement of the extragalactic background light (EBL) at radio frequencies based on a near complete compendium of radio source counts. We present the radio-EBL at 150 MHz, 325 MHz, 610 MHz, 1.4 GHz, 3 GHz, 5 GHz, and 8.4 GHz. In all cases the contribution to the radio-EBL, per decade of flux, exhibits a two-humped distribution well matched to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star-forming galaxy (SFG) populations, and with each population contributing roughly equal energy. Only at 3 GHz are the source count contributions to the EBL fully convergent, and hence we report empirical lower limits to the radio-EBL in the remaining bands. Adopting predictions from the SHARK semi-analytic model for the form of the SFG population, we can fit the fainter source counts providing measurements of the total contribution to the radio-EBL for the SFG and the AGN populations separately. This constitutes an empirically constrained model-dependent measurement for the SFG contribution, but a fully empirical measurement of the AGN contribution. Using the ProSpect spectral energy distribution code we can model the ultraviolet-optical-infrared-mm-radio SFG EBL at all frequencies from the cosmic star-formation history and the adoption of a Chabrier initial mass function. However, significant discrepancy remains (5 ×) between our source-count estimates of the radio-EBL and the direct measurements reported from the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission-2 (ARCADE-2) experiment. We can rule out a significant missing discrete source radio population and suggest that the cause of the high ARCADE-2 radio-EBL values may need to be sought either in the foreground subtraction or as a yet unknown diffuse component in the radio sky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Obesity after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health issue and no evidence-based weight loss interventions exist to meet the unique needs of individuals after TBI. Purpose To (a) examine the efficacy of the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance for TBI (GLB-TBI) weight-loss intervention compared to an attention control for primary (weight-loss) and secondary health outcomes; (b) determine participant compliance with the GLB-TBI; and (c) determine if compliance is associated with improved outcomes. Methods Individuals with moderate to severe TBI, age 18–64 years, ≥6 months postinjury, and body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 were randomized to a 12-month, 22-session GLB-TBI intervention or attention control condition. Weight-loss (lbs.), anthropometric, biomarkers, and patient-reported outcomes were collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results The GLB-TBI group (n = 27) lost 17.8 ± 41.4lbs (7.9%) over the 12-month program and the attention control group (n = 27) lost 0 ± 55.4lbs (0%). The GLB-TBI group had significant improvements in diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. GLB-TBI attendance was 89.6% and weekly self-monitoring of diet and activity was 68.8%. Relative to baseline, the GLB-TBI compliant group (≥80% attendance; ≥85% self-monitoring; n = 10) had a statistically significant decrease in weight at each assessment, the noncompliant group had a significant decrease between 6 and 12 months (n = 17), with no change in weight in the attention control group (n = 27). Conclusions Findings suggest for adults with TBI who are overweight or obese, participation in the GLB-TBI can significantly reduce weight and metabolic risk factors and increase self-reported habits for diet and exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct the halo mass function (HMF) from the GAMA (Galaxy And Mass Assembly) galaxy group catalogue over the mass range of 1012.7–1015.5 M⊙, and find good agreement with the expectation from Lambda cold dark matter. In comparison to previous studies, this result extends the mass range over which the HMF has now been measured over by an order of magnitude. We combine the GAMA data release (DR) 4 HMF with similar data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR12 and REFLEX II (ROSAT -ESO Flux Limited X-ray Galaxy Cluster Survey) surveys, and fit a four-parameter Murray–Robotham–Power function, valid at |$\tilde{z} \approx 0.1$|⁠ , yielding a density normalization of log10 (ϕ* Mpc |$^{3})= -3.96^{+0.55}_{-0.82}$|⁠ , a high mass turnover of log10 (M * M |$_{\odot }^{-1})=14.13^{+0.43}_{-0.40}$|⁠ , a low-mass power-law slope of |$\alpha =-1.68^{+0.21}_{-0.24}$|⁠ , and a high-mass softening parameter of |$\beta =0.63^{+0.25}_{-0.11}$|⁠. If we fold in the constraint on ΩM from the Planck 2018 cosmology, we are able to reduce these uncertainties further, but this relies on the assumption that the power-law trend can be extrapolated from 1012.7 M⊙ to zero mass. Throughout, we highlight the effort needed to improve on our HMF measurement: improved halo mass estimates that do not rely on calibration to simulations; reduced halo mass uncertainties needed to mitigate the strong Eddington bias that arises from the steepness of the HMF low-mass slope; and deeper wider area spectroscopic surveys. To our halo mass limit of 1012.7 M⊙, we are directly resolving ('seeing') 41 ± 5 per cent of the total mass density, i.e. ΩM,>12.7 = 0.128 ± 0.016, opening the door for the direct construction of three-dimensional dark matter mass maps at Mpc resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a complete structural analysis of the ellipticals (E), diffuse bulges (dB), compact bulges (cB), and discs (D) within a redshift range 0 < z < 1, and stellar mass log10(M*/M⊙) ≥ 9.5 volume-limited sample drawn from the combined DEVILS and HST -COSMOS region. We use the profit code to profile over ∼35 000 galaxies for which visual classification into single or double component was pre-defined in Paper-I. Over this redshift range, we see a growth in the total stellar mass density (SMD) of a factor of 1.5. At all epochs we find that the dominant structure, contributing to the total SMD, is the disc, and holds a fairly constant share of |$\sim 60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| of the total SMD from z  = 0.8 to z  = 0.2, dropping to |$\sim 30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| at z  = 0.0 (representing |$\sim 33{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| decline in the total disc SMD). Other classes (E, dB, and cB) show steady growth in their numbers and integrated stellar mass densities. By number, the most dramatic change across the full mass range is in the growth of diffuse bulges. In terms of total SMD, the biggest gain is an increase in massive elliptical systems, rising from 20 per cent at z  = 0.8 to equal that of discs at z  = 0.0 (30 per cent) representing an absolute mass growth of a factor of 2.5. Overall, we see a clear picture of the emergence and growth of all three classes of spheroids over the past 8 Gyr, and infer that in the later half of the Universe's timeline spheroid-forming processes and pathways (secular evolution, mass-accretion, and mergers) appear to dominate mass transformation over quiescent disc growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Galaxy And Mass Assembly Data Release 4 (GAMA DR4), we make available our full spectroscopic redshift sample. This includes 248 682 galaxy spectra, and, in combination with earlier surveys, results in 330 542 redshifts across five sky regions covering ∼250 deg2. The redshift density, is the highest available over such a sustained area, has exceptionally high completeness (95 per cent to r KiDS = 19.65 mag), and is well-suited for the study of