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Additional file 1: Figure 1. RyR1-S4028L patient mutation causes RyR1 channel leak. (A) The mutant RyR1-S4028L channel was PKA phosphorylated at Ser2844 and oxidized (DNP) compared to control. PP1 and DTT were used to reverse the oxidation and phosphorylation. (B) The mutant RyR1-S4028L channels exhibited increased sensitivity to Ca2+-dependent activation consistent with channel leak as determined by 3[H]-ryanodine binding at the indicated [Ca2+]cyt. Data are presented as mean �� S.E.M from 4 for each group *P < 0.05 vs. WT; #P < 0.05 vs. RyR1-S4028L, ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer with post hoc correction.

Calcium (Ca(2+)) is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous critical cellular functions including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. Intracellular free [Ca(2+)] is regulated primarily by ion channels, pumps (ATPases), exchangers and Ca(2+) binding proteins. Defective regulation of [Ca(2+)] is found in a diverse spectrum of pathological states and human disorders affecting all the major organs. In the heart we and others have reported abnormalities in cytosolic [Ca(2+)](cyt) and mitochondrial [Ca(2+)](mito) regulation in heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF), the two most common forms of heart disease and leading contributors to mortality and morbidity. This review is focused on mechanisms that regulate the major SR Ca(2+) release channel in the heart, the ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2), how the channel becomes dysfunctional in HF and AF and is a potential therapeutic target. Inherited RyR2 mutations, and/or stress-induced phosphorylation and oxidation, destabilize the closed state of the channel resulting in a pathological SR Ca(2+) leak that both triggers arrhythmias and impairs contractility. Recent high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) RyR structures (Figs. 4–6) have clarified the architecture of multiple functional states, ligand-binding sites and gating mechanisms, and informed as to mechanisms that go awry in HF and AF. Based on new understandings of SR Ca(2+) leak as a common Ca(2+)-dependent pathological mechanism in HF and AF, a new class of drugs developed in our laboratory called Rycals, that stabilize RyR2 channels and prevent SR Ca(2+) leak, are undergoing clinical trials.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is the first treatment in intensive care for acute respiratory distress syndrome to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. However, it induces an impairment of the contractile function of the respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm, thereby increasing the patient's dependence on his ventilator. This acquired muscle disease have been termed ventilator induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD). The aim of this thesis is to propose, from a mouse model of mechanical ventilation, early pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in this dysfunction, to identify new therapeutic targets in preventing VIDD.We observed after 6 hours of mechanical ventilation, a mitochondrial oxidative stress which induces ryanodine receptor (RyR1) oxidation, the main calcium channel involved in the ECC. We also showed the presence after an equivalent time of mechanical ventilation, phosphorylation of RyR1, due to protein kinase activation, secondary to an adrenergic stress. Then, we have demonstrated that these post-translational modifications of RyR1 should be necessarily associated to trigger a functional impairment of RyR1 with calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, due to the loss of connection between RyR1 and the stabilizing protein KBP12. In his thesis, we also showed that these calcium homeostasis disorders, induced by 12 hours of ventilation, secondary activates the dependent proteolysis calcium and atrophy.Thus, these results show the benefit of all therapy stabilizing the connection between the RyR1 channel and the FKBP12 protein to prevent VIDD. Indeed, were observed in mice, that a specific mitochondrial anti-oxidant treatment (SS-31), or a specific beta-blocker treatment of beta2 adrenergic pathway (ICI-118551 ) or a treatment that stabilizes directly FKBP12- binding RyR1 (S107 ) prevent early disorders of calcium homeostasis and secondary appearance of proteolysis and atrophy induced by mechanical ventilation.Finally, in the last part of my work thesis, I suggest that mitochondrial ROS production may be associated with remodeling of the mitochondrial network with a preponderance