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Cricotopus hillmani Drayson & Cranston, sp. n. (Figs. 1 F, 2 F, 3 G, 4 F, 6 E, 7 G, 8 F, 11 B) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 91 FC 9509 - 46 AC- 42 DA-A 4 DC- 6 DE 458 C0BDA 5 Cricotopus ���sp. IV��� Drayson, 1992: 73 Cricotopus ���hillman��� sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes���] Type material studied. Holotype Le/Pe/♂, AUSTRALIA: NSW: Shoalhaven R., Warri Bridge, 35 �� 21 'S 149 �� 44 'E, 15.iii. 1992 (Cranston) (ANIC). Paratypes: Le/Pe/♂, as holotype; NSW: 2 Pe, Warrumbungles, Shawn's Ck., Timor Rock, 31 �� 16 'S 149 ��09'E, 15.ix. 1989 (Cranston), Pe, Endrick R., 6km N.E. Nerriga, 35 ��05'S 150 ��08'E, 1.ix. 1988 (Cranston); 2 Le/Pe/♂, Pe, Shoalhaven R., Warri Bridge, 35 �� 21 S 149 �� 44 'E, 15.iii. 1992 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Molonglo R., above Captain's Flat, 35 �� 35 'S 149 �� 28 'E, 7.iii. 1989 (Cranston); Pe, Deua R., s.e. Araluen, 35 �� 45 'S 149 �� 57 'E, 6.ii. 1989 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36��06'S 147 ��01'E, 26.vii. 1989 (Cook); 8 ♂, 1 ♀, 68 Pe, L, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36 ��07'S 146 �� 54 'E, 21.xi. 1989 (Cook); 2 Pe, L, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36 �� 36 'S 149 �� 47 'E, 2.x. 1989 (Cranston). ACT: Le /Pe/♀, 15 Pe, Cotter R., Vanity Crossing, 31 �� 20 'S 148 �� 54 'E, 4.xii. 1991 (Drayson); 2 Pe, 3 L, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35 �� 22 'S 148 �� 50 'E, 13���16.iv. 1988 (Cranston); ♂, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35 �� 22 'S 148 �� 50 'E, 7.i. 1930 (Tonnoir) (misidentified by Freeman as C. annuliventris); ♂, 3 Pe, 3 L, same except 13���16.iv. 1988 (Cranston); ♂, ♀, Tidbinbilla, Tidbinbilla Ck., 35 �� 27 'S 148 �� 57 'E, 19.ii. 1989 (Cranston); ♂, ♀, 4 Pe, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 4.xii. 1990 (Drayson); 2 ♂, Le/Pe/ ♀, 5 Pe, Gibraltar Falls, Corin Rd, 28.ix.1990, 35�� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E (Drayson). Vic: Pe, Wodonga, House Ck., downstream, 36 ��06'S 146 �� 54 'E, 6.ix. 1989 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, House Ck., upstream, 36 �� 10 'S 146 �� 54 'E, 6.ix. 1989 (Cook); Le/Pe/♂, 2 Le/Pe/♀, Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36 ��09'S 146 �� 57 'E, 24.i. 1990 (Cook); 3 Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36 �� 11 'S 146 �� 56 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36 �� 15 'S 146 �� 50 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); Pe, Upper Tambo R., USWW, 37 ��00'S 147 �� 53 'E, 8.iii. 1990 (Hortle). Tas: Pe, Lake St.Clair NP, Old Pelion Hut, Douglas Ck., 41 �� 50 'S 146 ��01'E, 25.i. 1990 (Cranston); Pe/♂, Mt. Field NP, Tyenna R., 160m a.s.l., 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 43 'E, 6 / 7.ii. 1992 (Cranston). SA: 2 ♂, Hindmarsh Falls, 4.xi. 1970 (Hergstrom) (Hergstrom's proposed paratypes of ��� C. parbicinctus "). Other material examined. Qld: 3 Pe, Herberton, Carrington Falls Ck, 800 m asl, 16 �� 28 'S 145 �� 19 'E, 9���10.iv. 1997 (Cranston); L(P), nr Mareeba, Davies Ck., 17 ��01'S 145 �� 35 'E, 19���20.vi. 1997 (Cranston). Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple, Cattle Ck., 21 ��02'S 148 �� 35 'E, 22.iii. 1998 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: Bellthorpe NP, Stony Ck., 26 �� 53 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 5.xi. 2013, 191 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- Stny 1.12, 1.18). NSW: L, Monga SF, Mongarlowe R., 35 �� 23 'S 149 �� 55 'E, 30.iv. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-Mong 12 - 9); Pe, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R, 35 �� 23 'S 148 �� 44 'E, 27.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWGd 5). ACT: L, Uriarra Ck., 35 �� 14 'S 148 �� 57 'E, 13.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-UCk- 2); 6 L, Corin, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 31 'S 148 �� 56 'E, 3.vi. 2012 (Cranston)(Mv-ACTGF 21-26). Vic: 2 L, Dobson���s Lane, Dandenong Ck., 37 �� 50 'S 145 �� 19 'E, 24.x. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-DOL2, 4). Tas: L, Lake Saint Clair NP, Hugel R., 42 ��06'S 146 ��09'E, 1.xii. 2013, 770 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- TAS13.6.4); L, Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42 �� 40 'S 146 �� 42 'E, 3.xii. 2013, 196 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- TAS 13.9.18). SA: 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 2 Pe/♂, 2 L, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 26 'S 138 �� 58 'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl, (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-SAHF 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, HF2, 6); 2 Pe/♂, L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 28 'S 138 �� 35 'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-SAW1, 3, HR 6); 2 L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35 �� 36 'S 138 �� 14 'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-DC3, 13); L, Minno Ck Junction, Sturt R., 35 ��02'S 138 �� 37 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 200 m asl (Madden) (Mv-StR 1); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Waterfall Gully, First Ck., 34 �� 58 'S 138 �� 40 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 250 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Fst 2); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Uraidla, Cox Ck., 34 �� 58 'S 138 �� 44 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 450 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Cox 3). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 F). 3.2���4.7 mm. Head. Ant 800 ��� 112 ��m; Fl 1���12, 336 ��� 440 ��m, Fl 13, 440 ��� 650 ��m; A.R. 1.2���1.5. Palp 415���472 ��m. 3 Fr, 7���10 Po, Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. Pale yellow brown with distinctive brown vittae on scutum and postnotum; scutellum pale. Laps 1���4, Ac 12���21, Dc 17���31, Pa 3���5, Scts 7���12. Wing (n= 2). 2.6���2.7 mm. Sq 14���18, R 6���8. Anal lobe moderately produced. Legs. All legs mid-brown with proximal 2 / 3 of tibiae paler, notably on mid- and hind legs. Abdomen. TI and IV pale to very pale yellow-brown, other tergites mid-brown. TIII and VI with lateral setal band connected posteriorly (Fig. 3 G). Hypopygium (Fig. 2 F). Gcx 186���266 ��m, iv with posteriorly projecting rounded lobe. Gst 77���106 ��m, about 2 / 5 (0.37���0.42) Gcx, pointed apically; crista dorsalis strongly developed. FEMALE (n = 5 + 3 pharate). As male except: 4.0��� 4.9 mm. Head. Ant 340���400 ��m. Palp 468���504 ��m. 3 Fr, 5���6 Po. Wing (n= 3). 1.8���2.1 mm. Sq 9���10; R + R 1 16���30, R 4 + 5 9���12. Thorax. Colour as male. Laps 1���4, Ac 9���21, Dc 17���31, Pa 3���5, Scts 7���12. Abdomen. As male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, elongate-ovoid capsules with narrow "neck" and curved ducts (Fig. 4 F). PUPA. 3.1 ���5.0 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline, with noticeable dark adhesion scars on T I���VIII. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 80���120 ��m, width 20���40 ��m; hyaline, flattened, blunt, with or without rounded scales, especially distally (Figs 6 E, 7 G). Fs 70���140 ��m, on prefrons, Abdomen (Fig. 8 F). PSB on segments II and III, less developed on III. Hook row on TII about 0.5 segment width but very variable (0.30���0.63). Ls VIII short (32���80 ��m), Ls 3 about 1 / 10 width of segment (0.08���0.14). Ms about 1 / 20 total length of abdomen (0.42���0.52). Dark adhesion marks on TII to VII. 4 TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 11 B). 3.6 mm. H.l. 480���510 ��m, pale to mid-brown with mid- to dark brown posterior rim; abdomen blue; procercus hyaline, sometimes with pale brown marking. Head. Ant 74���90 ��m, Fl 1, 44��� 50 ��m, Fl 2 ���5, 28��� 36 ��m; A.R. 1.29���1.56. Md 152���182 ��m, about 2 x ant (1.90���2.24), with smooth inner margin and weakly crenulate outer margin; pale brown with distal 1 / 3 mid-to dark brown. Mentum 116���144 ��m, pale brown posteriorly, mid-brown anteriorly; 6 or usually 7 pairs of laterals, 2 nd laterals slightly reduced, 7 th laterals small to occasionally absent. Abdomen. Pc 20���24 ��m, A.s. 440���550 ��m. Etymology. The epithet for this species, ��� hillmani���, recognises Dr. Terry Hillman, past Director of the Murray Darling Freshwater Research Centre, who supported taxonomic, ecological and biodiversity studies of the Chironomidae of the Murray River and tributaries in the Albury-Wodonga region. Remarks. Adults of C. hillmani can be distinguished from all except C. varicornis by the combination of dark vittae on thorax and pale TI and IV. They can be distinguished from C. varicornis, for which the leg pattern is not known, only by the pattern of tergal setation, and the spermathecal capsule shape, both of which features may be unreliable. Pupae are easily recognised by the dark adhesion marks on all abdominal segments. The frontal setae are present on the prefrons, tergites I and II essentially bare of spines or spinules, and mid-paraterga spinulose. From the otherwise similar C. howensis, it can be distinguished by the thoracic horn bearing apical/subapical small tubercles (Fig. 6 E). Larvae can be recognised by the mandible having a moderately elongate apical tooth, crenulate outer and smooth inner margin, antennal blade reaching apex of antenna with large Lauterborn organs, and especially, but not always, the presence of a small 7 th lateral tooth on the mentum. As discussed below, Hergstrom (1974) included specimens of C. hillmani in her " C. parbicinctus ". A specimen in the A.N.I.C. collection was identified by Freeman as C. annuliventris, but the thorax, legs and abdomen clearly show it to belongs to C. hillmani. C. hillmani is an essentially south-eastern Australian species (including Tasmania) with an anomalous record from far north Queensland. Records are all from rivers and creeks in good water health., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]","Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]"]}