galaxy mergers, galaxy groups, and the low redshift (z  < 0.25) galaxy population. DR4 includes 32 value-added tables or Data Management Units (DMUs) that provide a number of measured and derived data products including GALEX , ESO KiDS, ESO VIKING, WISE , and Herschel Space Observatory imaging. Within this release, we provide visual morphologies for 15 330 galaxies to z  < 0.08, photometric redshift estimates for all 18 million objects to r KiDS ∼ 25 mag, and stellar velocity dispersions for 111 830 galaxies. We conclude by deriving the total galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) and its sub-division by morphological class (elliptical, compact-bulge and disc, diffuse-bulge and disc, and disc only). This extends our previous measurement of the total GSMF down to 106.75 M |$_{\odot } \, h_{70}^{-2}$| and we find a total stellar mass density of ρ * = (2.97 ± 0.04) × 108 M |$_{\odot } \, h_{70}$|  Mpc−3 or |$\Omega _*=(2.17 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{-3} \, h_{70}^{-1}$|⁠. We conclude that at z  < 0.1, the Universe has converted 4.9 ± 0.1 per cent of the baryonic mass implied by big bang Nucleosynthesis into stars that are gravitationally bound within the galaxy population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging data, we perform a visual morphological classification of ∼36 000 galaxies at z < 1 in the deep extragalactic visible legacy survey/cosmological evolution survey region. As the main goal of this study, we derive the stellar mass function (SMF) and stellar mass density (SMD) sub-divided by morphological types. We find that visual morphological classification using optical imaging is increasingly difficult at z > 1 as the fraction of irregular galaxies and merger systems (when observed at rest-frame UV/blue wavelengths) dramatically increases. We determine that roughly two-thirds of the total stellar mass of the Universe today was in place by z ∼ 1. Double-component galaxies dominate the SMD at all epochs and increase in their contribution to the stellar mass budget to the present day. Elliptical galaxies are the second most dominant morphological type and increase their SMD by ∼2.5 times, while by contrast, the pure-disc population significantly decreases by |$\sim 85{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. According to the evolution of both high- and low-mass ends of the SMF, we find that mergers and in situ evolution in discs are both present at z < 1, and conclude that double-component galaxies are predominantly being built by the in situ evolution in discs (apparent as the growth of the low-mass end with time), while mergers are likely responsible for the growth of ellipticals (apparent as the increase of intermediate/high-mass end). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Objective: To discuss the biopsychosocial factors that affect being overweight or obese after acquired brain injury (ABI) Research Design: Narrative review Methods and Procedures: Based on the biopsychosocial model, we discuss the unique injury-specific factors that can affect bring overweight or obese among individuals with ABI including: (1) biological, (2) psychological and (3) social/ecological factors. Main Outcomes and Results: Injury-specific factors that impact being overweight or obese following ABI include endocrine dysfunction, pain, bowel and bladder incontinence, balance problems and motor impairment, medications, sleep quality and fatigue, alcohol and tobacco use, psychological disorders and symptoms, cognitive changes, social support, isolation, participation, transportation, independence, and knowledge. These factors may also compound general factors impacting weight management, making it difficult for individuals with ABI to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: It is important to recognize the biopsychosocial factors that impact weight-loss and lifestyle change after ABI so that interventions can be tailored to meet individuals' unique needs. Empirical research is needed to better understand how biopsychosocial factors interact and impact overweight/ obesity after ABI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging data, we perform a visual morphological classification of ∼36 000 galaxies at z < 1 in the deep extragalactic visible legacy survey/cosmological evolution survey region. As the main goal of this study, we derive the stellar mass function (SMF) and stellar mass density (SMD) sub-divided by morphological types. We find that visual morphological classification using optical imaging is increasingly difficult at z > 1 as the fraction of irregular galaxies and merger systems (when observed at rest-frame UV/blue wavelengths) dramatically increases. We determine that roughly two-thirds of the total stellar mass of the Universe today was in place by z ∼ 1. Double-component galaxies dominate the SMD at all epochs and increase in their contribution to the stellar mass budget to the present day. Elliptical galaxies are the second most dominant morphological type and increase their SMD by ∼2.5 times, while by contrast, the pure-disc population significantly decreases by |$\sim 85{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. According to the evolution of both high- and low-mass ends of the SMF, we find that mergers and in situ evolution in discs are both present at z < 1, and conclude that double-component galaxies are predominantly being built by the in situ evolution in discs (apparent as the growth of the low-mass end with time), while mergers are likely responsible for the growth of ellipticals (apparent as the increase of intermediate/high-mass end). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a revised measurement of the optical extragalactic background light (EBL), based on the contribution of resolved galaxies to the integrated galaxy light (IGL). The cosmic optical background radiation (COB), encodes the light generated by star formation, and provides a wealth of information about the cosmic star formation history (CSFH). We combine wide and deep galaxy number counts from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey (GAMA) and Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS), along with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archive and other deep survey data sets, in nine multiwavelength filters to measure the COB in the range from 0.35   μ m to 2.2   μ m. We derive the luminosity density in each band independently and show good agreement with recent and complementary estimates of the optical-EBL from very high-energy (VHE) experiments. Our error analysis suggests that the IGL and γ-ray measurements are now fully consistent to within |$\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠ , suggesting little need for any additional source of diffuse light beyond the known galaxy population. We use our revised IGL measurements to constrain the CSFH, and place amplitude constraints on a number of recent estimates. As a consistency check, we can now demonstrate convincingly, that the CSFH, stellar mass growth, and the optical-EBL provide a fully consistent picture of galaxy evolution. We conclude that the peak of star formation rate lies in the range 0.066–0.076 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3 at a lookback time of 9.1 to 10.9 Gyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe (1) an evidence-based approach to promoting a healthy lifestyle, the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance intervention, and (2) our work with input from an Advisory Board of stakeholders to modify the program to meet the unique needs of people post stroke. Community-Based