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8. Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models

Author

Dutay, J.-C, Bullister, J.L, Doney, S.C, Orr, J.C, Najjar, R, Caldeira, K, Campin, J.-M, Drange, H, Follows, M, Gao, Y, Gruber, N, Hecht, M.W, Ishida, A, Joos, F, Lindsay, K, Madec, G, Maier-Reimer, E, Marshall, J.C, Matear, R.J, Monfray, P, Mouchet, A, Plattner, G.-K, Sarmiento, J, Schlitzer, R, Slater, R, Totterdell, I.J, Weirig, M.-F, Yamanaka, Y, and Yool, A

Published
2002
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10. Impact of self-attraction and loading effects induced by shelf mass loading on projected regional sea level rise

Author

Richter, K., Riva, R.E.M., and Drange, H.

Subjects
climate projections, self attraction and loading, sea level change, steric expansion
Abstract

We investigate the effect of self-attraction and loading (SAL) induced by the projected accumulation of sea water on shallow continental shelf areas. Using output from a climate model, we compute 21st century changes in regional steric sea surface height and find that steric changes are largest over the deep ocean and relatively small on the shallow continental shelves. The resulting redistribution of sea water towards the shelf areas leads to mass accumulation on the shelves and therefore to increased gravitational attraction as well as increased loading on the sea floor. We find that, depending on the scenario and region, SAL effects may result in an additional sea level rise of 1–3 cm on the world's continental shelf areas by the end of the 21st century. These estimates are at most 15% of the combined changes in sea surface height induced by redistribution of water masses and steric expansion.

Published
2013
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11. OMIP contribution to CMIP6: Experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

Author

Griffies, SM, Danabasoglu, G, Durack, PJ, Adcroft, AJ, Balaji, V, Böning, CW, Chassignet, EP, Curchitser, E, Deshayes, J, Drange, H, Fox-Kemper, B, Gleckler, PJ, Gregory, JM, Haak, H, Hallberg, RW, Heimbach, P, Hewitt, HT, Holland, DM, Ilyina, T, Jungclaus, JH, Komuro, Y, Krasting, JP, Large, WG, Marsland, SJ, Masina, S, McDougall, TJ, George Nurser, AJ, Orr, JC, Pirani, A, Qiao, F, Stouffer, RJ, Taylor, KE, Treguier, AM, Tsujino, H, Uotila, P, Valdivieso, M, Wang, Q, Winton, M, Yeager, SG, Griffies, SM, Danabasoglu, G, Durack, PJ, Adcroft, AJ, Balaji, V, Böning, CW, Chassignet, EP, Curchitser, E, Deshayes, J, Drange, H, Fox-Kemper, B, Gleckler, PJ, Gregory, JM, Haak, H, Hallberg, RW, Heimbach, P, Hewitt, HT, Holland, DM, Ilyina, T, Jungclaus, JH, Komuro, Y, Krasting, JP, Large, WG, Marsland, SJ, Masina, S, McDougall, TJ, George Nurser, AJ, Orr, JC, Pirani, A, Qiao, F, Stouffer, RJ, Taylor, KE, Treguier, AM, Tsujino, H, Uotila, P, Valdivieso, M, Wang, Q, Winton, M, and Yeager, SG

Abstract

© Author(s) 2016. The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs. OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.

Published
2016

12. OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

Author

Griffies, S. M., Danabasoglu, G., Durack, P., Adcroft, A.J., Balaji, V., Böning, C. W., Chassignet, E. P., Curchitser, E., Deshayes, J., Drange, H., Fox-Kemper, B., Gleckler, P.J., Gregory, J. M., Haak, H., Hallberg, R. W., Heimbach, P., Hewitt, H.T., Holland, D., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J. H., Komuro, Y., Krasting, J.P., Large, W. G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., McDougall, T.J., Nurser, G., Orr, J.C., Pirani, A., Qiao, F., Stouffer, R.J., Taylor, K.E., Treguier, A.M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valdivieso, M., Wang, Q., Winton, M., Yeager, S.G., Griffies, S. M., Danabasoglu, G., Durack, P., Adcroft, A.J., Balaji, V., Böning, C. W., Chassignet, E. P., Curchitser, E., Deshayes, J., Drange, H., Fox-Kemper, B., Gleckler, P.J., Gregory, J. M., Haak, H., Hallberg, R. W., Heimbach, P., Hewitt, H.T., Holland, D., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J. H., Komuro, Y., Krasting, J.P., Large, W. G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., McDougall, T.J., Nurser, G., Orr, J.C., Pirani, A., Qiao, F., Stouffer, R.J., Taylor, K.E., Treguier, A.M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valdivieso, M., Wang, Q., Winton, M., and Yeager, S.G.