Key to larvae of Australian Cricotopus & Paratrichocladius 1 Outer edge of mandible strongly crenulate (Fig. 10 A, B)....................................................... 2 - Outer edge of mandible smooth excepting notch or only subtly crenulate (Fig. 10 C, D).............................. 7 2 Inner edge of mandible serrate (Fig. 10 A)..................................................... C. acornis sp. n. - Inner edge of mandible smooth (Fig. 10 B).................................................................. 3 3 Darkening of mandible extending only as far as mola (Fig. 10 B)......................... C. albitarsis Hergstrom sp. n. - Darkening of mandible extending proximally towards base of mandible (Figs. 11 C, 12 C)............................. 4 4 Antennal blade not extending past 4 th segment (Fig. 11 C). Head mid-brown, with weak contrast to mandible and mentum......................................................................................... C. howensis sp. n. - Antennal blade extending to apex of antenna or beyond (Fig. 12 C). Head pale, with strong contrast to dark apical mandible and mentum............................................................................................. 5 5 Lauterborn organs small, less than 0.5 length of 3 rd segment (Fig. 12 C)................................ C. wangi sp. n. - Lauterborn organs large, encompassing total 3 rd antennal segment (Fig. 12 B)...................................... 6 6 Mola broad and very flat; seta subdentalis narrow ending in simple point; apical mandible tooth 2 x 1 st inner, ���kitchen knife��� shaped (Fig. 12 B).............................................................. C. varicornis sp. n. (part, s.s.) - Mola broad and squared off; seta subdentalis broad ending in hooked point; apical mandible tooth 1.5 x length of 1 st inner and similar in shape (Fig. 11 B)................................................................. C. hillmani sp. n. 7 Inner edge of mandible serrate (Fig. 12 A).................................................................. 8 - Inner edge of mandible smooth (Fig. 11 A)................................................................. 12 8 Mentum golden-brown with median area paler (Fig. 12 A)..................................................... 9 - Mentum evenly mid- to dark brown (Fig. 10 A)............................................................. 11 9 Pigmented area of mandible and mentum in modest contrast to mid-brown head (Fig. 12 A)........... C. tasmania sp. nov. - Pigmented area of mandible and mentum in strong contrast to brown head (Fig. 11 D)............................... 10 10 Pigmented area of mandible not extending basally past the mola/notch........................ ��� divergent parbicinctus��� - Pigmented area of mandible extending at least to external seta (Fig. 11 D)............... C. parbicinctus Hergstrom sp. n. 11 Mid-brown mandible pigment extends to external seta in strong contrast to pale head. Mola broad, rounded. Median mentum tooth narrow with 2 nd lateral teeth clearly smaller than 1 st (Fig. 10 C).......................... C. annuliventris (Skuse) - Dark brown-black mandible pigment extends to base and less strongly contrast to mid-brown head; mola narrow. Median men- tum tooth broad, rounded, with 2 nd lateral teeth not smaller than 1 st........................... ��� divergent annuliventris��� 12 Mandible pigment extending to base of mandible; apical mandible tooth subequal to 1 st inner tooth, both near 2 x 2 nd inner tooth (Fig. 11 A)........................................................................ C. conicornis sp. n. - Mandible pigment extending to mola / external seta; apical mandible tooth 1.5 x> 1 st inner tooth; 1 st inner tooth C. varicornis sp. n. (part, var. ��� cooki���) - Lauterborn organs moderately developed, tapering; 2 nd antennal segment equal to 3 + 4, with short 5 th................... 14 14 Apical mandible tooth flanged, giving ���kitchen knife��� shape, inner teeth aligned with inner edge of apical tooth. Mandible dark pigment extends to external seta.................................................. Paratrichocladius ���M 1 /FNQ 1 ��� - Apical mandible tooth same shape as inner teeth. Mandible dark pigment extends distal to mola....................... 15 15 Lateral mental teeth bulbous basally and pointed apically. 1 st inner mandible tooth equal in length to 2 nd tooth. Antennal blade extends to apex of antenna........................................................ Paratrichocladius ���SW QLD��� - Lateral mental teeth non-bulbous basally; 1 st inner mandible tooth 1.5 x longer than 2 nd tooth; antennal blade extends to apex of 4 th segment (Fig. 10 D).................................................................. C. brevicornis sp. n., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861

Cricotopus parbicinctus Hergstrom sp. n. (Figs 1 G, 3 B, 4 H, 5 C, 6 G, 7 H, 9 B, 11 D) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 1 ED 970 B 3-823 A- 4233 -A 8 C 4- 113179 ADFC 45 Cricotopus parbicinctus Hergstrom, 1974: 95 [Invalid ICZN, 1985: Article 8 a]. Cricotopus ���sp. III��� Drayson, 1992 Cricotopus ��� parbicinctus Hergstrom��� in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype ♂: AUSTRALIA: SA: Mt Gambier, Leg of Mutton Lake, 26 Aug 1969 (Hergstrom) (ANIC). Paratypes: ♂, ♀, SA: Hindmarsh Falls, 4 Nov 1970 (Hergstrom) (ANIC). Other material examined. Qld: 2 Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple,? Cattle Ck., 21 ��02'S 148 �� 35 'E, 22.iii. 1998 (Cranston); 4 Pe, Conondale Range, Stony Ck. #2, 26�� 52 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 24.v. 1990 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Mt. Crosby, Brisbane R., 27 �� 32 'S 152 �� 47 'E. 19.i. 1991 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Mt. Stanley, Brisbane R., 27 �� 32 'S 153 �� 29 'E, 19.i. 1991 (Cranston); 1 Pe, n.w. Brisbane, Bundaroo Ck., 35 �� 42 'S 152 �� 36 'E, 27.ix. 1989 (Cranston). NSW: Le/Pe/♂, Pe, Deua R., S.E. Araluen, 35 �� 45 'S 149 �� 57 'E, 29.iii, 1988 (Cranston); Pe, Barrengarry R., Belmore Falls, 34 �� 38 'S 150 �� 33 'E, 3.iv. 1991 (Cranston); 3 Pe, Endrick R., 6 km N.E. Nerriga, 35 ��05'S 150 ��08'E, 1.ix. 1988 (Cranston); 1 ♂, 1 Pe, Ginninderra Falls, 35 �� 13 'S 148 �� 58 'E, 6.xii. 87 (Cranston); ♂, Le/Pe/♂, 2 Le/Pe/♀, 3 Pe, 1 L, Sugarloaf Ck., Clyde Mt., 35 �� 33 'S 149 �� 58 'E, 10.i. 1988 (Cranston); 3 Le/Pe/♂, 2 Pe, Shoalhaven R., Gundillion, 35 �� 35 'S 149 �� 37 'E, 4.xi. 1991 (Cranston); 19 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36��06'S 147 ��01 'E, 17.v. l 989 (Cook); ♂, 3 Le/Pe/ ♂, 3 Le/Pe/♀, 10 Pe, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36 ��07'S 146 �� 54 'E, 21.xi. 1989 (Cook); 1 ♂, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 36 �� 24 'S 148 �� 40 'E, 12.xii, 1987 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Club Lake, 36 �� 25 'S 148 �� 17 'S, 30.xii. 1997 (Cranston); L, Kosciuszko NP, Blue Lake, 1875 m asl. 3.ii. 1998 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Spencer's Ck., 1730m, 36 �� 26 'S 148 �� 22 'E, 2.i. 1988 (Cranston); Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Hedley Tarn, 36 �� 25 'S 148 �� 19 'E, 30.xii. 1989 (Cranston); 3 ♂, Le/Pe/♀, 8 Pe, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36 �� 36 'S 149 �� 47 'E, 17.xii, 1990 (Cranston); Pe, Bugong Rd to Kangaroo Valley, xi. 1990, Edward. ACT: Pe, Canberra, Lake Burley Griffin, Black Mt. Peninsula, 35 �� 16 'S 149 ��07'E, 18.i. 1992 (Rosewarne); 3 ♂, 3 Le/Pe/♀, Molonglo R., Coppins Crossing, 35 �� 17 'S 149 ��02'E, 7 xi 1987 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Pierce's Ck., 35 �� 20 'S 148 �� 56 'E, 23.ix. 1991 (Drayson); ♀, 4 Pe, Cotter R., below dam, 35 �� 21 'S 148 �� 56 'E, 7.xi. 1987 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35 �� 22 'S 148 �� 50 'E, 13���16.v. 1988 (Cranston),; 5 Pe, Tidbinbilla, Tidbinbilla Ck., 35 �� 27 'S 148 �� 57 'E, 19.ii. 1989 (Cranston); ♂, ♀, 4 Pe, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 28.ix. 1990 (Drayson); ♂, Pe, Namadgi NP, Orroral R., 35 �� 39 'S 148 �� 59 'E, 21.ii. 1988 (Cranston). Vic: ♀, Pe, House Ck. up-stream, 36 �� 10 'S, 146 �� 52 'E 19.xii, 1989 (Cook); Pe, L, 6 Le/Pe/♂ ♀, 8 Le/Pe/♀, Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36 ��09'S 146 �� 57 'E, 20.iii. 1990 (Cook); ♂,, 2 Le/Pe/♂,, 3 Pe, Le/Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36 �� 11 'S 146 �� 56 'E 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36 �� 15 'S, 146 �� 50 'E 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); ♀, Pe, Le/Pe, Mitta Mitta, Snowy Ck., 36 �� 33 'S 147 �� 23 'E, 29.i. 1988 (Cranston); ♂, 11 Pe, Le/Pe, Buckland R., 36 �� 48 'S 146 �� 51 'E, 6.xi. 1990 (Cranston, Cook & Nielsen); ♂, 2 Pe, Cann R., 37 �� 34 S 149 ��09E, 20.i. 1989 (Cranston). Tas: 3 Pe, Lake St.Clair NP, Ranger Hut, Douglas Ck., 41 �� 50 'S 146 ��02'E, 25.i. 1990 (Cranston); Pe, Franklin R., Lyall highway crossing, 42 �� 12 'S 146 ��02'E, 17.i. 1990 (Cranston). SA: ♂ Eric Bonython Reserve, 8.iv. 1970 (Hergstrom). WA: 6 Pe, Stirling Range, Bluff Knoll, 34 �� 22 'S 118 �� 14 'E, 20.xi. 1990 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: L, Dimbula, Kauri Ck., 17 ��06'S 145 �� 35 'E, 30.viii. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv- FNQ12.2.7); L, Paluma NP, Birthday Ck., 18 ˚ 58 'S 146 ˚09'E, 24.ix. 2008, 760 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-PAh 1); L, Bellthorpe NP, Stony Ck., 26 ˚ 53 'S 152 ˚ 44 'E, 5.xi. 2013, 191 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Stny 1.1); L, Mt Barney NP, Seidenspinner Rd, Mt Barney Ck., 28 �� 14 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 21.iii. 2013, 176 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-MtBy 12). NSW: ♀, Capertee Valley, Glen Davis Rd, Coco Ck., 33 ��08'S 150 �� 6 'E, 20.ii. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW 13 - 5.6); Pe, Newnes, Little Capertee Ck., 33 �� 10 'S 150 �� 14 'E, 19.ii. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW 13 - 4.1); Pe, Tarago Rd., Tarlo Ck., 34 �� 28 'S 150 ��00'E, 7.ii. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13.1.2); L, Belmore Falls, Barrengarry R., 34 �� 38 'S 150 �� 33 'E, 3.iii. 2011 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWBel 1); 3 L, Windellama, Windellama Ck., 35 ��00'S 149 �� 53 'E, 16.v. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWWin 1-3); ♂, 5 L, Monga SF, Mongarlowe R., 35 ˚ 23 'S 149 ˚ 55 'E, 30.iv. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv- Mong 12 -2,4- 8); P, P♀, Currowan SF, Cabbage Tree Ck., 35 �� 34 'S 150 ��02'E, 31.xii��� 2.i. 2009, (Cranston) (Mv- CTC 09-1,3); 2 L, P, Brown Mt., Rutherford Ck., 36 �� 36 'S 149 �� 47 'E, 27.xi. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-Bmt 10 - 1, NSWBMt6, 7); 2 L, Pe, ♂, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35 �� 23 'S 148 �� 44 'E, 27.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv- NSWGd1, 3, 4, 10); Kosciuszko NP, trib. Bogong Ck., 36 �� 21 'S 148 �� 12 'E, 4.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWKos 8). ACT: Uriarra Ck., 35 �� 14 'S 148 �� 57 'E, 13.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-UCk 13 - 6); L, Condor Ck., 35 �� 22 'S 148 �� 51 'E, 14.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-ACTCon 5). Vic: 4 L, P, ♂, Grampians, Zumsteins, McKenzie R., 37 ��06'S 142 �� 24 'E, 7���8.i. 2011 (Cranston) (Mv-VicGr18, 19, 21, 23��� 25); L, Sunbury Rd, Jackson���s Ck., 37 �� 35 'S 144 �� 44 'E, 3.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-Jack 2); L, Campbellfield, Mahoney���s Rd, Merri Ck., 37 �� 41 'S 144 �� 58 'E, 17.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv- MMC 2); L, Campbellfield, Barry Rd, Merri Ck., 37 �� 40 'S 144 �� 58 'E, 17.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-MBR 3); L, Brooklyn, Princes Hwy, Kororoit Ck., 37 �� 49 'S 144 �� 49 'E, 10.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-KPH 8); L, Stony Diversion Drain, Sunshine West, Kororoit Ck., 37 �� 47 'S 144 �� 49 'E, 9.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-KSD 3). Tas: L, Lake Saint Clair NP, Hugel R., 42 ��06'S 146 ��09'E, 1.xii. 2013, 770 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS13.6.5). SA: P, L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Cox Creek, Uraidla, 34 �� 58 'S 138 �� 44 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 450m (Madden) (Mv-CoxP 1, Cox 2); 2 ♀, L, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 26 'S 138 �� 58 'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl, (Krosch & Cranston)(Mv-SAHF 5.1, 2, HF 1); P♂, P♀, L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 28 'S 138 �� 35 'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HRP 1, SAW 2, HR 1); L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35 �� 36 'S 138 �� 14 'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- DC 2); L, Minno Ck. Junction, Sturt R., 35 ��02'S 138 �� 37 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 200 m asl (Madden) (Mv-StR 2); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Waterfall Gully, First Ck., 34 �� 58 'S 138 �� 40 'E, 1.vii. 2013, 250 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Fst 1). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 G). 2.8���3.7 mm. Head. Ant 856���1000 ��m: Fl 1���12, 336 ��� 440 ��m; Fl 13, 464 ��� 592 ��m. AR 1.13���1.56. Palp 352���432 ��m. 1 Fr, 9 Po. Clyp sparsely setose. Thorax. Uniform mid-brown. Lapn 0���4, Ac 11���21, Dc 15���31, Pa 2���4, Scts 5���12. Wing. 1.7���2.1 mm. Sq 8���15, R 4���5. Legs. Tibiae of all legs mid-brown with pale ring on proximal third. All femora and tarsi mid-brown. Abdomen. Uniform mid-brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 G). Gcx 190���220 ��m, iv with posteriorly projecting rounded lobe. Gst 74���90 ��m, about 2 / 5 (0.36���0.45) Gcx, narrow apically; crista dorsalis strongly developed but without setae and often extremely hyaline. FEMALE. As male except: 3.4���3.8 mm. Head. Ant 325���365 ��m. Palp 472���544 ��m. Wing. 2.2���2.5 mm. Sq 9���11, R + R 1 7���14, R 4 + 5 6���15. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules with narrow "neck" and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 H). PUPA. 3.5���4.6 mm, pale brown to almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 140���230 ��m; hyaline, cylindrical, tapered to distal point, covered with sparse pointed scales, especially distally (Figs 6 G, 7 H). 0 Fs. Abdomen (Fig. 9 B). PSB on II only. Hook row on TII about 1 / 3 width of segment (0.0.31��� 0.38). Ls on VIII long, Ls 4 about 1 / 4 width of segment (0.18���0.33). Ms Etymology. The name parbicinctus is likely a lapsus for intended parabicinctus (Hergstrom states in her description "Very similar to bicinctus... "). We see no reason to emend Hergstrom���s name and we recognise her as the sole author, validated here. Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished from all other Australian Cricotopus by the pale bands on the tibiae of all legs (this banding is easily visible to the naked eye). Pupae are recognised by absence of frontal setae, lacking PSB on segment III, 4 long l 4 setae on VIII, and TII anterior to the narrow hook row bare. From the otherwise similar C. acornis it can be distinguished by the presence of a characteristic long, narrow, spinose thoracic horn. Larvae recognised only by a combination of the mandible with smooth outer and serrate inner margin and antenna length more than 90 ��m. Although this species appears to be " C. parbicinctus " of Hergstrom (1974), she describes "tergite I, anterior parts of n, III, IV and V yellow in most specimens" and describes the larva as having "about 5 serrations on inner surface and with wrinkled outer surface". Her proposed holotype, now in A.N.l.C., has anterior and posterior pale bands on TII���VI, but TI is dark. Two of her proposed paratypes have vittae on the thorax and in fact belong to C. hillmani (q.v.). The species differs from the Palaearctic species bicinctus in colour of the thorax and abdomen and shape of genitalia of males, absence of PSB on segment III of pupa, and lack of crenulation on outer margin of mandible of larva (Hirvenoja 1973). A highly genetically divergent form is recognized from larvae and a single adult male from several locations throughout Queensland and New South Wales. This genetic form is reciprocally monophyletic to all other C. parbicinctus and branch lengths between the clades are substantial. Larvae of this divergent form may be separable from C. parbicinctus only by the extent of mandible pigment (extending to the external seta or beyond in the divergent form). More extensive sampling may reveal this taxon to be a true biological species; however, we consider it only as a form pending further work. C. parbicinctus is a widespread species, but represented in Western Australia only by one location in the southern hills and one in Tasmania, and seemingly absent from Northern Territory. Within its range it inhabits pristine to slow to stagnant, macrophyte-dominated and nutrient enriched waters., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]","Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]","Hirvenoja, M. (1973) Revision der Gattung Cricotopus van der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 1 - 363."]}

Cricotopus howensis Cranston sp. n. (Figs 3 A, 4 G, 6 F, 9 A, 11 C) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: A 94258 F 4 -FF 55 - 4 F 81 -ABA 8 -0A 8927739 D 77 Cricotopus ��� howensis ��� Cranston sp. nov. Cranston 1996: 87 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype Pe/♂, AUSTRALIA: Lord Howe Island, Rocky Run Ck., at coast, 31 �� 33 'S 159 ��05'E, 30.xi. 1993 (Cranston & Gullan). Paratypes: ♀, 4 Pe/♂, Le/ Pe♂, Le/ P♀, 3 L/P, 13 Pe, 12 L, as Holotype; 4 Pe, Erskine Valley, Erskine Ck., 31 �� 34 'S 159 ��04'E, 2.xii. 1993 (Cranston & Gullan); 2 Pe, upper Rocky Run Ck., 31 �� 33 'S 159 ��05'E, 28.x. 2012 (Cranston & Gullan). Other material examined. 10 Pe, Erskine Valley, Erskine Ck., 31 �� 34 'S 159 ��04'E, 30.x. 2012 (Cranston); Le/ P♀, 2 L, upper Rocky Run Ck., 31 �� 33 'S 159 ��05'E, 28.x. 2012 (Cranston). Molecular material. P♀, Erskine Valley, Erskine Ck., 31 �� 34 'S 159 ��04'E, 30.x. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-LHI 11); 2 ♀, Le/P♀, L, upper Rocky Run Ck., 31 �� 33 'S 159 ��05'E, 28.x. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-LHI12, 13, 15, 16). Description. MALE (n= 4, all teneral). 3.5mm. Thorax yellow-brown with contrasting dark vittae. Legs are teneral but may be substantially pale except for dark tarsomere 5. Head. Ant 710���740 ��m; Fl 1���12, 345 ��� 370 ��m, Fl 13, 350 ��� 390 ��m; A.R. 1.02���1.05. Palp 335���350 ��m. 1���2 Fr, 8 Po, Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. Mid-brown with vittae slightly darker. Laps 1���3, Ac 9���16, Dc 25���32 (longest posteriorly), Pa, 6���8, Scts 9���16. Wing and legs teneral; sq 5���6. Abdomen. TI, anterior 1 / 2 TII and IV pale, other tergites mid-brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 A). Gcx 180���195 ��m, iv with small posteriorly projecting rounded lobe, apically bare. Gst 80���88 ��m, about 1 / 2 (0.44���0.48) Gcx, pointed apically; crista dorsalis short, high, hyaline. FEMALE (n = 2 + 2 pharate). 3.7 mm (n= 1). Head. Ant 325 ��m. Palp 415���450 ��m.? 1 Co, 4���5 Fr, 6���8 Po, Clyp strongly setose. Thorax. Mid-brown, vittae darker and prominent. Laps 2���3, Ac 16, Dc 30 (longest posteriorly), Pa 5���6, Scts 14���23. Wing (n= 1, teneral). Sq 10, R + R 1 12, R 4 + 5 11. Abdomen. As male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising pale-brown, elongate-ovoid capsules with broad elongate"neck" abruptly tapering to thin recurved ducts; resembling C. varicornis (Fig. 4 I) with shorter ducts. PUPA. 3.4 ���4.0 mm, pale brown, adhesion scars scarcely darker. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugulose postero-dorsally. Th 100���117 ��m, width 20���27 ��m; hyaline, sausage-shaped, tapering basally, tapering or rounded apically with few scales distally (Fig. 6 F). Fs 72���75 ��m, on prefrons. Abdomen (Fig. 9 A). PSB modestly developed on II and weak or absent on III. Hook row on TII about 0.5 segment width (0.45���0.52). Ls VIII short (38���50 ��m), Ls 4 about 1 / 7 (0.11���0.17) width of segment. Ms about 1 / 20 total length of abdomen (0.48���0.58). Adhesion scars pale brown. 4 TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 11 C). 4.2���4.9 mm. H.l. 420���460 ��m, brown; mandibles, mentum and occipital margin only slightly darker brown than background; thorax yellow-green with some blue, abdomen strongly bluetinged; procercus tinged brown; procercal anal setae and posterior parapod claws brown. Head. Ant 67���72 ��m; 1, 42��� 45 ��m; 2 ���5, 25��� 30 ��m; A.R. 1.5���1.7; blade 20���23 ��m not extending beyond 5 th segment Md 135���140 ��m. 2 x ant., outer margin moderately crenulate, mola curved distally with smooth inner margin, mid-brown gradually grading into slightly paler base; seta subdentalis broad, apically hooked. Mentum 95���110 ��m, mid-brown; 6 pairs laterals, 1 st swollen, 2 nd reduced near appressed to 1 st. Abdomen. l 4 seta 30 ��m, plumose at least on abd IV���VI. Pc short, with brown pigment patches, 17���25 ��m, A.s. 450���500 ��m. Etymology. The epithet howensis, is an adjective derived for the only known location for this species which is endemic to Lord Howe Island, that lies in the Pacific Ocean 600 km due east of Port Macquarie on mainland New South Wales, eastern Australia. Remarks. All adults of C. howensis are teneral, and the colour of body and legs cannot be determined unambiguously. It is possible that the thorax, abdomen and leg colour resembles that of C. albitarsis in both sexes (Fig. 1 B). In the male hypopygium, the shape of the postero-medially directed inferior volsella, with a hyaline distal area may be distinctive. The female genitalia seem variable between specimens regarding the shape of the spermathecal vesicles and ducts The pupa has frontal setae on the prefrons, spinulose paratergite on segments III and IV, and the smooth thoracic horn tapers apically to a point. Larval C. howensis can be distinguished by the midbrown head capsule with mentum and mandible only slightly darker, and with mandibular dark pigment extending far basally. This is the only species present on Lord Howe Island, and adult Cricotopus found there should belong to this species. Both creeks from which the species is reported are in excellent condition and likely to be permanent. The species was not found in cattle-contaminated water bodies., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]"]}

Cricotopus conicornis Drayson & Cranston sp. n. (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 E, 6 D, 7 F, 8 E, 11 A) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 6 FB 4 E 9 B 1-401 D- 49 BB-A 5 E 5-6 FFC003CF 76 A Cricotopus ���sp. C��� Drayson, 1992: 95 Cricotopus ��� conicornis ��� sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes���] Type material. Holotype: Le/Pe/♂, AUSTRALIA: ACT, Pierce's Ck. at Cotter, 35 �� 20 'S 148 �� 56 'E, 23.ix. 1991 (Drayson)(ANIC). Paratypes: Qld: Pe, Brisbane, Bundaroo Ck., 35 �� 42 'S 152 �� 36 'E, 27.ix. 1989 (Cranston). NSW: 4 Pe, Warrumbungles, Shawn's Ck., Timor Rock, 31 �� 16 'S 149 ��09'E, 15.ix. 1989 (Cranston); Le/P, 3 Pe, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36 �� 36 'S 149 �� 47 'E, 16.x. 1990 (Cranston). ACT: Pe /♂, 2 Pe/♀, 2 Le/Pe/♀, 6 Pe, Le/Pe, as Holotype; 4 Pe, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 25.viii. 1989 (Cranston); same except Pe/♀, 4.xii. 1991 (Drayson). Vic: P♂, P♀, Pe, Mitta Mitta, 10.x. 1982 (Brittain); Pe, Big R., Omeo Highway, 36 �� 54 'S 147 �� 27 'E, 26.i. 1989 (Cranston); L/P, U. Tambo R., CC10, 23.iii.1990, 36�� 58 ''S 147 �� 54 ''E (Cranston); Le/P♂, Steavenson R., 37 �� 28 'S 145 �� 45 'E, 5.v. 1993, (Schrieber); same except Le/P♀, 1.v. 1993; 2 Le/P♂, same except 7.iv. 1993 (Downes et al); same except L/P, 20.iii. 1992. Other material examined. Qld: 2 Pe, nr Mareeba, Davies Ck, 17 ��01'S 145 �� 35 'E, 27���28.viii. 1997 (Cranston); same except L(P), 2 Pe, 11���12.iv. 1997; same except 3 Pe, 19���20.vi. 1997; 5 Pe, Kauri Ck., 17 ��06'S 145 �� 35 'E, 11.vi. 1997 (McKie); Pe, Bartle Frere, Junction Ck. 17 �� 16 'S 146 �� 55 'E, 12���13.vi. 1997 (Cranston), same except Pe, 27���28.viii. 1997; Pe, P♀, Palmerston NP, Henrietta Ck, 17 �� 36 'S 145 �� 45 'E, 17.iv. 1999 (Cranston); 7 Pe, 17 �� 47 'S 145 �� 41 'E, 2���3.ix. 1997 (McKie); 17 Pe, Python Ck., 17 �� 46 'S 145 �� 35 'E,. 