Participatory Research An Advisory Board of stakeholders was convened to modify the Group Lifestyle Balance intervention to meet the unique needs of people post stroke. The primary adaptations that emerged from the Advisory Board included (1) curriculum emphasis on heart health after stroke, (2) care partner participation, (3) physical activity, dietary, and weight loss modifications specific to people after stroke, and (4) general programmatic recommendations (e.g., wider age range of participants; eligibility based on time since stroke; alternative modes of delivery). Feedback from the diverse group of stakeholders provides the basis for modifying an evidence-based healthy lifestyle intervention to meet the unique needs of people after stroke. Future research efforts should examine the efficacy and effectiveness of the adapted program to prevent weight gain after stroke and reduce the risk of chronic conditions including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Galaxy And Mass Assembly Survey (GAMA) covers five fields with highly complete spectroscopic coverage (>95 per cent) to intermediate depths (r < 19.8 or i < 19.0 mag), and collectively spans 250 deg2 of equatorial or southern sky. Four of the GAMA fields (G09, G12, G15, and G23) reside in the European Southern Observatory (ESO) VST KiDS and ESO VISTA VIKING survey footprints, which combined with our GALEX, WISE , and Herschel data provide deep uniform imaging in the |$FUV/NUV/u/g/r/i/Z/Y/J/H/K_s/W1/W2/W3/W4/P100/P160/S250/S350/S500$| bands. Following the release of KiDS DR4, we describe the process by which we ingest the KiDS data into GAMA (replacing the SDSS data previously used for G09, G12, and G15), and redefine our core optical and near-infrared (NIR) catalogues to provide a complete and homogeneous data set. The source extraction and analysis is based on the new ProFound image analysis package, providing matched-segment photometry across all bands. The data are classified into stars, galaxies, artefacts, and ambiguous objects, and objects are linked to the GAMA spectroscopic target catalogue. Additionally, a new technique is employed utilizing ProFound to extract photometry in the unresolved MIR–FIR regime. The catalogues including the full FUV–FIR photometry are described and will be fully available as part of GAMA DR4. They are intended for both standalone science, selection for targeted follow-up with 4MOST, as well as an accompaniment to the upcoming and ongoing radio arrays now studying the GAMA 23h field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first look at star formation histories of galaxy components using ProFuse , a new technique to model the 2D distribution of light across multiple wavelengths using simultaneous spectral and spatial fitting of purely imaging data. We present a number of methods to classify galaxies structurally/morphologically, showing the similarities and discrepancies between these schemes. We show the variation in componentwise mass functions that can occur simply due to the use of a different classification method, which is most dramatic in separating bulges and spheroids. Rather than identifying the best-performing scheme, we use the spread of classifications to quantify uncertainty in our results. We study the cosmic star formation history (CSFH), forensically derived using ProFuse with a sample of ∼7000 galaxies from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey. Remarkably, the forensic CSFH recovered via both our method (ProFuse) and traditional Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting (ProSpect) are not only exactly consistent with each other over the past 8 Gyr, but also with the in situ CSFH measured using ProSpect. Furthermore, we separate the CSFH by contributions from spheroids, bulges, and discs. While the vast majority (70 per cent) of present-day star formation takes place in the disc population, we show that 50 per cent of the stars that formed at cosmic noon (8–12 Gyr ago) now reside in spheroids, and present-day bulges are composed of stars that were primarily formed in the very early Universe, with half their stars already formed ∼12 Gyr ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health issue due to the incidence, complexity, and cost associated with treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine physical activity (PA) knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and barriers among individuals with a TBI undergoing outpatient rehabilitation. Seventeen participants completed a series of group interviews regarding their PA needs. A qualitative research design was adopted and trustworthiness was established through investigator triangulation of data. A cross-case analysis was completed to identify themes and conceptual patterns. The main themes identified were (a) an inability to differentiate between PA and physical therapy, (b) a limited knowledge of PA health benefits and the relationship to rehabilitation, and (c) an interest in participating in a PA based health promotion program. Future interventions should educate individuals about PA, the associated health benefits, and the role PA plays in the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health issue due to the incidence, complexity, and cost associated with treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine physical activity (PA) knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and barriers among individuals with a TBI undergoing outpatient rehabilitation. Seventeen participants completed a series of group interviews regarding their PA needs. A qualitative research design was adopted and trustworthiness was established through investigator triangulation of data. A cross-case analysis was completed to identify themes and conceptual patterns. The main themes identified were (a) an inability to differentiate between PA and physical therapy, (b) a limited knowledge of PA health benefits and the relationship to rehabilitation, and (c) an interest in participating in a PA based health promotion program. Future interventions should educate individuals about PA, the associated health benefits, and the role PA plays in the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals living with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at an increased risk for developing chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension compared to the non-injured population. Furthermore, TBI-specific challenges such as physical limitations, pain, mood, and impaired cognition make it difficult to live a healthy lifestyle. Key health behaviors that contribute to overall health and well-being after TBI include physical activity and healthy eating, sleep, participation, eliminating substance abuse, and managing stress. The objectives of this narrative are to (1) describe the key components of a healthy lifestyle for individuals with a TBI, (2) identify the challenges that individuals with TBI face when attempting to establish these health behaviors, and (3) discuss approaches and supports to achieve these health behaviors after TBI, including the role of self-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to examine psychosocial factors that influence the physical activity behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Two differing models, based on Harter's model of self-worth, were proposed to examine the relationship between perceived competence, social support, physical self-worth, affect, and motivation. Adults numbering 384 with brain injuries completed a series of questionnaires measuring each psychosocial variable. The structural analysis indicated a nonsignificant