Abstract

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, seaice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs. OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/seaice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, High- ResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.

Published
2016

13. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part I: Sea ice and solid freshwater

Author

Wang, Qiang, Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D.A., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, A., Bozec, A., Böning, C., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, G., Rabe, B., Roth, C., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., Yeager, S.G., Wang, Qiang, Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D.A., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, A., Bozec, A., Böning, C., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, G., Rabe, B., Roth, C., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., and Yeager, S.G.

Published
2016

14. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability

Author

Danabasoglu, G., Yeager, S.G., Kim, W., Behrens, E., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Bleck, R., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Karspeck, A.R., Kelley, M., Large, W. G., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Pirani, A., Romanou, A., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, Dmitry, Sun, S., Treguier, A.-M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Qiang, Yashayaev, I., Danabasoglu, G., Yeager, S.G., Kim, W., Behrens, E., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Bleck, R., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Karspeck, A.R., Kelley, M., Large, W. G., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Pirani, A., Romanou, A., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, Dmitry, Sun, S., Treguier, A.-M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Qiang, and Yashayaev, I.

Published
2016

15. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part II: Liquid freshwater

Author

Wang, Q., Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D.A., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, A., Bozec, A., Böning, C., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, G., Rabe, B., Roth, C., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., Yeager, S.G., Wang, Q., Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D.A., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, A., Bozec, A., Böning, C., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, G., Rabe, B., Roth, C., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., and Yeager, S.G.

Published
2016

16. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part I: Sea ice and solid freshwater

Author

Wang, Q., Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, Arne, Bozec, A., Böning, Claus W., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A. C., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P. G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, A. J. G., Rabe, B., Roth, Christina, Salas y Melia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., Yeager, S. G., Wang, Q., Ilicak, M., Gerdes, R., Drange, H., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D., Bentsen, M., Biastoch, Arne, Bozec, A., Böning, Claus W., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A. C., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P. G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G., Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, A. J. G., Rabe, B., Roth, Christina, Salas y Melia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, X., and Yeager, S. G.

Abstract

Highlights: • Arctic sea ice extent and solid freshwater in 14 CORE-II models are inter-compared. • The models better represent the variability than the mean state. • The September ice extent trend is reasonably represented by the model ensemble mean. • The descending trend of ice thickness is underestimated compared to observations. • The models underestimate the reduction in solid freshwater content in recent years. Abstract: The Arctic Ocean simulated in fourteen global ocean-sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments, phase II (CORE II) is analyzed. The focus is on the Arctic sea ice extent, the solid freshwater (FW) sources and solid freshwater content (FWC). Available observations are used for model evaluation. The variability of sea ice extent and solid FW budget is more consistently reproduced than their mean state in the models. The descending trend of September sea ice extent is well simulated in terms of the model ensemble mean. Models overestimating sea ice thickness tend to underestimate the descending trend of September sea ice extent. The models underestimate the observed sea ice thinning trend by a factor of two. When averaged on decadal time scales, the variation of Arctic solid FWC is contributed by those of both sea ice production and sea ice transport, which are out of phase in time. The solid FWC decreased in the recent decades, caused mainly by the reduction in sea ice thickness. The models did not simulate the acceleration of sea ice thickness decline, leading to an underestimation of solid FWC trend after 2000. The common model behavior, including the tendency to underestimate the trend of sea ice thickness and March sea ice extent, remains to be improved.