of mitochondrial fission phenomenon. This remodeling could be seen as an adaptation of the mitochondria due to a sudden mismatch between energy production and consumption. Indeed, we showed that an inhibitor of the mitochondrial fission (P110), which blocks the connection between the DRP1 protein and its receptor in our animal model of mechanical ventilation, could prevent the appearance of VIDD. Thus the continuity of this last work of my thesis is to make the link between mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress underlying the disorders of calcium homeostasis. Indeed, I hope to show that this treatment during mechanical ventilation, may decrease mitochondrial ROS production, oxidation of RyR1 channel and calcium leak through the RyR1. This last work will emphasis any therapeutic which limit mitochondrial fission and its consequences, to prevent VIDD.Keywords: RyR1, mitochondria, contractile dysfunction, VIDD, oxidative stress; La ventilation mécanique(VM) est le premier traitement en réanimation du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigüe permettant de maintenir une oxygénation tissulaire suffisante. Mais elle induit une atteinte de la fonction contractile des muscles respiratoires, principalement le diaphragme, augmentant ainsi la dépendance du patient vis à vis de son ventilateur. Cette pathologie musculaire acquise est appelée Dysfonction Diaphragmatique induite par la ventilation (VIDD). L’objectif de cette thèse est proposer, à partir d’un modèle murin de ventilation mécanique, les mécanismes physiopathologiques précoces impliqués dans cette dysfonction, afin d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans la prévention de cette pathologie musculaire.Nous avons montré en effet la présence, après 6 heures de ventilation mécanique chez la souris, d’un stress oxydant d’origine mitochondrial à la base d’une oxydation du récepteur à la ryanodine (RyR1), principal canal calcique impliqué dans le CEC. Nous avons également montré la présence au bout d’un temps de ventilation mécanique équivalent, d’une phosphorylation de ce même canal, du faite d’une activation de la voie des protéines kinase, secondaire à un stress adrénergique. Nous également avons démontré que ces deux modifications post traductionnelles du RyR1 devaient être nécessairement associées pour induire une atteinte fonctionnelle du canal avec fuite calcique dans le cytosol, du faite de la perte de liaison avec sa protéine stabilisatrice FKBP12. Dans ses travaux de thèse, nous montrons également, que ces anomalies de troubles de l’homéostasie calcique observée après 6 heures de ventilation mécanique, induisaient au bout de 12 heures de ventilation une activation secondaire de la protéolyse dépendante du calcium, associée à une atrophie. Ainsi ces résultats montrent l’intérêt de toutes thérapeutiques permettant de stabiliser la liaison entre le canal RyR1 et sa protéine FKBP12 dans la prévention de la VIDD. En effet, avons observé chez la souris, qu’un traitement anti oxydant spécifique de la mitochondrie (SS-31) ou qu’un traitement bétabloquant spécifique de la voie béta2 adrénergique (ICI-118551) ou qu’un traitement qui stabilise directement la liaison RyR1-FKBP12 (S107) permettaient de prévenir les troubles précoces de l’homéostasie calcique et l’apparition secondaire d’une protéolyse et d’une atrophie induite par la ventilation mécanique. Enfin, dans le dernier travail de ma thèse, je propose que la production de ROS mitochondriale, puisse être associée à un remodelage du réseau mitochondrial avec prépondérance d’un phénomène de fission des mitochondries. Ce remodelage, qui pourrait être considéré comme une adaptation de la mitochondrie du faite d’une rupture brutale de l’équilibre entre production et consommation d’énergie par la fibre musculaire. En effet, nous montrons qu’un inhibiteur de la fission mitochondriale (P110), qui bloque la liaison entre la protéine Drp1 et son récepteur, dans notre modèle animal de ventilation mécanique, pouvait prévenir l’apparition d’une VIDD. Ainsi dans la continuité de ses derniers travaux, afin de faire le lien entre fission mitochondriale et stress oxydant à la base des troubles de l’homéostasie calcique, j’espère montrer que ce traitement, au cours de la ventilation mécanique, limite la production de ROS mitochondriale, l’oxydation du canal RyR1, ainsi que la fuite calcique à travers le RyR1. Ces derniers travaux, mettraient en avant toute thérapeutique permettant de limiter les phénomènes de fission mitochondriale et ses conséquences dans la prévention de la VIDD.Mots clés : RyR, mitochondrie, dysfonction contractile, VIDD, stress oxydant

Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) refers to the diaphragm muscle weakness that occurs following prolonged controlled mechanical ventilation (MV). The presence of VIDD impedes recovery from respiratory failure. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms accounting for VIDD are still not fully understood. Here, we show in human subjects and a mouse model of VIDD that MV is associated with rapid remodeling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in the diaphragm. The RyR1 macromolecular complex was oxidized, S-nitrosylated, Ser-2844 phosphorylated, and depleted of the stabilizing subunit calstabin1, following MV. These posttranslational modifications of RyR1 were mediated by both oxidative stress mediated by MV and stimulation of adrenergic signaling resulting from the anesthesia. We demonstrate in the murine model that such abnormal resting SR Ca(2+) leak resulted in reduced contractile function and muscle fiber atrophy for longer duration of MV. Treatment with β-adrenergic antagonists or with S107, a small molecule drug that stabilizes the RyR1-calstabin1 interaction, prevented VIDD. Diaphragmatic dysfunction is common in MV patients and is a major cause of failure to wean patients from ventilator support. This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge of RyR1 alterations as a proximal mechanism underlying VIDD (i.e., loss of function, muscle atrophy) and identifies RyR1 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Background: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited arrhythmia caused by mutations in the ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2). Diagnosis of CPVT often occurs after a major cardiac event, thus posing a severe threat to the patient's health., Methods: Publication databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, were searched for articles on patients with RyR2-CPVT mutations and their associated clinical presentation. Articles were reviewed by two independent reviewers and mutations were analyzed for demographic information, mutation distribution, and therapeutics. The human RyR2 cryo-EM structure was used to model CPVT mutations and predict the diagnosis and outcomes of CPVT patients., Findings: We present a database of 1008 CPVT patients from 227 papers. Data analyses revealed that patients most often experienced exercise-induced syncope in their early teenage years but the diagnosis of CPVT took a decade. Mutations located near key regulatory sites in the channel were associated with earlier onset of CPVT symptoms including sudden cardiac death., Interpretation: The present study provides a road map for predicting clinical outcomes based on the location of RyR2 mutations in CPVT patients. The study was partially limited by the inconsistency in the depth of information provided in each article, but nevertheless is an important contribution to the understanding of the clinical and molecular basis of CPVT and suggests the need for early diagnosis and creative approaches to disease management., Funding: The work was supported by grant NIH R01HL145473, P01 HL164319 R25HL156002, T32 HL120826.

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 involves multiple organs including cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 infection afflicts diverse organ systems remains challenging 1,2 . Particularly vexing has been the problem posed by persistent organ dysfunction known as "long COVID," which includes cognitive impairment 3 . Here we provide evidence linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to activation of TGF-ß signaling and oxidative overload. One consequence is oxidation of the ryanodine receptor/calcium (Ca 2+ ) release channels (RyR) on the endo/sarcoplasmic (ER/SR) reticuli in heart, lung and brains of patients who succumbed to COVID-19. This depletes the channels of the stabilizing subunit calstabin2 causing them to leak Ca 2+ which can promote heart failure 4,5 , pulmonary insufficiency 6 and cognitive and behavioral defects 7-9 . Ex-vivo treatment of heart, lung, and brain tissues from COVID-19 patients using a Rycal drug (ARM210) 10 prevented calstabin2 loss and fixed the channel leak. Of particular interest is that neuropathological pathways activated downstream of leaky RyR2 channels in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients were activated in COVID-19 patients. Thus, leaky RyR2 Ca 2+ channels may play a role in COVID-19 pathophysiology and could be a therapeutic target for amelioration of some comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.