chi squared value and good fit indices for model two which included affect as the mediating variable. Findings indicate that affect is critical in shaping the physical activity cognitions and behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Suggestions are made on practical ways to enhance affect and subsequently physical activity participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study consisted of (a) assessing the validity and reliability of the Social Influence Scale (SIS) for adults with brain injuries and (b) examining the types and sources of social influence and demographic variables that affect participants' physical activity behaviors. Three confirmatory factor analyses, intraclass correlations, and a repeated measures MANOVA were completed on responses from 402 adults with brain injuries. Results provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the SIS, and post hoc analyses revealed that participants reported receiving different types of social influence from family, friends, and caregivers. Findings have implications for specialists and suggestions are provided on ways to enhance the physical activity participation of adults with brain injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to provide specialists with theoretical frameworks that can be used to guide the creation of physical activity interventions as well as facilitating participation for people with traumatic brain injuries. Two frameworks for examining the physical activity motivation of people with brain injuries are presented. The theories include Bandura's (1986) self-efficacy theory and Harter's (1987) mediational model of self-worth. The constructs within both theories are explained and then applied to people with brain injuries. Suggestions for practitioners are also provided about how to manipulate the physical activity environment to promote physical activity participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS; Lox, Jackson, Tuholski, Wasley, & Treasure, 2000) as a measure of exercise induced affect for adults with brain injuries. The PAAS is a 12-item measure of feeling states based on Russell's (1980) conceptualization of affect. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on data from 193 participants with brain injuries who completed the PAAS following a single bout of exercise. Results identified four dimensions of affect (positive affect, negative affect, tranquility, and fatigue). Findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the PAAS as a measure of exercise induced affect for adults with brain injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight gain and inactivity are common problems for individuals living with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Yet, interventions to support a healthy lifestyle specific to individuals with TBI are lacking. The purpose of this study was to complete a program evaluation of a 12-month evidence-based healthy lifestyle intervention adapted for people with a TBI. Eighteen participants completed a brief interview after the yearlong intervention to determine their perceptions of the program effectiveness as well as barriers and facilitators in making lifestyle changes. Participants reported staff, tracking of dietary and activity behavior, and in-person meetings as most helpful aspects. Lack of motivation and difficulty preparing healthy meals were the primary barriers to a healthy lifestyle. Qualitative data revealed five themes that influenced healthy behaviors, including (1) self-regulation, (2) environmental resources, (3) knowledge of health behaviors, (4) TBI-related impairment and comorbidities, and (5) social support. Results suggest that future iterations of the healthy lifestyle intervention should emphasize self-regulation activities; require tracking of dietary and activity behaviors across 12 months; provide concurrent support for individual motivation issues; provide prepared meals; utilize web-based, telephonic, or hybrid approaches to delivery; further simplify the curriculum and learning tools; and include caregivers and peer accountability partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Use actigraphy to (1) describe the intensity of physical activity completed by patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during inpatient rehabilitation, and (2) examine the association between physical activity intensity and demographic, injury, and programmatic characteristics. Design: Observational. Method: Fifty individuals with TBI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation wore accelerometers for an average of 8.7 ± 1.8 days to capture physical activity intensity that was summarized using activity counts (ACs). Intensity of activity was described for categories of the participant’s day including physical and occupational therapy, non-active therapy, recreation, and sleep. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, and general linear regression were computed. Results: Participants average physical activity intensity was considered “inactive” during physical (M = 242.7.7 ± 105.2 AC/min) and occupational therapy (M = 244 ± 105), non-active therapy (M = 142.2 ± 74.1), and recreation (M = 112.8 ± 59.5), and “sedentary” during sleep (M = 26.7 ± 14.8). Significant positive associations were identified between physical activity intensity and categories of the participant’s day suggesting that participants who complete more intense activity in therapy also complete more intense activity during non-active therapy and recreation time. General linear regression indicated that age significantly predicted physical activity intensity. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate that patients with TBI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation are largely inactive or sedentary. Strategies to promote a safe increase in physical activity intensity are required if cardiovascular conditioning is to be improved during inpatient rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To (1) describe the process of implementing social media (Facebook group) among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) enrolled in a weight-loss intervention; (2) discuss thematic content and logistics as administrators of the Facebook group; (3) provide examples of social media engagement among users, and (4) examine differences in characteristics of social media users versus non-users. Participants Individuals enrolled in a community-based weight-loss program ≥ 6 months post-TBI, BMI ≥ 25, 18-64 years, with physician’s clearance. Results Of 22 participants, 10 joined the closed Facebook group (M age = 44.4 years) with a median time since injury of 5.5 years. Six of 10 made contributions to the group (M posts = 12.5). 