Published
2016
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17. An assessment of Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation during 1958–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations

Author

Farneti, R., Downes, S., Griffies, S. M., Marsland, S. J., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P., Gusev, A., Hallberg, R. W., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masina, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Patara, L, Samuels, B., Sidorenko, D., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Wang, Q., Yeager, S., Farneti, R., Downes, S., Griffies, S. M., Marsland, S. J., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P., Gusev, A., Hallberg, R. W., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masina, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Patara, L, Samuels, B., Sidorenko, D., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Wang, Q., and Yeager, S.

Abstract

In the framework of the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II), we present an analysis of the representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in a suite of seventeen global ocean–sea ice models. We focus on the mean, variability and trends of both the ACC and MOC over the 1958–2007 period, and discuss their relationship with the surface forcing. We aim to quantify the degree of eddy saturation and eddy compensation in the models participating in CORE-II, and compare our results with available observations, previous fine-resolution numerical studies and theoretical constraints. Most models show weak ACC transport sensitivity to changes in forcing during the past five decades, and they can be considered to be in an eddy saturated regime. Larger contrasts arise when considering MOC trends, with a majority of models exhibiting significant strengthening of the MOC during the late 20th and early 21st century. Only a few models show a relatively small sensitivity to forcing changes, responding with an intensified eddy-induced circulation that provides some degree of eddy compensation, while still showing considerable decadal trends. Both ACC and MOC interannual variabilities are largely controlled by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Based on these results, models are clustered into two groups. Models with constant or two-dimensional (horizontal) specification of the eddy-induced advection coefficient κ show larger ocean interior decadal trends, larger ACC transport decadal trends and no eddy compensation in the MOC. Eddy-permitting models or models with a three-dimensional time varying κ show smaller changes in isopycnal slopes and associated ACC trends, and partial eddy compensation. As previously argued, a constant in time or space κ is responsible for a poor representation of mesoscale eddy effects and cannot properly simulate the sensitivity of the ACC and MOC to ch

Published
2015

18. An assessment of Southern Ocean water masses and sea ice during 1988–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations

Author

Downes, S., Farneti, R., Uotila, P., Griffies, S., Marsland, S., Bailey, D., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P., Gusev, A., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masina, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Patara, L, Samuels, B., Sidorenko, D., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Wang, Q., Yeager, S., Downes, S., Farneti, R., Uotila, P., Griffies, S., Marsland, S., Bailey, D., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P., Gusev, A., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masina, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Patara, L, Samuels, B., Sidorenko, D., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Wang, Q., and Yeager, S.

Abstract

We characterise the representation of the Southern Ocean water mass structure and sea ice within a suite of 15 global ocean-ice models run with the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiment Phase II (CORE-II) protocol. The main focus is the representation of the present (1988–2007) mode and intermediate waters, thus framing an analysis of winter and summer mixed layer depths; temperature, salinity, and potential vorticity structure; and temporal variability of sea ice distributions. We also consider the interannual variability over the same 20 year period. Comparisons are made between models as well as to observation-based analyses where available. The CORE-II models exhibit several biases relative to Southern Ocean observations, including an underestimation of the model mean mixed layer depths of mode and intermediate water masses in March (associated with greater ocean surface heat gain), and an overestimation in September (associated with greater high latitude ocean heat loss and a more northward winter sea-ice extent). In addition, the models have cold and fresh/warm and salty water column biases centred near 50°S. Over the 1988–2007 period, the CORE-II models consistently simulate spatially variable trends in sea-ice concentration, surface freshwater fluxes, mixed layer depths, and 200–700 m ocean heat content. In particular, sea-ice coverage around most of the Antarctic continental shelf is reduced, leading to a cooling and freshening of the near surface waters. The shoaling of the mixed layer is associated with increased surface buoyancy gain, except in the Pacific where sea ice is also influential. The models are in disagreement, despite the common CORE-II atmospheric state, in their spatial pattern of the 20-year trends in the mixed layer depth and sea-ice.