2���3.xi. 1997 (McKie); 18 Pe, Yuccabine Ck., 18 �� 11 'S 145 �� 46 'E, 9���10.vi. 1997 (McKie); Qld: L, Mt Elliot NP, Alligator Ck., 23.iii. 1998 (Cranston); L, Brisbane, Bundaroo Ck., 35 �� 42 'S 152 �� 36 'E, 27.ix. 1989 (Cranston). NSW: 3 L, Clyde Mt., Sugarloaf Ck., 35 �� 33 'S 149 �� 58 'E, 10.i. 1988 (Cranston); 5 Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Blue Lake, 36 �� 24 'S 148 �� 18 'S, 1875 m asl., 3.ii. 1998 (Cranston); Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Charlotte���s Pass, Snowy R., 36 �� 25 'S 148 �� 19 'E, 1.xii. 2010 (Cranston). Molecular material. L, P♂, Qld, Dimbula, Kauri Ck., 17 ��06'S 145 �� 35 'E, 30.viii. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv- FNQ12.2.5, 12.2.6); Pe, Mt. Lewis, Churchill Ck., 16 �� 34 'S 145 �� 20 'E, 30.viii. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-FNQCh 3); 3 L, 3 P♂, Tas: Devil���s Gulch Res., unnamed Ck., State Forest Rd, 41 �� 38 'S 146 �� 17 'E, 25.xi. 2013, 838 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Tas 13.1.P 1-3, TAS13.1.1, 1.4, 1.11); 2 L, Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42 �� 40 'S 146 �� 42 'E, 3.xii. 2013 (Krosch) (Mv-TAS 13.9.13, 9.21); L, Mt Field NP, Tyenna R., 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 43 'E, 3.xii. 2013, 165 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS 13.10.15). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 E) (n = 4). 3.9���4.3 mm. Head. Ant 1080���1128 ��m; length Fl 1���12, 425 ��� 480 ��m, Fl 13, 560 ��� 648 ��m; A.R. 1.25���1.35. Palp. 364���456 ��m. 2���3 Fr, 4 Po. Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. Sct pale brown, almost hyaline, with mid-brown border. Other sclerites very pale brown with variably distinctive brown postnotum and vittae on scutum. Laps 3���6, Ac 17���19, Dc 11���15, Pa 4���5, Scts 12���14. Wing. 2.6���2.8 mm. Sq, 9���10, R, 7���8. Legs. All mid-brown; femora darker, tibia and tarsomeres slightly paler. Abdomen. All tergites brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 E). Gcx 220���230 ��m, iv rounded, with or without posterior notch. Gst 86���94 ��m, about 2 / 5 (0.39���0.41) Gcx, with crista dorsalis strongly developed. FEMALE (n= 4). 2.9���4.1 mm. Head. Ant 321���370 ��m. Palp 352���480 ��m. Setation as male. Thorax. Colour as male. Laps 3���6, Ac 19���23, Dc 10���16, Pa 3���4, Scts 12���13. Wing (n= 3). 1.8���2.7 mm; width 0.6���0.8 mm. Sq, 3���10, R + R 1 12���22, R 4 + 5 10���14. Legs and Abdomen. Colour as male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, reniform, capsules with wide "neck" and straight or recurved ducts (Fig. 4 E). PUPA. 3.3���4.7mm, pale to mid-brown, with clear reticulate pattern on abdomen. Cephalothorax. Moderately rugose dorsally. Th 140���216 ��m, width 50���68 ��m; clearly pigmented mid-brown, tear-shaped and covered with pointed scales, especially distally (Fig. 6 D, 7 F). Fs 90���150 ��m conspicuous, on prefrons. Abdomen (Fig. 8 E). PSB on II and III; reduced on III. Hook row on TII never> 0.5 of segment (0.34���0.46). Anterolateral spinule fields on TII. Ls on VIII short (32���80 ��m), Ls 3 usually Etymology. The epithet conicornis derives from recognition of the cone-shaped (coni-) thoracic horn (- cornis) of the pupa. This remains a discriminatory feature. Remarks. Adult males of C. conicornis can be distinguished by the combination of uniformly dark legs and abdomen and posteriorly projecting inferior volsella. Females also have uniformly dark legs and abdomen, and elongated spermathecal capsules. Pupae can be recognised by the large, apically scaly, yellow-brown thoracic horn and reticulate pattern on abdomen. Larvae can be recognised by the first lateral mental teeth being level with the median tooth, and the relatively short apical mandibular tooth relative to the large first inner tooth. This species is similar in colour pattern to that described by Hergstrom (1974) for C. phaeosomatus. However C. conicornis differs in having the adult male AR much less than the 1.8 of Hergstrom (confirmed on Hergstrom's proposed holotype as 1.9). The distribution of C. conicornis encompasses the tropical and subtropical parts of the continent, but includes some sites in alpine south-east Australia and Tasmania. The species preference seems for clean creeks and moderately healthy rivers., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]","Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]"]}

Cricotopus varicornis Drayson & Cranston sp. n. (Figs. 1 I, 3 D,F, 5 I, 7 A,J, 9 D, 12 B) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:E 290 B 6 D 9 -D 10 A- 447 A- 9832 - AFAB 8948 DC 45 Cricotopus ���sp. D��� Drayson, 1992: 102 (nec larva, misassociated) Cricotopus ���sp. V��� Drayson, 1992: 73 Cricotopus ��� varicornis ��� Cranston sp. nov. in Cranston, 1996: 87 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Cricotopus ���cooki��� sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes���] Type material. Holotype: P♂, AUSTRALIA; ACT, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 23.ix. 1991 (Drayson). Paratypes: as holotype, except ♂, 2 Pe/♂, 2 ♀, 2 Pe/♀, 27 Pe, 5 L, 2 Le/P. Additional material examined 1. Assigned to form varicornis.: ♂, Le/P♂, Le/P♀, 2 P♀, 3 LP, 7 Pe,, as type except 13.x. 1993 (Cranston); ♀, as type, except 20.x. 1993 (Cranston); L as type except 23.x. 1993. 2. Assigned to form cooki: Vic: Pe, Wodonga, House Ck., upstream, 36 �� 10 'S 146 �� 52 'E, 19.ii. 1989 (Cook); 1 Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36 �� 11 'S 146 �� 56 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); 11 Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Boyes Rd., 36 �� 13 'S 146 �� 54 'E, 7.xii. 1989 (Cook); 3 Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36 �� 15 'S 146 �� 50 'E, 5.i. 1990 (Cook). Molecular material. 2 L, P♀, ACT, Paddy���s R., 35 �� 27 'S 149 ��01'E, 22.iv. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-ACTPR 6-8 - cooki); NSW: P♀ Pipers Ck., 36 �� 23 'S 148 �� 26 'E, 2.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-KNPCric 7 - varicornis). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 I) (n = 2 + 3 pharate). 2.7���3.3 mm. Head. Ant 680���744 ��m; Fl 1���12, 350 ��� 400 ��m, Fl 13, 275 ��� 400 ��m; A.R. 0.7���0.96. Palp 308���324 ��m. Fr 2, Po 3. Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. Background yellow-brown, with mid-brown scutal vittae and postnotum distinctive. Laps 4���7, Ac 9���17, Dc 12���25, Pa 5���6, Scts 7���12. Wing. 1.8 mm. Sq 5���9, R 0���5. Legs. Unmeasurable; fore tibia pale from basal area to mid-tibia, otherwise weakly to distinctly dark. Abdomen. T I and IV very pale; broad anterior pale band on TII, otherwise segments mid-to dark brown. TIII and VI with lateral setal bands not connected (Fig. 3 G). Hypopygium (Fig. 3 D). Gcx 170���200 ��m, iv directed postero-medially, very setose, without hyaline apex. Gst 70���88 ��m, about 1 / 2 (0.4���0.5) Gcx; crista dorsalis high, elongate. FEMALE (n= 4, pharate). As in male except: 3.3���3.6 mm. Head. Ant 301���316 ��m. Palp 382���394 ��m. Thorax. Laps 5���7, Ac 12���23, Dc 12���22, Pa 4���6, Scts 8���10. Wing. 1.9 ���2.0 mm. Sq 2���5, R + R 1 10���19; R 4 + 5 8���11. Legs. Brown with paler section from near base to middle of fore-tibia, indicated also on mid- and hind legs. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising brown, ovoid capsules with narrow "neck" and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 I). PUPA. 2.9���5.4 mm, pale brown to almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Moderately rugose dorsally. Th 26���150 ��m; hyaline to brown pigmented, very variable in shape, with or without apical scales (Fig 7 A,J). Fs 26���70 ��m, on frons. Abdomen (Fig. 9 D). PSB on II, smaller on III. Hook row about 1 / 2 of segment (0.42���0.56). Spinule fields present on TI and anterior to hook row on TII (Fig. 5 I). Paratergite spinulose on II���V. Ls 3 VIII short, 56���80 ��m, Remarks. The variation in morphology of this taxon, reflected in the epithet ��� varicornis���, has caused confusion since the earliest material was collected in the late 1980 s. Two near identical pupal exuvial types exist, one with a variably shaped but always short (less than 100 ��m) hyaline thoracic horn and always smooth or nearly so, and another with thoracic horn longer (to 150 ��m), darker pigmented, and apically rugose. The former was named informally as ��� varicornis���, the latter as ��� cooki���. Molecular data associate larvae with a pupal morphotype that are distinctive by their wide, seemingly complex, median mental tooth, antennal segment 2 near wedgeshaped, shorter than the 3 rd segment, and antennal ratio closer to 1.0. However, Drayson���s illustrated purported larva of ��� varicornis��� (1992: 102) differs with narrow median mental tooth, antenna with segment 2 cylindrical and longer than 3 rd and A.R. greater than 1.5. However even recognising this error, significant variation exists also amongst larvae otherwise with ���diagnostic��� morphology, not least in features that have been considered central to larval recognition. Thus the outer mandibular crenulation ranges from distinct (��� varicornis���) to slight or absent (��� cooki���), and the extent of mandibular pigment also varies. Adult males associated with each pupal type, though few, appear identical including in fine details of the hypopygium. Based on the material currently available, we consider all larvae and pupae to vary in characters considered otherwise to be diagnostic. Evidence for conspecificity derives from other morphological features. Molecular evidence, although based on few specimens, shows ��� cooki��� is sister to a solitary pupa identified as varicornis (Krosch et al., submitted). Should additional material and molecular data clarify that two species are involved, cooki is available for specimens that conform to the larval and pupal features described above. For this reason we restrict the type-series to the morphotype pupa with shorter hyaline thoracic horn, but with length and pigment variation not extending to the ��� cooki��� form, and a larval morphotype with crenulate outer mandible and with extended pigment. We treat each as a form, and include both in the larval and pupal keys. C. varicornis inhabits clean, cool, south-eastern Australian streams., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]"]}

Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse). (Figs 1 C, 2 C, 4 C, 5 E, 6 B, 7 D, 8 C, 10 C) Orthocladius annuliventris Skuse, 1889: 255 Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse); Freeman, 1961: 646. Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse); Drayson, 1992: 81. Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse), Cranston 1996: 86 Type material. Lectotype ♂ here designated: AUSTRALIA: Lawson [no further data, specimen ex-Macleay collection] slide-mounted in Euparal from dry specimen by Cranston. Pinned specimen bears red Lectotype label ��� Orthocladius annuliventris Skuse��� in black ink, but designation (by unknown person) appears to be unpublished. Paralectotype, ♂ as Lectotype. Other material examined. Qld.: Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple,? Cattle Ck., 21 ��02S 148 �� 35 'E, 22.iii. 1998 (Cranston). NSW: ♂, Le/Pe/♀, Sugarloaf Ck., Clyde Mt., 35 �� 33 'S 149 �� 58 'E, 10.i. 1988 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36��06'S 147 ��01'E, 17.v. 1989 (Cook); 2 Pe, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 12.xii. 1987 (Cranston); 8 ♂, Le/Pe/♀, 3 Pe, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36 �� 36 'S 149 �� 47 'E, 17.xii. 1990 (Cranston). ACT: 2 ♂, ♀, Canberra, Black Mt., 35 �� 17 'S 149 ��05'E, 29.vii. 1989 (Reid); 3 ♂, 4 ♀, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 29.x. 1990 (Drayson). Vic: Pe, Wodonga, House Ck. up-stream, 36 �� 10 'S 146 �� 52 'E, 19.xii. 1989 (Cook); Pe, Mitta R., 10km E. Mitta, 36 �� 32 'S 147 �� 25 'E, 30.x. 1989 (Cook). SA: ♂, 4 L, Cox Ck., Bonython Rd, 29.ix. 1989 (Madden); ♂, 2 L, Piccadilly Valley, Vince Ck., 29.ix. 1989 (Madden). Molecular material. NSW: L, Kosciuszko NP, sphagnum bog, 36 �� 26 'S 148 �� 20 'E, 2���3.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWKos 1); L, Kosciuszko NP, stream next to Wright's Ck., nr 36 �� 7 'S 148 �� 20 'E, 3.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv- KNPCric 8); P, Kosciuszko NP, Wragge's Ck., 36 �� 23 'S 148 �� 27 'E, 1.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-KNPCric 13); 3 L, Warrumbungles, Castlereaigh R., 31 �� 16 'S 149 �� 11 'E, 27.vii. 2005 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW 2 M1, 2, 5). ACT: ♂, P, Condor Ck., 35 �� 22 'S 148 �� 51 'E, 14.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-ACTCon 6, 7). Vic: L, Dobson���s Lane, Dandenong Ck., 37 �� 50 'S 145 �� 19 'E, 24.x. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-DOL 3). SA: L, P, ♀, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 26 'S 138 �� 58 'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HF 3, HFP 1, SAHF 3.1); 2 L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35 �� 36 'S 138 �� 14 'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-DC1, 4). Tas: Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42 �� 40 'S 146 �� 42 'E, 3.xii. 2013, 196 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS13.9.2). Description. MALE (Figs 1 C, 2 C) 2.8���4.2 mm. Head. Ant 832���1088 ��m; Fl 1���12 392���480 ��m, Fl 13, 416 ��� 448 ��m. A.R. 0.91���1.19. Palp 424���592 ��m. 2 Fr; 6���10 Po. Thorax. Uniform mid- to dark brown. Lapn 1���5, Ac 15���28, Dc 18���25, Pa 2���4, Scts 6���10. Wings. 2.0��� 2.7 mm. Sq 7���15, R 2���9. Legs. Femora mid-brown: tibiae of fore and mid-legs with white ring on proximal third. Distal 2 / 3 of fore and mid-tibiae, all of hind tibia and all tarsomeres mid-brown. Abdomen. TI very pale; broad anterior pale bands on TII, IV,V, and VI, not III; narrow posterior pale bands on TIV, V, and VI; otherwise mid- to dark brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 C). Gcx 180���250 ��m, iv rounded and usually notched posteriorly. Gst 66���100 ��m, about 2 / 5 Gcx (0.35���0.45); crista dorsalis large, bare and hyaline. FEMALE (n= 6). As in male except: 4.1���4.3 mm. Head. Ant 337���428 ��m. Palp 544���644 ��m. Wing. 2.0��� 2.7 mm. Sq 8���13, R + R 1 17���19, R 4 + 5 13���15. Abdomen. As male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules, with very narrow "neck" and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 C). PUPA (Figs 7 D, 8 C). 3.5���4.7 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 56���114 ��m; hyaline, cylindrical, tapered to point, covered with sparse scales, especially distally. 0 Fs. Abdomen. PSB on II and sometimes much reduced on III. Hook row on T II always Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished by the pale bands on legs being restricted to the fore and mid-tibiae, and by pale bands on abdomen TII, IV and V, but not on III. Pupae can be recognised by lack of frontal setae, presence of medio-lateral spinule fields on TII with none developed as a spine band, and with 4 long Ls on VIII. Larvae can be recognised by a combination of mandible with smooth outer and serrate inner surfaces, antenna length less than 90 ��m, and AR less than 1.64. Adult specimens perfectly fit the descriptions of Freeman (1961) and Hergstrom (1974). A highly genetically divergent larval form is recognized from three specimens from the Castlereaigh River (Warrumbungles, NSW). These specimens do not cluster with other C. annuliventris (Krosch et al., submitted), but form a group unto themselves, and with some relationship to both C. annuliventris and C. tasmania. On morphology these larvae key to C. annuliventris, but may be differentiated by the mandible pigment extending to the base with less strong contrast to the mid-brown head capsule, a narrow mola, a broad rounded median mentum tooth and second lateral mentum teeth no smaller than the first laterals. C. annuliventris is restricted to south-east Australian cool streams, often at elevation and shaded. All sites are unpolluted., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Skuse, F. A. A. (1889) Diptera of Australia. Part VI. The Chironomidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 215 - 311.","Freeman, P. (1961) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 9, 611 - 737. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9610611","Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]","Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]"]}

Cricotopus brevicornis Drayson & Cranston sp. n. (Figs. 1 D, 2 D, 4 D, 5 H, 6 C, 7 E, 8 D, 10 D) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 1 E 863 B 19-6613 - 4 C 91-8861 -F 867 AE 4 BF 8 DE Cricotopus ���sp. II��� Drayson, 1992: 58 Cricotopus ��� brevicornis ��� sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: P♂, AUSTRALIA: NSW, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36 ��07'S 146 �� 54 'E, 21.xi. 1989 (Cook)(ANIC). Paratypes: Qld.: 18 Pe, Carnarvon NP, Carnarvon Ck., 25 ��04'S 148 �� 14 'E., 4 / 5.vii. 1991 (Black); 4 Pe, Conondale Range, Stony Ck. #2, 26�� 52 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 24.v. 1990 (Cranston). NSW: Pe, S.E. Araluen, Deua R., 35 �� 45 'S 149 �� 57 'E, 29.iii. 1988 (Cranston); Le/Pe/♀, Albury, Murray R., Noreuil Park, 36 ��05'S 146 �� 56 'E, 22.xii. l 989 (Cook), Le/Pe/♀, same except 9.iv. 1990; 2 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36��06'S 147 ��01'E, 17.v. 1989 (Cook); ♂, 23 Pe, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36 ��07'S 146 �� 54 'E, 21.xi. 1989 (Cook). Vic: 6 Pe, Albury, Middle Ck., Kiewa Valley Highway, 36 �� 10 'S 146 �� 56 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); 4 Pe, Albury, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36 �� 11 'S 146 �� 56 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); 8 Pe, Albury, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36 �� 15 'S 146 �� 50 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook). NT: Pe, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Gimbat, Coronation Hill, 13 �� 34 'S 132 �� 35 'E, 24.v. 1988 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Coronation Hill, 13 �� 35 'S 132 �� 36 'E, 4 / 5.vi. 1988 (Cranston); Pe, Kakadu NP, Koolpin Ck., 13 �� 35 'S 132 �� 36 'E, 4 / 5.vi. 1988 (Cranston). Other material examined. Qld.: P♂, Mt. Lewis, trib. Churchill Ck., 16 �� 34 'S 145 �� 20 'E, 6-7.iv. 1997 (Cranston), same except Pe, Davies Ck., above falls, 17 ��01'S 145 �� 35 'E, 11���12.iv. 1997 (Cranston); 2 L, many Pe, P♂, P♀, nr. Proserpine, Brandy Ck., 21���23.iii. 1998 (Cranston); 7 Pe, Bartle Frere, Junction Ck., 17 �� 16 'S 146 �� 55 'E, 17���18.iv. 1997 (Cranston); Pe, Lawn Hill NP, Indarri Falls, 18 �� 42 'S 138 �� 29 'E, 16.v. 1995 (Cranston). Western Australia, Pe, N.W. Coastal Hwy, Sherlock R., 20 �� 57 'S 117 �� 36 'E (Cranston); 2 Pe, Millstream Chichester NP, Fortescue R., below homestead, 21 �� 33 'S 117 ��03'E, 24���25.iv. 1992 (Cranston); 6 Pe, Chinderwarrinder Pool, 21 �� 35 'S 117 ��04'E, 25.iv. 1992 (Cranston). NT: 2 Pe, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Fisher Ck., 13 �� 33 'S 132 �� 33 'E, 24.v. 1988 (Cranston); 6 L, Pe, ♂, P♂, Kapalga, 12 �� 36 'S 132 �� 25 'E, 16.xii. 1993 (Douglas). Molecular material. Qld: L, Finch Hatton Gorge NP, Rawson���s R., 21 ��04'S 148 �� 38 'E, 15.ix. 2008, 736 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-RAW 3); 2 ♂, L, Andy Williams Pk., Cedar Creek Rd, Cedar Ck, 27 �� 19 'S 152 �� 48 'E, 21.iii. 2013, 143 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-CedP1, 2, Ced 12); L, Bunya, n. Brisbane, Carter Court, South Pine R., 27 �� 21 'S 152 �� 56 'E, 21.iii.2013, 22 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-SPR 17); 5 L, Dayboro, n. Brisbane, Lee���s Crossing Rd, North Pine R., 27 �� 12 'S 152 �� 48 'E, 27.ii.2014, 64 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-NPR 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 1.13); L, Arana Hills, Dawson Parade, Kedron Brook, 27 �� 24 'S 152 �� 58 'E, 27.ii.2014, 42 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-KBR 2.4); 2 L, Numinbah Valley, Nerang R., 28 �� 7 'S 153 �� 14 'E, 20.v. 2013, 120 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Ner1, 2); L, Mt Barney NP, Seidenspinner Rd, Mt Barney Ck., 28 �� 14 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 21.iii. 2013, 176 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-MtBy 8); L, Currumbin Valley, Currumbin Ck., 28 �� 13 'S 153 �� 22 'E, 20.v.2013, 88 m asl (Krosch). NSW, L, Capertee, Glen Davis Rd., Capertee R., 20.i. 2013 ((Cranston) (Mv-NSW17.3.1). NT: 2 L, Kakadu NP, Kambolgie Ck., 13 �� 30 'S 132 �� 25 'E, 30���31.vii. 2013 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT14.5.1, 2). Description. MALE (Figs. 1 D, 2 D) n = 3 (pharate). 2.5���2.7 mm. Head. Ant 725���880 ��m; Fl 1���12 340���416 ��m, Fl 13 375���472 ��m; A.R. 0.9���1.1. Palp 275 ��m. 1 Fr, 5 Po, Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. All sclerites mid-brown. Laps 2���3, Ac 7���9, Dc 19, Pa 3, Scts 6. Wings. Unmeasurable. Sq 5. Legs. Unmeasurable. Abdomen. TI pale, TII mid-brown with pale anterior band, TIII ���IV mid-brown with pale anterior and posterior bands, other tergites mid-brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 D). Gcx 128���162 ��m, iv elongate, pointed and curved posteriorly. Gst 48���70 ��m, about 2 / 5 (0.41) Gcx, all microtrichiose, blunt apically; crista dorsalis absent. FEMALE (n= 2) 1.9 mm. Head. Ant 269 ��m. Palp 310 ��m. 2 Co, 2 Fs Thorax. Uniform mid-brown. Laps 3, Ac 9���12, Dc 12���15, Pa 3���5, Scts 6���8. Wings. 1.2���1.3 mm. Anal lobe weakly produced. Sq 1, R 1���2, R 4 + 5 1���2. Legs. Femora on all legs mid-brown; tibiae on all legs very pale, apically mid-brown; tarsomeres of foreleg basally pale, apically mid-brown, tarsomeres of mid- and hind leg white. Abdomen. Brown. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, ovoid capsules and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 D). PUPA. 2.6���4.3 mm, very pale brown. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose. Th 64���100 ��m; hyaline, short, apically pointed, with pointed scales especially distally (Figs. 6 C, 7 E). Fs (30���80 ��m), on prefrons. Abdomen (Fig. 8 D). PSB on II and sometimes much reduced on III. PSA distinct also on SVII. Hook row on TII usually less than half width of segment (0.38���0.53). One, sometimes two small sparse spinule fields anterior to hook row on TII. D 4 seta on TIII clearly darker, longer and stouter than D 4 seta on TII and IV. Ms 110���160 ��m, about 1 / 20 (0.04���0.07) length of abdomen. 4 TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 10 D) (n= 5). 3.7 mm. H.l. 375���515 ��m, very pale yellow-brown with darker apical mandible, mentum and occipital margin; abdomen blue; procercus hyaline with mid-brown-black patch. Anterior and posterior parapods yellow. Head. Ant 68���77 ��m, 1 st, 38���45 ��m, 2���5 26���33 ��m; A.R. 1.25���1.5. Md 125���150 ��m, with smooth inner and outer margin, pale to mid-brown with distal 1 / 3 darker. Mentum 105���112 ��m, pale brown posteriorly, mid-to dark brown anteriorly: 6 pairs laterals, evenly decreasing on slope. Abdomen. L 4 plumose on segments A 2 ���A 6. Pc 15 ��m, A.s. 500 ��m. Etymology. The epithet brevicornis derives from early recognition of the short (brevi-) thoracic horn (- cornis). This is no longer a discriminatory feature but the name is retained. Remarks. Adults of C. brevicornis sp.n. can be recognised by the unique colour pattern of the abdomen (Fig. 1 D). Pupae have frontal setae on the prefrons, weak pattern on TII, no paratergal spinules, and stout D 4 seta on TIII. Larvae can be recognised by the mandible uniquely amongst Australian Cricotopus being smooth on both inner and outer margins, and with small Lauterborn organs and 2 nd antennal segment subequal to combined 3 rd and 4 th segments. These features however are shared with larvae of two or more Australian members of the genus Paratrichocladius. From ���M 1 /FNQ 1 ��� brevicornis is separated by the normal-length apical mandibular tooth, but separation from a taxon Paratrichocladius ���SW QLD��� is very difficult, and features used in the key may not hold up (see Comments below). C. brevicornis is widespread in warmer parts of Australia, absent from Tasmania and present in Victoria only in the north-east on the Murray River. The species tolerates elevated temperatures and nutrient levels, in both larger rivers and creeks., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]"]}