58% of participants who reported mild or moderate impairment utilised the Facebook group, compared to 30% of participants with severe impairment. Facebook users achieved an average weight loss of −6.2 ± 6.6 pounds after the 12-week core program compared to −5.2 ± −9.2 pounds among non-users. Facebook users perceived their injuries to be less severe and their time since injury was shorter. Conclusion Future research is needed to evaluate the role of social media within weight-loss interventions to determine if it provides meaningful impacts in weight-loss efforts and engagement among individuals with TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly viewed as a chronic condition, bringing long-term needs for patient and caregiver knowledge pertaining to symptom and problem management over time. In light of these needs, we performed a scoping review of the literature on brain injury education provided to adult patients and/ or family members affected by TBI. Objectives were to describe the types of educational interventions that have been developed; to review the effects of these interventions; and to determine gaps that might be filled by future research efforts. Of 88 articles meeting search criteria and subjected to data extraction, 34 concerned education about mild TBI and 54, moderate to severe TBI. Most mild TBI articles focused on education in the Emergency Room, while most moderate/ severe TBI education was directed toward family members/ caregivers and was frequently combined with other treatment components, making the effects of education difficult to discern. Only 1 article incorporated elements of self-management training (SMT), a model proved effective in other chronic health conditions. We recommend further exploration of SMT principles in long-term TBI care, as well as more precise definition of treatment components in all patient and family interventions, so that the specific effects of education and other treatment elements may be more readily evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the energy-balance code MAGPHYS to determine stellar and dust masses, and dust corrected star formation rates for over 200 000 GAMA galaxies, 170 000 G10-COSMOS galaxies, and 200 000 3D-HST galaxies. Our values agree well with previously reported measurements and constitute a representative and homogeneous data set spanning a broad range in stellar-mass (108-1012 M温), dust-mass (106-109 M温), and star formation rates (0.01-100 M温yr-1), and over a broad redshift range (0.0 < z < 5.0). We combine these data to measure the cosmic star formation history (CSFH), the stellar-mass density (SMD), and the dust-mass density (DMD) over a 12 Gyr timeline. The data mostly agree with previous estimates, where they exist, and provide a quasi-homogeneous data set using consistent mass and star formation estimators with consistent underlying assumptions over the full time range. As a consequence our formal errors are significantly reduced when compared to the historic literature. Integrating our CSFH we precisely reproduce the SMD with an interstellar medium replenishment factor of 0.50 ± 0.07, consistent with our choice of Chabrier initial mass function plus some modest amount of stripped stellar mass. Exploring the cosmic dust density evolution, we find a gradual increase in dust density with lookback time. We build a simple phenomenological model from the CSFH to account for the dust-mass evolution, and infer two key conclusions: (1) For every unit of stellar mass which is formed 0.0065-0.004 units of dust mass is also formed. (2) Over the history of the Universe approximately 90-95 per cent of all dust formed has been destroyed and/or ejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

corrected star formation rates for over 200 000 GAMA galaxies, 170 000 G10-COSMOS galaxies and 200 000 3D-HST galaxies. Our values agree well with previously reported measurements and constitute a representative and homogeneous data set spanning a broad range in stellar-mass (108-1012 M⊚), dust-mass (106-109 MM⊚) and star formation rates (0.01-100 MM⊚yr-1) and over a broad redshift range (0.0 < z < 5.0). We combine these data to measure the cosmic star formation history (CSFH), the stellar-mass density (SMD) and the dust-mass density (DMD) over a 12 Gyr timeline. The data mostly agree with previous estimates, where they exist and provide a quasi-homogeneous data set using consistent mass and star formation estimators with consistent underlying assumptions over the full time range. As a consequence our formal errors are significantly reduced when compared to the historic literature. Integrating our CSFH we precisely reproduce the SMD with an interstellar medium replenishment factor of 0.50 ± 0.07, consistent with our choice of Chabrier initial mass function plus some modest amount of stripped stellar mass. Exploring the cosmic dust density evolution, we find a gradual increase in dust density with lookback time. We build a simple phenomenological model from the CSFH to account for the dust-mass evolution and infer two key conclusions: (1) For every unit of stellar mass which is formed 0.0065-0.004 units of dust mass is also formed. (2) Over the history of the Universe approximately 90-95 per cent of all dust formed has been destroyed and/or ejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at a risk of obesity-related chronic diseases; yet, no evidence-based strategies exist to support weight management in this population. The purpose of this study was to use participatory action research to modify the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance (DPP-GLB) programme for overweight/obese people with TBI. The DPP-GLB programme provides education and self-management skills for individuals to reach their lifestyle goals through healthy eating and physical activity.Methods: A committee of 10 stakeholders including clinicians, patients and caregivers reviewed and modified the DPP-GLB for overweight/obese individuals with TBI. Stakeholders suggested modifications to the content, layout, format, language, behaviour-changing strategies and delivery approaches. The group also provided input on research applications of the modified DPP-GLB including recruitment strategies, study design and patient-centred outcome measures.Results: Strategies for successful implementation in this population focused on determining (1) eligibility criteria for programme inclusion and (2) adaptations to the DPP-GLB curriculum including caregiver involvement, TBI-specific physical activity and nutrition recommendations and tracking and presentation of the content.Conclusions: If it is shown to be effective in this population, the modified DPP-GLB for TBI will provide a model for implementation in a variety of community settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: Persons with intellectual disabilities have low physical activity levels and high rates of chronic disease. One predictor limitedly explored is the home environment, which could influence the type and amount of physical activity in this population. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore physical activity in the group home setting and determine what key stakeholders want from a physical activity programme. Method: This study adopted a qualitative descriptive design, using semistructured focus groups. Twenty stakeholders (i.e., residents with intellectual disability, support staff and programme coordinators) participated in one of three focus groups, separated by stakeholder status. Results: A number of factors emerged that would assist rehabilitation professionals in understanding physical activity within the group home setting. The following six meta-themes were identified: nature of residents' physical activity, facilitators to physical activity, barriers to physical activity, personal factors, organizational factors and solutions to increase physical activity. Conclusions: Findings suggest that residents with intellectual disabilities have low physical activity and opportunities for participation. Key attributes of the group home setting were identified between barriers and facilitators to activity. Consideration for the development of physical activity programmes should focus on the unique needs of the group home setting as expressed by stakeholders. Implications for rehabilitation: Physical activity can improve physical fitness, function, and community participation yet physical activity remains low among adults with intellectual disabilities. Understanding physical