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1. Associations between Predictors of Indoor Air Quality in Kosovo and Health Symptoms in a Large Representative Survey

Author

Antigona Ukëhaxhaj, Naser Ramadani, Besa Sutaj, Hanns Moshammer, Drita Zogaj, Fatih Sekercioglu, and Bujar Rexhepi

Subjects
indoor air pollution, households, Kosovo, population health, representative survey, Building construction, TH1-9745
Abstract

Because most human activities take place inside, indoor air quality is essential to human health. Numerous factors contribute to Kosovo’s air pollution, including traffic, industrial emissions, aging thermal power plants, home heating, and other hazardous pollutants. The National Institute of Public Health and the WHO conducted a representative household survey to identify the most exposed and susceptible households, targeting two thousand households. Data from this survey were analyzed regarding the relationship between residential air quality predictors and health symptoms in Kosovo inhabitants. Effects from cooking fuel used on headaches, dizziness, and fatigue were somewhat stronger in females and type of heating seemed a little bit more effective in winter. The latter was also true for respiratory problems and heart disease, lending some credence to the causality of the findings. Thus, cooking devices and energy sources for both heating and cooking seem to have an effect on the health of Kosovars. Although the effect estimates were, in general, moderate with adjusted odds ratios in the magnitude of 2 to 3, they only explained a small part of the variation, with pseudo-R² often only reaching less than 10% and rarely more than 20%. In order to improve indoor air quality, regular monitoring and supervision systems should be established across the nation.

Published
2024
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2. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution in Schools in Kosovo

Author

Antigona Ukëhaxhaj, Naser Ramadani, Hanns Moshammer, and Drita Zogaj

Subjects
schools, air pollution, ventilation, pollution sources, indoor climate, Building construction, TH1-9745
Abstract

There is increasing scientific evidence of the adverse health effects of indoor exposure to a collective mixture of chemicals in children. People spend 80–90% of their time indoors, breathing air that is often even more polluted than the air outside. This study presents results of school inspection and sampling of selected chemical pollutants—formaldehyde, benzene, and nitrogen dioxide—in classrooms and outdoors in ten schools in Kosovo, conducted by the National Institute of Public Health and the WHO. Nitrogen dioxide and benzene were most affected by outdoor concentrations and were too high in at least one school (NO2: >80 µg/m3, benzene: 1–2 µg/m3). Formaldehyde was significantly higher indoors than outdoors and higher in newer schools than older ones, but overall levels were not alarming (maximum around 20 µg/m3). CO2 levels during class indicated insufficient ventilation. The temperatures were occasionally too high during the cold season. This not only results in unnecessary energy wastage but also too low relative humidity. Improvements in air circulation and temperature control, as well as the identification and elimination of certain sources of pollution would improve the health and learning of school children.

Published
2023
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5. Defining the Modalities of Intravenous Contrast Application During the Diagnostics of Hepatic Metastases with Computerized Tomography

Author

Halit Ymeri, Dukagjin Zogaj, Drita Zogaj, Arben Kutllovci, and Skender Kutllovci

Subjects
Original Paper, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Diaphragm (structural system), Metastasis, Contrast medium, contrast medium, Sinusoid, medicine.anatomical_structure, Parenchyma, metastasis, Medicine, Radiology, Tomography, business, Vein, Shunt (electrical), CT
Abstract

Introduction: The liver is the biggest human abdominal parenchymal organ; it weights approximately 1500 grams and is located in the right hypochondrium, under the diaphragm. Liver is able to perform multiple functions also by means of the rich dual vascularization: hepatic arterial system and the portal vein system, between which exists a short circuit (shunt) and free mixture inside the sinusoid, whilst the two flows drain in the same vein system. The discovery of CT and its application in practice fundamentally changes the importance of diagnostic methods for hepatobiliary lesions. Patients and methods: During a 4-year period, 984 patients suspected with liver or biliary tract disease were explored with CT. 117 of these patients were analyzed with liver metastases. Examinations of the liver was performed in dorsal decubitus and in absolute apnea with spiral movement of the table and in denominations of 1and 5 mm. Siemens MSCT 64 and 6 tier apparatuses enable short scanning time with almost immediate reconstruction, which offers all the necessary elements required for carrying out certain protocols. Results: The average density of metastatic lesions is about 20 HU smaller than normal liver parenchyma. Metastasis with necrosis are more hypodense (30-50 HU smaller than normal liver parenchyma), whilst necrotic metastases with smaller dimensions are almost isodense with normal parenchyma. However, metastases with diameter between 4 to 6 cm are completely isodense and will remain so even after the application of I.V. contrast. The average more frequent size according to most authors, as well as according to our material (148 patients or 90%) was 2-3 cm in transversal diameter.

Published
2016
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6. Air Pollution in Pristina, Influence on Cardiovascular Hospital Morbidity

Author

Selvete Krasniqi, Dragan Gjorgjev, Antigona Ukëhaxhaj, Maser Ramadani, Tahire Gjergji, and Drita Zogaj

Subjects
Adult, Male, Ozone, hospital admissions, Kosovo, air pollution, Air pollution, medicine.disease_cause, chemistry.chemical_compound, cardiovascular disease, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Hospital Mortality, airborne particle, Nitrogen oxides, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Vehicle Emissions, Pollutant, Air Pollutants, Original Paper, business.industry, Age Factors, Key word, Ecological study, Environmental Exposure, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Particulates, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Ambient air, Hospitalization, Coal, chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, Seasons, business, Environmental Monitoring, Power Plants
Abstract

Introduction: Numerous studies observed health effects of particulate air pollution. Ambient air quality is particularly bad in Pristina. The principal sources of contaminants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 (NOx), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM or dust). Objective: to investigate effects of concentrations of pollutants in ambient air on hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in UCCK- Pristina. Methods: Retrospective ecological study. During the three year analytical research predict the potential benefit of decreasing for concentration of PM 2.5, PM 10 were measured in two station in Pristina. The study population consisted of all hospitalization patient in intern clinic for 2010,2011 and 2012 year. Air pollution measurements will be used by KHMI data for the year of 2010, 2011 and 2012 for the municipality of Pristina in the measurements point in: KHMI-MESP which is equipped with automatic analyzer- Air Compact Monitoring System (Version 2.2) recordum MESSTECHNIK GmbH. Statistical data processing will be done with SPSS 17.0 statistical package. Results: Based on the results obtained during the study period concentrated PM are higher level than standards value. The results showed that the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease are positively correlated with concentration pollutants. Results show clear seasonal variation in the effects of PM on hospital admissions in Kosovo. The study period was short but the mean daily admissions for cardiovascular illnesses were quite large. Conclusion: The main source for air pollution was coal-burned power plant and traffic (old vehicles) in Kosovo.

Published
2013
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