Cricotopus tasmania Drayson & Cranston sp. n. (Figs IH, 3 C, 4 H, 5 F, 6 H, 7 I, 9 C, 12 A) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 54846590 -FE 9 A- 439 F-AB06- 8 B 67 ACF 23663 Cricotopus ���sp. E��� Drayson, 1992: 109 Cricotopus ��� tasmania ��� Drayson & Cranston sp. nov. in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: ♂, AUSTRALIA: Tas, Mt. Field NP, Rodway Hut, 1200m. 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 34 'E, 3.ii. 1992 (Cranston) (ANIC). Paratypes: 10 Pe, L/P, 2 L, as Holotype; Tas: 3 Pe, Lake St.Clair NP, Ranger Hut, Douglas Ck., 41 �� 50 'S 146 ��02'E, 25.i. 1990 (Cranston). Other material examined. Qld: 3 Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple,? Cattle Ck., 21 ��02S 148 �� 35 'E, 22.iii. 1998 (Cranston). Tas.: 10 Pe, L/P, 2 L; Mt. Field NP, Rodway Hut, 1200m. 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 34 'E, 3.ii. 1992 (Cranston). Molecular material. ACT: ♂, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 �� 28 'S 148 �� 55 'E, 3.vii. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv- ACTGF 27); 2 ♀, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35 �� 23 'S 148 �� 44 'E, 27.vi. 2012 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWGd11, 12). NSW: 2 L, Bramina Ck., 35 �� 23 'S 148 �� 44 'E, 27.vi. 2012, 543 m asl, (Cranston) (Mv-NSWBramCr1, 2); Kosciuszko NP, L, trib. Bogong Ck., 36 �� 21 'S 148 ��02'E, 4.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-KNPCric 3); P♀, Pipers Ck., 36 �� 23 'S 148 �� 26 'E, 2.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-KNPCric 6); P♂, L, Leather Barrel Ck., 36 �� 31 'S 148 �� 11 'E, 4.xii. 2010 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWKos13, 14). Tas: L, Devil���s Gulch Res., unnamed Ck., State Forest Rd, 41 �� 38 'S 146 �� 17 'E, 25.xi. 2013, 838 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Tas13.1.3); L, Cradle Mountain NP, Pencil Pine Ck., 41 �� 35 'S 145 �� 55 'E, 26.xi. 2013, 811 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Tas13.2.3); 3 L, Cradle Mountain NP, Fagus Ck., 41 �� 38 'S 145 �� 56 'E, 27.xi. 2013, 920 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Tas13.3.1, 3.12); 3 L, Lake Saint Clair NP, unnamed Ck., 42 ��06'S 146 �� 10 'E, 1.xii. 2013, 764 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Tas13.7.3, 7.7, 7.9); 2 L, Mt Field NP, Rodway Hut, 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 34 'E, 2.xii.2013, 1242 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS13.8.1, 8.2); L, Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42 �� 40 'S 146 �� 42 'E, 3.xii. 2013 (Krosch) (Mv-TAS 13.9.14); L, Mt Field NP, Tyenna R., 42 �� 41 'S 146 �� 43 'E, 3.xii. 2013, 165 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS 13.10.14). Description. MALE (Fig. IH) (n= 3, partial). 4.1���4.2 mm. Head. Ant 960 ��m; Fl 1���12, 440 ��� 480 ��m, Fl 13, 520 ��� 535 ��m; A.R. 1.1���1.2. Palp 490���690 ��m. Fr 2���4, Po 8. Clyp sparsely setose (c 8 setae). Thorax. Uniform mid-brown. Laps 2���3, Ac 17���23, Dc 15���21, Pa 2���3, Scts 7���10. Wing. 2.4 mm. Sq 7���11, R 8, R 4 + 5 0. Legs. All legs very pale yellow-brown; without dark section(s). Abdomen. TI and IV totally pale; broad anterior pale band on TII, narrower pale band anterior on V, evidence of pale anterior band on VI���VII. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 C). Gcx 245���248 ��m, iv somewhat squared off. Gst 83���90 ��m, 0.36 x Gcx, with triangular pointed to elongate rounded crista dorsalis. FEMALE. (Fig. 4 H) (n= 1���2, partial). As male except: 4.2���4.6 mm. Head. Ant 325���365 ��m. Palp 420���690 ��m. Co 0, Fr 2, Po 5, Clyp setose (c 20 setae). Thorax. Vittae mid-brown against yellow background. Laps 2, Ac unviewable, Dc 18, Pa 5, Scts 10. Wing. 2.6���2.7 mm. Sq 10���11, R + R 1 12���15, R 4 + 5 0. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, variably ovoid to elongate-oval capsules tapering into long "neck" and ducts variably curved according to pressure on specimen (Fig. 4 H, left specimen #Mv-Gd 11, right #Mv-Gd 12). PUPA. 3.5���4.1 mm, pale to mid-brown. Cephalothorax. Moderately rugose dorsally. Th 14���80 ��m; hyaline to pale brown, variable in shape (see Fig. 6 H), may have apical scales (Fig. 7 I). 0 Fs. Abdomen (Fig. 9 C). PSB on II only. TII with hook row> 1 / 2 width of segment (0.27���0.44); narrow sparse spinule field anterior to hook row; two medio-Iateral spinule fields usually present. VIII with 5 prominent Ls (100���160 ��m), Ls 4> 1 / 4 width of segment (0.27���0.33) (Fig. 5 F). Ms 160���200 ��m, Etymology. The epithet ��� tasmania���, a noun in apposition, derives from its original collections suggesting endemism to Tasmania. We retain the name although there is molecular evidence showing the species presence in high elevation alpine and sub-alpine streams in south-eastern mainland Australia. Remarks. Adults of C. tasmania can be distinguished by their uniformly pale legs, pattern of pale tergites and in the male the A.R. is unusually low. Pupae can be recognised by the presence of spine/spinule fields on TII and by the usual presence of 5 long L setae on VIII. Specimens from mainland Australia seemingly can lack the distinctive 5 th L seta on VIII, but whether this is damage or true absence is unclear. Larvae can be recognised by the mandible having a smooth outer margin, serrate inner margin, and being narrow above the mola. The validity of the colour contrasts used in the key need verification. The adult of this species resembles in colour and pattern C. phaeosomatus described by Hergstrom (1974), but differs in having the A.R. of adult males much less than the value of 1.9 (as inverse 0.53 of Hergstrom, and confirmed by Cranston). Molecular data suggest monophyletic non-Tasmanian specimens are embedded in a diversity of Tasmanian sampled specimens (Krosch et al., submitted). C. tasmania inhabits clean cool streams often at elevation, in south-east Australia including Tasmania where it appears widespread., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]","Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]"]}

Cricotopus acornis Drayson & Cranston, sp.n. (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 4 A, 8 A, 10 A) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: EEBF 8968 -B 52 D- 4344 -A 522 -C 9 B 5274 FCAC 7 Cricotopus ‘sp.B’ Drayson, 1992: 88 Cricotopus “ acornis ” sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ‘not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: Le/Pe/♂, AUSTRALIA: NSW, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 36 ° 24 'S 148 ° 40 'E, 12.xii. 1987 (Cranston). Paratypes: 7 Le/Pe/♀, 2 Pe, as holotype. ACT: Le /Pe/♂, Pierce's Ck., Concrete Crossing, 35 ° 20 ’S 148 ° 56 'E, 23.i. 1991 (Drayson), ♀, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35 ° 28 ’S 148 ° 55 'E, 28.ix. 1990 (Drayson). Vic: 2 Le/ Pe/♀, Pe/♀, 10 km E. Mitta, Mitta R., 36 ° 32 'S 147 ° 25 ’E, 30.x. 1989 (Cook); Le/Pe/♂, Buckland R., 36 ° 48 ’S 146 ° 51 'E, 6.xi. 1990 (Cranston, Cook & Nielsen); Pe, Cann R., 37 ° 34 ’S 149 °09'E, 20.i. 1989 (Cranston). Other material examined. 7 L, as Holotype. Description. MALE (Fig. 1 A) (n= 2). 3.0– 3.1 mm. Head. Ant 792–864 µm; Fl 1–12 340–424 µm; Fl 13 432–440 µm. A.R. 1.03–1.20. Palp 432 – 376 µm. 1–2 Fr; 10–13 Po. Clyp sparsely setose. Thorax. Mid-brown, sct sometimes pale brown, almost hyaline, with mid-brown border. Laps 4–8, Ac 22–32, Dc 17–22, Pa 3–6, Scts 8–12. Wing. 2.0 mm. Sq 7–13, R 7. Legs. All legs uniform mid-brown. Abdomen. Uniform mid- to pale brown. Hypopygium. Gcx 178 µm (n= 1); iv rounded and notched posteriorly. Gst 76 µm (n= 1), about 2 / 5 (0.43) Gcx, narrow apically; crista dorsalis strongly developed. FEMALE (n = 2 + 3 pharate). As male except: 3.0– 4.7 mm. Ant 320–355 µm. Palp 400–420 µm. Wing. 1.8–2.6 mm. Sq 6–10, R, 12–13, R 4 + 5 8–15. Abdomen. Brown. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, ovoid, capsules, narrow "neck" and straight or recurved ducts (Fig. 4 A). PUPA. 3.5–4.4 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose. Thoracic horn absent. 0 Fs. Abdomen (Fig. 8 A). PSB only on II. Hook row never> 0.5 segment width (0.38–0.50). L 4 seta on VIII> 1 / 7 segment width (0.14–0.22). Ms 140–180 µm, 4 TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 10 A) (n = 9). 2.8–3.8 mm. H.l. 520–580 µm pale to mid-brown, abdomen hyaline. Head. Ant 68–80 µm: seg 1 44–52 µm; seg 2–5 22–30 µm; A.R. 1.60–1.85. Md 52–174 µm, with serrate inner and crenulate outer margin, dark brown with distal 1 / 3 very dark brown. Mentum 124–136 µm, pale brown posteriorly, mid-brown anteriorly, with 6 pairs of laterals, 2 nd much reduced. Abdomen. Pc 15–22 µm, A.s. 540–650 µm. Etymology. The epithet refers to the pupa lacking (a-) a thoracic horn (-cornis). Remarks. Adult males of C. acornis sp. n. can be recognised by the combination of uniformly dark abdomen and legs and notched inferior volsella: females can be recognised by uniformly dark tergites and legs and near spherical spermathecal capsules. Pupae lack thoracic horns but otherwise resemble C. parbicinctus in lacking frontal setae, and having non-spinose TI and II. Differentiation can be made based on the presence of small patches of spines/spinules postero-lateral on tergites VI–VI in C. acornis. Note that some pupae of any species can ‘lose’ their thoracic horns during drift post-emergence or in subsequent handling, even in slide preparation, and identity as C. acornis should not be assumed. Larvae can be recognised by the mandible with a crenulate outer margin, smooth inner margin and being wide above the mola. C. acornis sp. n. was collected first from an ephemeral stream that had ceased flow on a subsequent visit. Other records are scarce, from mid-order creeks and rivers in a restricted area of south-eastern Australia. No material for molecular study was collected.