activity within the group home setting is essential to develop targeted interventions to increase activity within that environment. Key barriers for physical activity within the group home setting include; operational priorities, limited staff, staff turnover, busy schedules, and staff attitudes towards physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Use accelerometers to examine the physical activity behaviours of individuals following TBI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.Method: Twenty-one individuals with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation (9 females, 12 males; M age = 43.8 ± 14.7 years; M GCS = 9.1 ± 4.3; M time since injury = 40.8 ± 22.1 days; M length of stay (LOS) = 30 ± 14 days) wore accelerometers for an average of 8.4 ± 2.0 consecutive days (1440 minutes/day). Activity counts (AC) were collected at 1 minute epochs and descriptive statistics were calculated to assess intensity of activity and time spent being active and sedentary.Results: During scheduled therapy, time individuals completed an average of 161.4 ± 65.5 AC/minute, which decreased to 114.5 ± 51.3 during non-therapy time and 22.2 ± 10 when sleeping. Using population level cut points, individuals were on average considered inactive during therapy, inactive or sedentary during non-therapy time, and only one participant spent >1 minute in moderate intensity activity. The mean length of active and sedentary bouts was 9 minutes.Discussion: Findings indicate that the amount and intensity of activity completed is low amongst individuals completing inpatient rehabilitation after TBI, with the majority considered sedentary or inactive. While the sample is small, it is important to develop and implement safe and effective strategies to increase activity levels during rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) Panchromatic Data Release (PDR) constituting over 230 deg2 of imaging with photometry in 21 bands extending from the far- UV to the far-IR. These data complement our spectroscopic campaign of over 300k galaxies, and are compiled from observations with a variety of facilities including: GALaxy Evolution eXplorer, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and Herschel, with the GAMA regions currently being surveyed byVLT Survey Telescope (VST) and scheduled for observations by Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). These data are processed to a common astrometric solution, from which photometry is derived for ∼221 373 galaxies with r < 19.8 mag. Online tools are provided to access and download data cutouts, or the full mosaics of the GAMA regions in each band. We focus, in particular, on the reduction and analysis of the VISTA VIsta Kilo-degree INfrared Galaxy data, and compare to earlier data sets (i.e. 2MASS and UKIDSS) before combining the data and examining its integrity. Having derived the 21-band photometric catalogue, we proceed tofit the data using the energy balance code MAGPHYS. These measurements are then used to obtain the first fully empirical measurement of the 0.1-500 μm energy output of the Universe. Exploring the cosmic spectral energy distribution across three time-intervals (0.3-1.1, 1.1-1.8, and 1.8-2.4 Gyr), we find that the Universe is currently generating (1.5 ± 0.3) × 1035 h70 WMpc-3, down from (2.5 ± 0.2) × 1035 h70 W Mpc-3 2.3 Gyr ago. More importantly, we identify significant and smooth evolution in the integrated photon escape fraction at all wavelengths, with the UV escape fraction increasing from 27(18) per cent at z = 0.18 in NUV(FUV) to 34(23) per cent at z = 0.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey in the redshift range 0.01 < z < 0.1 (8399 galaxies in g to Ks bands) to derive the stellar mass–half-light radius relations for various divisions of ‘early’- and ‘late’-type samples. We find that the choice of division between early and late (i.e. colour, shape, morphology) is not particularly critical; however, the adopted mass limits and sample selections (i.e. the careful rejection of outliers and use of robust fitting methods) are important. In particular, we note that for samples extending to low stellar mass limits (${<}10^{10}\mathcal {M_{\odot }}$) the Sérsic index bimodality, evident for high-mass systems, becomes less distinct and no-longer acts as a reliable separator of early- and late-type systems. The final set of stellar mass–half-light radius relations are reported for a variety of galaxy population subsets in 10 bands (ugrizZY JHKs) and are intended to provide a comprehensive low-z benchmark for the many ongoing high-z studies. Exploring the variation of the stellar mass–half-light radius relations with wavelength, we confirm earlier findings that galaxies appear more compact at longer wavelengths albeit at a smaller level than previously noted: at $10^{10}\mathcal {M_{\odot }}$ both spiral systems and ellipticals show a decrease in size of 13 per cent from g to Ks (which is near linear in log wavelength). Finally, we note that the sizes used in this work are derived from 2D Sérsic light profile fitting (using galfit3), i.e. elliptical semimajor half-light radii, improving on earlier low-z benchmarks based on circular apertures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an estimate of the galaxy stellar mass function and its division by morphological type in the local (0.025 < z < 0.06) Universe. Adopting robust morphological classifications as previously presented (Kelvin et al.) for a sample of 3727 galaxies taken from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey, we define a local volume and stellar mass limited sub-sample of 2711 galaxies to a lower stellar mass limit of $\mathcal {M}=10^{9.0}\,{\rm M}_{{\odot }}$. We confirm that the galaxy stellar mass function is well described by a double-Schechter function given by $\mathcal {M}^{*}=10^{10.64}\,{\rm M}_{{\odot }}$, α1 = −0.43, $\phi _{1}^{*}=4.18\;\mathrm{dex}^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}$, α2 = −1.50 and $\phi _{2}^{*}=0.74\;\mathrm{dex}^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}$. The constituent morphological-type stellar mass functions are well sampled above our lower stellar mass limit, excepting the faint little blue spheroid population of galaxies. We find approximately $71{}_{-4}^{+3}$ per cent of the stellar mass in the local Universe is found within spheroid-dominated galaxies; ellipticals and S0-Sas. The remaining $29{}_{-3}^{+4}$ per cent falls predominantly within late-type disc-dominated systems, Sab-Scds and Sd-Irrs. Adopting reasonable bulge-to-total ratios implies that approximately half the stellar mass today resides in spheroidal structures, and half in disc structures. Within this local sample, we find approximate stellar mass proportions for E : S0-Sa : Sab-Scd : Sd-Irr of 34 : 37 : 24 : 5. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the function of self-efficacy in physical activity participation for persons with disabilities. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2009 has developed recommended guidelines for people to experience the health benefits linked with physical activity. Adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous cardiovascular physical activity with 2 days of muscular strength exercises per week.

