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The purpose of this study is to examine healthcare usage, morbidities, and alcohol consumption monitoring in patients before a diagnosis of mental manifestations to assist in the early identification of individuals at risk. Biological markers of alcoholism are separated into two groups: those biological variables that highlight with great confidence and validate the presence of a predisposition to alcoholism, also called trait markers, or those that highlight alcohol consumption, called markers of alcoholism ("status markers"). Biomarkers are the true "gold standard" for the diagnosis of alcoholism. They are valuable for tracking evolution and progress during biological and psychological therapy and for highlighting relapse. This review compiles the existing data from research on healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and alcohol consumption monitoring in patients before a diagnosis of mental manifestations to aid in the early identification of individuals at risk. This documentary study took place over three to four months by searching for terms on the Science Direct platform, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar such as alcoholism, alcohol use disorders, alcohol abuse, and biomarkers. Studies reporting on the development, characteristics, and utilization of blood biomarkers for alcohol consumption were included in the search. The initial search included a number of 11.019 articles that contained the keywords biomarkers and alcohol. Finally, a total of 50 research articles were considered. I am involved in clinical studies, meta-analyses, reviews, and case studies regarding alcohol consumption detection, as well as potential alcohol markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical secret is the essence of the relationship doctor - patient with mental disorders. Medical confidentiality is one of the most important values, stipulated since ancient times and currently regulated in various norms and ethical documents. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the perception of the medical staff regarding the confidentiality and social stigma of the patient with mental disorders. The studied factor referred to the knowledge and respect of the rights of mentally ill patients, rights mainly related to confidentiality and social stigma, as well as of the methods for the protection of these patients, vis-á-vis of the legislative constraints. The value of confidentiality in the therapeutic relationship with the psychiatric patient is acknowledged by most of the members of the medical staff as being fundamental in the psychiatric practice. The perception related to the discrimination of mentally ill patients, compared to other patients, in society is high among all study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surrogacy, nowadays considered a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), has historical roots that can be traced to ancient times. Although surrogacy is still the exception rather than the rule when it comes to ARTs, its rising popularity has attracted the curiosity and concerns of the media and society, who were unfamiliar with it beforehand. The advent of the first baby born after in vitro fertilization conception in 1978 offered many opportunities for infertile couples wanting a child of their own, one of which was the possibility of resorting to a gestational or traditional surrogate mother, instead of relying solely on adoption. The purpose of this article is to analyze the morality of surrogate motherhood through three apparently contrasting ethical theories: kantian deontology, utilitarianism, the rawlsian theory of justice. We will try to apply these concepts to three famous surrogacy cases and analyze their strong and weak points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main clinical-nosologic criteria used to point out penal responsibility or the capacity of exercise and free will expression are limited to the appreciation of discernment grade as an expression of the level of conscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]