Cricotopus albitarsis Hergstrom sp. n. (Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 4 B, 6 A, 7 C, 8 B, 10 B) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 84145205 - 2 AFE- 4 C 9 C-B 479 - 152 EDEBA 9336 Cricotopus albitibia (Walker, 1848: 16) sensu Freeman, 1961: 647 [misidentified]. Cricotopus albitarsis Hergstrom 1974: 94 [Invalid ICZN, 1985: Article 8 a]. Cricotopus ���sp. I��� Drayson, 1992: 49 Cricotopus ��� albitarsis ��� sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: ♂, AUSTRALIA, SA, Adelaide, Torrens Lake, 10.ii. 1970 (Hergstrom)(ANIC). Paratypes ♂, ♀, as Holotype. Other material examined. Qld: P♂, Mt Elliot NP, Alligator Ck., 23.iii. 1998 (Cranston); 11 Pe, Carnarvon NP, Carnarvon Ck., 25 ��04'S 148 �� 14 'E., 4 / 5.vi. 1991 (Black); Pe, Conondale Range, Stony Ck. #2, 26�� 52 'S 152 �� 44 'E, 24.v. 1990 (Cranston); 10 Pe, L, Atkinson Dam, 27 ��06'S 152 ��02'E, 24 / 25.vii. 1991 (Cook, Cranston & Hillman); Le/Pe/♂, 3 Pe/♀, Pe, L, Brisbane R., Mt. Crosby, 27 �� 32 'S 152 �� 47 'E, 19.i. 1990 (Cranston); Le/Pe/♀, Brisbane R., Mt. Stanley, 270 �� 32 'S 153 �� 29 'E, 19.i. 1990 (Cranston). NSW: 1 ♀, 1 Pe, Gaya-Dari, Upper Clarence R., 28 �� 44 'S 152 ��04'E, 20.i. 1991 (Cranston); 12 Le/Pe/♂, Ginninderra Falls, 35 �� 13 'S 148 �� 58 'E, 6.xii. 1987 (Cranston); Le/Pe/♂, Kosciuszko NP, Yarrangobilly R., Yarrangobilly Caves, 35 �� 44 'S 148 �� 29 'E, 15.i. 1992 (Cranston); 5 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R., Noreuil Park, 36 ��05'S 146 �� 56 'E, 22.xii. 1989 (Cook); 8 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Causeway, Murray R., 36 ��06'S 146 �� 55 'E, 26.ii. 1990 (Cook); Le/Pe/♂, 14 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R. Stn 6, 36��06'S 147 ��01'E, 17.v. 1989 (Cook); Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R., Waterworks, 36 ��07'S 146 ��04'E, 21.xi. 1989 (Cook); ♀, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 36 �� 24 'S 148 �� 40 'E, 12.xii. 1987 (Cranston). ACT: 2 Pe, Canberra, Lake Burley Griffin, Black Mt. Peninsula, 35 �� 16 'S 149 ��07'E, 18.i. 1992 (Rosewarne); 7 Pe, Tuggeranong, Isabella Pond, West shore, 35 �� 25 'S 149 ��06'E, 29.xii. 1991 (Rosewarne); 5 Pe, Tuggeranong, Isabella Pond, East shore, 35 �� 25 'S 149 ��06'E, 29.xii, 1991 (Rosewarne); 5 Pe/♂, 5 Pe, 2 L, Molonglo R., Coppins Crossing, 35 �� 17 'S 149 ��02'E, 4, ii. 1988 (Cranston); same except ♂, 7.xi. 1987; same except 3 Le/Pe/♂, 3 Le/Pe/♀ Pe, 25.ii. 1991 (Drayson). Vic: 3 ♀, 41 Pe; House Ck. down-stream, 36 ��09'S 146 �� 52 'E, 19.xii. 1989 (Cook); 7 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36 ��09'S 146 �� 57 'E, 20.iii, 1990 (Cook). WA: 2 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 Le/Pe/♀, 20 Pe, 2 L, Walpole-Nornalup NP, Frankland R., circular pool, 34 �� 56 'S 116 �� 47 'E, 21.xi. 1990 (Cranston); ♂, Lake Monger, 3.iii. 1955 (Hodgkin); 2 ♂, ♀, 5 L, Lesmurdie Falls, 1.xii. 1978 (Edward). NT; ♂, Kakadu NP, near Jabiru, Gulungul Ck., 12 �� 39 'S 132 �� 53 'E, 11.iv. 1989 (Cranston); 3 Le/Pe/♂, 3 Pe, 2 Le/P, 2 L, Ranger Mine, Retention Pond 1 spillway, 120 �� 41 'S 132 �� 55 'E, 11.iv. 1989 (Cranston); 18 L, Arnhem Land, East Alligator R., on escarpment, 12 �� 47 'S 133 �� 22 'E, 15.iv. 1989 (Cranston): 17 L, 7 Pe, Arnhem Land, East Alligator R., mid/upper R. on escarpment, 29.v. 1988 (Cranston); ♂, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Fisher Ck., 13 �� 33 'S 132 �� 33 'E, 18 / 19.iv. 1989 (Cranston); 3 ♂, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Coronation Hill, Gimbat spillway, 13 �� 34 'S 132 �� 35 'E, 18 / 19.iv. 1989 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: 2 P♂, L, Bunya, n. Brisbane, Carter Court, South Pine R., 27 �� 21 'S 152 �� 56 'E, 21.iii.2013, 22 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-SPRP1, 3, SPR 2); 2 L, Dayboro, n. Brisbane, Lee���s Crossing Rd, North Pine R., 27 �� 12 'S 152 �� 48 'E, 27.ii.2014, 64 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-NPR 1.1, 1.7); L, Numinbah Valley, Nerang R., 28 �� 7 'S 153 �� 14 'E, 20.v. 2013, 120 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Ner 13); L, Condamine R., Hooloovale Ck., 28 �� 34 'S 148 ��01'E, 30.iv. 2012 (Prior) (Mv-Hoo 3); L, Warrego R., Dick's Dam, 30 �� 19 'S 145 �� 21 'E, 2010 (Prior) (Mv-WarD 1). NSW: L, Capertee, Glen Davis Rd., Capertee R., 20.i. 2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13.6.1). Vic.: P♂, L, Keilor, Maribyrnong R., Brimbank Park Ford, 37 �� 43 'S 144 �� 49 'E, 1.xi.2006, 25 m asl (Carew) (Mv-MaryA 1, MBF 1); 2 L, Wantirna, Boronia Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37 �� 50 'S 145 �� 12 'E, 24.x. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-DBO1, 5); L, Dandenong, Kidds Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37 �� 59 'S 145 �� 13 'E, 26.x.2006, 30 m asl (Carew) (Mv-DKI 1); L, Pillar's Crossing, Dandenong South, Dandenong Ck., 38 ��01'S 145 �� 10 'E, 26.x. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-DPC 1); L, Wantirna, Wantirna Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37 �� 50 'S 145 �� 13 'E, 24.x. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-DWA 1); L, Sunbury Rd, Jackson���s Ck., 37 �� 35 'S 144 �� 44 'E, 3.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-Jack 1); L, Dandenong South, Eumemmerring Ck., 38 ��01'S 145 �� 13 'E, 16.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-Eum 3); L, Campbellfield, Barry Rd, Merri Ck., 37 �� 40 'S 144 �� 58 'E, 17.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-MBR 1); L, Campbellfield, Mahoney���s Rd, Merri Ck., 37 �� 41 'S 144 �� 58 'E, 17.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-MMC 1); L, Brooklyn, Princes Hwy, Kororoit Ck., 37 �� 49 'S 144 �� 49 'E, 10.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-KPH 1); L, Stony Diversion Drain, Sunshine West, Kororoit Ck., 37 �� 47 'S 144 �� 49 'E, 9.xi. 2006 (Carew) (Mv-KSD 2). SA: L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35 �� 28 'S 138 �� 35 'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HR 2). ���divergent NT albitarsis���. NT: P♀, L, Kakadu NP, Kambolgie Ck., 13 �� 30 'S 132 �� 25 'E, 30���31.vii. 2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT 14.5.P 2, NT14.5.3). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 B, 2 B). 3.1���3.5 mm. Head. Ant 792���872 ��m; Fl 1���12, 320 ��� 360 ��m, Fl 13, 456 ��� 520 ��m. A.R. 1.3���1.6. Palp 340���430 ��m. Fr 0, Po 3���5, Clyp sparsely to moderately setose. Thorax. Sct pale brown to near hyaline, with mid-brown border; otherwise mid-brown, sometimes with reticulate pattern. Other sclerites mid- to dark brown. Laps 3���7, Ac 12���25, Dc 20���40, Pa 3���5, Scts 6���12. Wing. 1.5���1.9 mm. Sq 4���8, R 0���1. Legs. All femora mid-brown, sometimes with paler proximal third: all tibiae very pale with distal 1 / 10 pale to mid-brown: foreleg tarsomeres mid- to pale brown, darker than those on other legs; tarsomeres of mid- and hind legs very pale. Abdomen. TI and IV pale, TII mid-brown with pale anterior band, TV and VII mid-brown with pale posterior bands, remainder mid- to dark brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 B). Gcx 180���200 ��m, iv elongated, pointed and curved towards posterior. Gst 74���86 ��m, about 2 / 5 (0.39���0.43) Gcx, wide, and blunt apically; crista dorsalis absent. FEMALE. As male except: 3.1���3.5 mm. Head. Ant 234���272 ��m. Palp 348���488 ��m. Wing. 1.4 ���2.0 mm. Sq 3���10, R 2���6; R 4 + 5 3���6. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules with long, wide "neck"; and straight or recurved ducts (Fig. 4 B). PUPA. 2.5���4.1 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline; if pale brown may have faint reticulate markings on abdomen. Cephalothorax (Fig. 6 B). Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 130���200 ��m; width 36���54 ��m, broad, flattened, hyaline; scales absent, sometimes granular. Fs long, prominent on frons. Abdomen. PSB on Il and Ill. Hook row on TII about 1 / 2 width of segment (0.45���0.61). Small sparse spinule field may be present anterior to hook row. Ls on VIII short, Ls 3 no more than 1 / 10 width of segment (0.08���0.10) (Fig. 5 E). Ms 120���150 ��m, about 1 / 20 (0.042���0.065) length of abdomen. 4 TH INSTAR LARVA. 2.5 ���4.0 mm. H.l. 450���550 ��m pale to mid-brown, with pigmented areas sometimes patchy, and with darker posterior margin; abdomen hyaline; procercus hyaline, sometimes with mid-brown marking. Head (Fig. 10 B). Ant 66���76 ��m; 1 st 40���46 ��m; 2���5 26���30 ��m; A.R. 1.60���1.85. Md 130���176 ��m with smooth inner and more or less crenulate outer margin, pale to mid-brown with distal 1 / 3 darker. Mentum 104���128 ��m, pale brown posteriorly, mid-to dark brown anteriorly; with 6 pairs lateral teeth, 2 nd slightly reduced. Abdomen. Pc 14���20 ��m wide, A.s. 300���460 ��m. Etymology. Although Hergstrom (1974) provided no derivation, we infer that the characteristic near-white tarsomeres, especially of the mid- and hind legs, gave rise to the epithet albitarsis. A spelling as albitarsus has been used, including on the labels of Hergstrom���s type series: we consider this a lapsus. Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished from all other Australian Cricotopus by leg colour, with dark femora, pale tibiae, and pale tarsomeres on mid- and hind legs. Pupae can be recognised by the frontal setae on the frons, the hyaline and non-spinose thoracic horn and regular anal macrosetae. Larvae cannot be recognised by a single feature, but by a combination of mandible with crenulate outer and smooth inner surface, mentum with 6 pairs of lateral teeth and the apices of the first lateral mental teeth posterior to the apex of the median tooth, plus the dark pigment restricted to the apical mandible only. From Freeman's (1961) description of pinned Australian specimens, this species appears to be his C. albitibia, although his description differs in having the AR as 1, i.e., much lower than the range of specimens measured in this study. Calculations of the antennal ratio from dried material is notoriously error-prone and we do not consider it significant. One male from Lake Monger, WA, labelled " Cricotopus albitibia, det. P. Freeman", from the British Museum (B.M. 1955 - 478, slide-mounted by P. S. Cranston) was studied. This, one of the six male specimens from the location given in Freeman's description, fits the description of C. albitarsis above, with an AR of 1.5, as does the colour of five pinned specimens from the same locality also in A.N.I.C.. The type location of C. albitibia is Sierra Leone in west Africa (Walker, 1848), but the species was redescribed by Lehmann (1979) from specimens from east Zaire (=D.R. Congo). Lehmann's species as re-described differs from our Australian material in the following: adult leg pattern, with C. albitibia having pale bands on all legs; adult thorax pattern, with C. albitibia having brown vittae or "mesonotal stripes" and the pupal thoracic horn, that of C. albitibia being long and narrow. The larva of C. albitibia is undescribed. For our study 3 unreared larvae, 1 pharate male, 1 adult male and 3 adult females of C. albitibia from Ethiopia, collected and identified by Prof. A. Harrison were examined. The specimens were uncleared before mounting, and thus several features were not visible. The larvae are larger than those of C. albitarsis, one having antennal length 210 ��m with AR = 2.10, which is outside the range of all Australian Cricotopus (1.29 ���2.00), and appear to differ also from C. albitarsis in the complex ���chunky��� development of a darkened mola resembling a broken tooth. The single Ethiopian pupa has a hyaline, blade-shaped thoracic horn, tapering towards the apex, spinules on TIII and IV densely covering the tergite and the hook row is very broad, 70 % the width of TII, again outside the range of all Australian species (0.30���0.63). Adults appear very similar, including in the shape of the inferior volsella. However, the larva and especially the pupa appear incompatible with C. albitarsis. Thus we consider C. albitibia from Australia to have been misidentified by Freeman. Examination of Hergstrom's proposed holotype and 2 paratypes of " C. albitarsis sp.nov ", now in the A.N.I.C., showed that the legs have pigmented femora, the distal ends of the tibiae also are pigmented, and the tarsomeres of the forelegs are mid-brown (as on the specimens described here), although Hergstrom describes the legs as "all legs pale yellow", and the key states "Tibiae and tarsi completely without dark pigment", without mentioning the colour of the femora. She does not describe the pupa and larva. Other character states fit this species, and it appears to be Hergstrom's manuscript name C. albitarsis, which is validated here with her authorship. Molecular evidence for the identity of ���albitarsis��� comes from mature pupae from s.e. Queensland and Victoria close to identical to unreared larvae from across the eastern Australian range of the morphospecies. The situation regarding 2 specimens from Kambolgie Ck in southern Kakadu N.P. is uncertain. The female pupa (Mv- NT 14.5.P 2) conforms to the diagnoses here for C. albitarsis. The sole larva (Mv-NT14.5.3), is near identical to the pupa on molecular evidence, and keys to C. albitarsis but differs in the darker head capsule, the distinct Lauterborn organs and dark apex to the mandible less contrasting to a brown basal part. Unfortunately neither specimen is perfect ��� the pupa appears to have only 2 macrosetae on one side and on the other they are broken at the base and the larva has a worn/damaged median mentum. No additional candidates exist in older morphological material from the Alligator River Region. Molecular data indicate that these two specimens are divergent from C. albitarsis and lie as sister to the clade ��� albitarsis + wangi��� (Krosch et al., submitted), much as implied by the morphology. Probably this constitutes a cryptic species but without further material with DNA associated, we will term the taxon ���divergent N.T. albitarsis���. C. albitarsis is a widespread species across the continent, absent only from Tasmania. It tolerates elevated water temperatures and eutrophic to mine-contaminated standing and running waters, including the country���s largest rivers and those salinated. This species occurs also in relatively unimpacted waters, as evidenced by some molecular collection sites., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Freeman, P. (1961) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 9, 611 - 737. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9610611","Hergstrom, I. (1974) The taxonomy and general biology of some southern Australian Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Australia. [total page number unkown]","Drayson, N. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Unpublished MSc thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. [total page number unkown]","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]"]}

Cricotopus wangi Cranston & Krosch sp. n. (Fig. 3 E, 5 A,D, 9 E, 12 C) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 52659 DBB- 8 F 1 F- 471 B-BF 66-3047 F 4 C 10 C 8 E Cricotopus ���wongi��� sp. nov. Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ���not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: Le/Pe/♂, AUSTRALIA: NT, Litchfield NP, Wangi Falls, 13 �� 10 'S 130 �� 41 'E, 6.viii. 1990 (Cranston). Paratypes: Le/Pe/♀, Le/Pe, 4 L, as holotype; Le/Pe, Pe, NT/Qld, Border Waterhole, 18 �� 37 'S 137 �� 59 'E, 19.v. 1995 (Cranston); WA, Hamersley Range NP, Fortescue Falls, Circular Pool, 22 �� 28 'S 118 �� 33 'E, 23���24.iv. 1992 (Cranston). Molecular material. 2 P, 2 L, as holotype except 29.vii. 2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT 14.1.P 1, P 2, NT14.1.1, 1.3); L, Kakadu NP, Rockhole Ck., 13 �� 34 'S 132 �� 15 'E, 30.vii. 2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv- NT14.3.1); 2 P, 3 L, Kakadu NP, Gimbat, Upper S. Alligator R., 13 �� 34 'S 132 �� 36 'E, 31.vii. 2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT 14.6 P 1, P 2); 3 P, 2 L, Kakadu NP, Gunlom, Waterfall Ck., 13 �� 25 'S 132 �� 25 'E, 1.viii. 2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT 14.7.P 1-3). Description. MALE (n= 1, immature pharate). 3.0 mm. Head. Ant 505 ��m; Fl 1���12, 300 ��m, Fl 13, 225 ��m; A.R. 0.75. Palp 308���324 ��m. Clyp sparsely setose, 9. Thorax. Brown. Laps 2���3; Ac 20, Dc 20 biserial. Pa and Scts not visible. Wing, legs and abdomen not measurable. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 E). Gcx 175, iv with medio-posteriorly rounded lobe; Gst 85 ��m, about 1 / 2 (0.48) gcx; crista dorsalis not developed. FEMALE (n = 1, pharate). 3.2 mm. Head. Ant 245 ��m. Fr 2, Po 2, Clyp 17; Palp 350 ��m. Thorax. Laps 2, Ac 9, Dc 20���21, Pa 2���4, Scts 6���8. Wing, legs and abdomen not measurable. Genitalia. Spermathae comprising ovoid capsules with tapering "neck" and gently curved ducts (as in Fig. 4 B). PUPA (n= 6). 2.7���3.2 mm, pale to mid-brown. Cephalothorax. Moderately rugose dorsally. Th 100���138 ��m, width 37���50 ��m; hyaline, elongate ovoid, without apical scales or spines (Fig 7 B). Fs 120���138, long, semi-taeniate, on frons (Fig. 5 A). Abdomen (Fig. 9 E). PSB on I, II and III. Hook row broad, about 2 / 3 of segment (0.65���0.72). No spinules or spines on TI or anterior to hook row on TII; anterolateral patches of very weak spinules on VII, VIII and IX. Paraterga bare. Ls 3 VIII 20 ���25 ��m, Etymology. The epithet wangi derives from the name of the waterfall in Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory where the first specimens were collected (although in manuscript spelled as ���wongi���). The name is a noun in apposition. Remarks. The combination of long frontal setae located on the frons, short L setae on VIII, hyaline nonspinose thoracic horn and short anal macrosetae with displaced basal setae allow easy recognition of the pupa of C. wangi. Larvae are characterised by the fully dark head capsule, including all-dark mandible. The mandible has strong crenulations on the outer margin and smooth mola, with a simple lance-shaped seta subdentalis. The antenna is uniquely short, maximally 55 ��m long. Cricotopus wangi sp. n. appears to be restricted to northern Australia where the immature stages live on hygropetric surfaces of waterfalls, with few exceptions in riffles in permanent creeks., Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287861, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide, Number 1, 1 - 376. [Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney]"]}

Early nineteenth-century Eurocentric perceptions of natural history led to the flora and fauna of Australia being thought of as deficient and inferior compared with those of other lands. By the 1820s, Australia had become known as the land of contrarieties . This, and Eurocentric attitudes to nature in general, influenced the expectations and perceptions of immigrants throughout the century. Yet at the same time there was developing an aesthetic appreciation of the natural history of Australia. This thesis examines the tension between these two perceptions in the popular natural history writing of the nineteenth century, mainly through the writing of five authors George Bennett (1804-1893), Louisa Anne Meredith (1812-1895), Samuel Hannaford (1937-1874), Horace Wheelwright (1815-1865) and Donald Macdonald (1859?-1932). George Bennett was a scientist, who saw Australian plants and animals more as scientific specimens than objects of beauty. Louisa Meredith perceived them in the familiar language of English romantic poetry. Samuel Hannaford used another language, that of popular British natural history writers of the mid-nineteenth century. To Horace Wheelwright, Australian animals were equally valuable to the sportsman s gun as to the naturalist s pen. Donald Macdonald was the only one of these major writers to have been born in Australia. Although proud of his British heritage, he rejoiced in the beauty of his native land. His writing demonstrates his joy, and his novel attitude to Australian natural history continued and developed in the present century.