Primary objective: To pilot test a physical activity centred education (PACE) programme for adults with a brain injury. Research design: Purposive sampling was utilized from a convenience sample of nine adults with a brain injury (five female; four male). Methods and procedures: The sample completed an 8-week health promotion programme focused on improving physical activity behaviours. Participants completed measures of self-efficacy, stage of change and rehabilitation outcomes pre- and post-programme. Descriptive analysis, effect sizes (ES) and percentage change in variables were assessed. Main outcomes and results: Results indicated improved rehabilitation outcomes as participants decreased from moderate to mild limitation (ES = 1.67). Furthermore, participants reported increased self-efficacy (ES = 0.41) and intention to be active. Conclusions and implications: Specialists are challenged to find modes of rehabilitation that improve the health of individuals with a brain injury. Pilot results from the PACE programme indicate that education about physical activity may play an important role in the rehabilitation process and lead to improved health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Problem-Solving Training (PST) during inpatient rehabilitation could provide care partners the skills needed to manage their life roles after discharge. OBJECTIVE: Determine the feasibility of PST+ Education versus Education for care partners of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during inpatient rehabilitation. METHODS: We conducted a multisite randomized feasibility trial across three sites. We present recruitment rates, reasons for refusal to participate, and reasons for non-completion of interventions. We measured client satisfaction, participant engagement, and fidelity for both interventions. We compared change in depressive symptoms and caregiver burden between PST and Education groups. RESULTS: Though the interventions were generally feasible, recruitment and retention rates were lower than anticipated largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants who completed >3 sessions were less likely to be employed full-time and more often spouses and co-residing. Length of inpatient rehabilitation stay was correlated with number of sessions completed. We observed potential benefits of PST over Education, specifically for reducing depression symptoms and caregiver burden. CONCLUSION: High satisfaction, engagement, and fidelity, overall recruitment and retention, and positive change in outcomes suggest that PST is generally feasible and beneficial for care partners of persons with TBI. Adaptations, such as developing a 3-session version of PST, could improve feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective: To describe the processes involved with developing and implementing a physical activity-based health promotion programme for people with a brain injury, summarize previous health promotion research efforts and provide an actual example of a programme entitled P.A.C.E, a 'Physical Activity Centred Education' programme. Reasoning behind literature selection: Brain injury is a serious public health issue due to the incidence, complexity and high healthcare costs. Health promotion programmes that incorporate physical activity have been shown to improve the health of people with a disability. However, if programmes are to be successful they have to be appropriately designed, otherwise individuals will not adopt and maintain the desired health behaviours. Main outcomes and results: Readers will have an understanding of (1) how a theoretical framework drives programme development, (2) the strategies required to facilitate behaviour change, (3) how previous research supports the use of a physical activity-based health promotion programme and (4) how to implement a programme. Conclusions: Future research ideas are provided so as to stimulate research in the area of physical activity-based health promotion programmes for people with a brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We present single-Sérsic two-dimensional (2D) model fits to 167 600 galaxies modelled independently in the ugrizYJHK bandpasses using reprocessed Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven (SDSS DR7) and UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Large Area Survey imaging data available from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) data base. In order to facilitate this study we developed Structural Investigation of Galaxies via Model Analysis ( sigma), an r wrapper around several contemporary astronomy software packages including source extractor, psf extractor and galfit 3. sigma produces realistic 2D model fits to galaxies, employing automatic adaptive background subtraction and empirical point spread function measurements on the fly for each galaxy in GAMA. Using these results, we define a common coverage area across the three GAMA regions containing 138 269 galaxies. We provide Sérsic magnitudes truncated at 10 re which show good agreement with SDSS Petrosian and GAMA photometry for low Sérsic index systems ( n < 4), and much improved photometry for high Sérsic index systems ( n > 4), recovering as much as Δ m= 0.5 mag in the r band. We employ a K-band Sérsic index/ u− r colour relation to delineate the massive ( n > ∼2) early-type galaxies (ETGs) from the late-type galaxies (LTGs). The mean Sérsic index of these ETGs shows a smooth variation with wavelength, increasing by 30 per cent from g through K. LTGs exhibit a more extreme change in Sérsic index, increasing by 52 per cent across the same range. In addition, ETGs and LTGs exhibit a 38 and 25 per cent decrease, respectively, in half-light radius from g through K. These trends are shown to arise due to the effects of dust attenuation and stellar population/metallicity gradients within galaxy populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We present near-infrared (near-IR) surface photometry (2D profiling) for a sample of 29 nearby galaxies for which supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses are constrained. The data are derived from the UKIDSS-LAS representing a significant improvement in image quality and depth over previous studies based on Two Micron All Sky Survey data. We derive the spheroid luminosity and spheroid Sérsic index for each galaxy with galfit3 and use these data to construct SMBH mass-bulge luminosity ( Mbh- L) and SMBH-Sérsic index ( Mbh- n) relations. The best-fitting K-band relation for elliptical and disc galaxies is log ( Mbh/M⊙) =−0.36(±0.03)( M K+ 18) + 6.17(±0.16), with an intrinsic scatter of 0.4 +0.09−0.06 dex, whilst for elliptical galaxies we find log ( Mbh/M⊙) =−0.42(±0.06)( M K+ 22) + 7.5(±0.15), with an intrinsic scatter of 0.31 +0.087−0.047 dex. Our revised Mbh- L relation agrees closely with the previous near-IR constraint by . The lack of improvement in the intrinsic scatter in moving to higher quality near-IR data suggests that the SMBH relations are not currently limited by the quality of the imaging data but is either intrinsic or a result of uncertainty in the precise number of required components required in the profiling process. Contrary to expectation, a relation between SMBH mass and the Sérsic index was not found at near-IR wavelengths. This latter outcome is believed to be explained by the generic inconsistencies between 1D and 2D galaxy profiling which are currently under further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determine an expression for the cosmic variance of any ‘normal’ galaxy survey based on examination of mag galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (DR7) data cube. We find that cosmic variance will depend on a number of factors principally: total survey volume, survey aspect ratio and whether the area surveyed is contiguous or comprising independent sightlines. As a rule of thumb cosmic variance falls below 10 per cent once a volume of Mpc3 is surveyed for a single contiguous region with a 1:1 aspect ratio. Cosmic variance will be lower for higher aspect ratios and/or non-contiguous surveys. Extrapolating outside our test region we infer that cosmic variance in the entire SDSS DR7 main survey region is ∼7 per cent to . The equation obtained from the SDSS DR7 region can be generalized to estimate the cosmic variance for any density measurement determined from normal galaxies (e.g. luminosity densities, stellar mass densities and cosmic star formation rates) within the volume range Mpc3. We apply our equation to show that two sightlines are required to ensure that cosmic variance is <10 per cent in any ASKAP galaxy survey (divided into intervals, i.e. ∼1 Gyr intervals for ). Likewise 10 MeerKAT sightlines will be required to meet the same conditions. GAMA, VVDS and zCOSMOS all suffer less than 10 per cent cosmic variance (∼3–8 per cent) in intervals of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. Finally we show that cosmic variance is potentially at the 50–70 per cent level, or greater, in the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST) Ultra Deep Field depending on assumptions as to the evolution of clustering. 100 or 10 independent sightlines will be required to reduce cosmic variance to a manageable level (<10 per cent) for HST ACS or HST WFC3 surveys, respectively (in intervals). Cosmic variance is therefore a significant factor in the HST studies currently underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combine data from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue, Sloan Digital Sky Survey and UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Large Area Survey to produce ugrizYJHK luminosity functions and densities from within a common, low-redshift volume ( for systems) with 100 per cent spectroscopic completeness. In the optical the fitted Schechter functions are comparable in shape to those previously reported values but with higher normalizations (typically 0, 30, 20, 15, 5 per cent higher values in , respectively, over those reported by the SDSS team). We attribute these to differences in the redshift ranges probed, incompleteness and adopted normalization methods. In the near-IR (NIR) we find significantly different Schechter function parameters (mainly in the values) to those previously reported and attribute this to the improvement in the quality of the imaging data over previous studies. This is the first homogeneous measurement of the extragalactic luminosity density which fully samples both the optical and NIR regimes. Unlike previous compilations that have noted a discontinuity between the optical and NIR regimes our homogeneous data set shows a smooth cosmic spectral energy distribution (CSED). After correcting for dust attenuation we compare our CSED to the expected values based on recent constraints on the cosmic star formation history and the initial mass function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to (a) identify changes in resilience and indicators of adjustment (i.e., satisfaction with life, depressive symptomatology, spirituality, functional independence) during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) and (b)examine the relationship between each variable at different stages of the rehabilitation process. Design: The sample consisted of 42 individuals with a SCI including 33 men and 9 women who were inpatients for a mean stay of 51 days (SD = 14.63) A repeated measures design was employed, with questionnaires completed at 3 times during the rehabilitation program (admit, 3 weeks, and discharge). Results: Results from the repeated measures multivariate analysis of covarance and post hoc follow-up tests indicated that there was no significant change in resilience, but that there was significant change for each indicator of adjustment during inpatient rehabilitation. Findings also indicated significant correlations between resilience, satisfaction with life, spirituality, and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Future studies that focus on developing interventions and examine the factors that predict resilience could help build resilience, which in turn may improve rehabilitation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass estimates are derived for 1743 galaxies from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue (MGC) using the recently revised empirical relation between SMBH mass and the luminosity of the host spheroid. The MGC spheroid luminosities are based on bulge plus exponential-disc decompositions. The majority of black hole masses reside between and an upper limit of . Using previously determined space-density weights, we derive the SMBH mass function which we fit with a Schechter-like function. Integrating the black hole mass function over gives an SMBH mass density of ( for early-type galaxies and ( for late-type galaxies. The errors are estimated from Monte Carlo simulations which include the uncertainties in the relation, the luminosity of the host spheroid and the intrinsic scatter of the relation. Assuming SMBHs form via baryonic accretion, we find that ( per cent of the Universe's baryons are currently locked up in SMBHs. This result is consistent with our previous estimate based on the (Sérsic index) relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simon P Driver, Peder Norberg, Ivan K Baldry, Steven P Bamford, Andrew M Hopkins, Jochen Liske, Jon Loveday, John A Peacock and the GAMA Survey Team (Galaxy and Mass Assembly) review progress on the latest large galaxy redshift survey now underway on the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective: To examine the effect of a physical activity programme on the mood states of individual's with a traumatic brain injury. Research design: Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (aquatic physical activity intervention) (n = 8) or control group (n = 8). Methods and procedures: The intervention group completed an 8-week aquatic programme consisting of 24 sessions. The control group completed a vocational rehabilitation class for the same number of weeks and sessions. Participants within the physical activity and control group completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) pre- and post-programme. The POMS measures six dimensions of mood including tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion. An ANOVA was completed to examine between and within group differences pre- and post-programme. Main outcomes and results: Results for the experimental group indicated significant differences and large effect sizes for tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion. No significant differences were found for the control group across all variables. Conclusions: As research has shown increased disturbances in psychosocial states following a brain injury as well as higher rates of depression, results have important implications for individuals involved in rehabilitation, as physical activity can positively influence mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides ways for fitness professional or therapeutic practitioners to work individually with older adults who want to improve balance outside the boundaries of a group-based program in the U.S. It outlines four different activities which could be implemented in an activity program for older adults who want to reduce the risks of falling. It suggests the need for fitness professionals to monitor and evaluate regularly the program to determine the participant's feedback and progress. Moreover, it advises therapeutic practitioners to let the participants know the importance of fall-prevention strategies to avoid its effects.