Published
2015

19. An assessment of global and regional sea level in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations: a synopsis

Author

Griffies, S. M., Yin, J., Bates, S., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Domingues, C., Drange, H., Durack, P., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Goddard, P., Greatbatch, R., Ilicak, M., Lu, J., Marsland, S., Mishra, A., Lorbacher, K., Nurser, G., Salas y Mélia, D., Palter, J., Samuels, B., Schröter, J., Schwarzkopf, F., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A.-M., Tseng, Y., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Q., Winton, M., and Zhang, X.

Abstract

There is a growing number of observation-based measures of sea level related patterns with the advent of the Argo floats (since the early 2000s) and satellite altimeters (since 1993). These measures provide a valuable means to evaluate aspects of global model simulations, such as the global ocean-sea ice simulations run as part of the interannual Coordinated Ocean- ice Reference Experiments Griffies et al. (2009), Danabasoglu et al. (2013). In addition, these CORE-II simulations provide a means for evaluating the likely mechanisms causing sea level variations, particularly when models with different skill are compared against each other and observations. We have conducted an assessment of CORE-II simulations from 13 model configurations Griffies et al. (2013), with a focus on their ability to capture observed trends in ocean heat content as well as the corresponding dynamic sea level over the period 1993- 2007. Here, we provide a synopsis of the assessment.

Published
2013

21. Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models Using NASA 'A-Train' satellite observations

Author

Jiang, J.H., Su, H., Zhai, C., Perun, V.S., Del Genio, A., Nazarenko, L.S., Donner, L.J., Horowitz, L., Seman, C., Cole, J., Gettelman, A., Ringer, M.A., Rotstayn, L., Jeffrey, S., Wu, T., Brient, F., Dufresne, J.-L., Kawai, H., Koshiro, T., Watanabe, M., Lécuyer, T.S., Volodin, E.M., Iversen, T., Drange, H., Mesquita, M.D.S., Read, W.G., Waters, J.W., Tian, B., Teixeira, J., Stephens, G.L., Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton South, VIC, Australia, Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia, Beijing Climate Centre (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Atmospheric and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Norwegian Climate Centre, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology
Abstract

International audience; [1] Using NASA's A-Train satellite measurements, we evaluate the accuracy of cloud water content (CWC) and water vapor mixing ratio (H2O) outputs from 19 climate models submitted to the Phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), and assess improvements relative to their counterparts for the earlier CMIP3. We find more than half of the models show improvements from CMIP3 to CMIP5 in simulating column-integrated cloud amount, while changes in water vapor simulation are insignificant. For the 19 CMIP5 models, the model spreads and their differences from the observations are larger in the upper troposphere (UT) than in the lower or middle troposphere (L/MT). The modeled mean CWCs over tropical oceans range from ~3% to ~15× of the observations in the UT and 40% to 2× of the observations in the L/MT. For modeled H2Os, the mean values over tropical oceans range from ~1% to 2× of the observations in the UT and within 10% of the observations in the L/MT. The spatial distributions of clouds at 215 hPa are relatively well-correlated with observations, noticeably better than those for the L/MT clouds. Although both water vapor and clouds are better simulated in the L/MT than in the UT, there is no apparent correlation between the model biases in clouds and water vapor. Numerical scores are used to compare different model performances in regards to spatial mean, variance and distribution of CWC and H2O over tropical oceans. Model performances at each pressure level are ranked according to the average of all the relevant scores for that level. © 2012. American Geophysical Union.

Published
2012

22. An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations

Author

Griffies, S.M., Yin, J., Durack, P.J., Goddard, P., Bates, S.C., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, Claus W., Bozec, A., Chassignet, E., Danabasogl, G., Danilov, S., Domingues, C.M., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Greatbatch, R., Holland, D., Ilicak, M., Large, W., Lorbacher, K., Lu, J., Marsland, S., Mishra, A., Nurser, G., Salas y Mélia, D., Palter, J., Samuels, B., Schröter, J., Schwarzkopf, F., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A.-M., Tseng, Y., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Q., Winton, M., Zhang, X., Griffies, S.M., Yin, J., Durack, P.J., Goddard, P., Bates, S.C., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, Claus W., Bozec, A., Chassignet, E., Danabasogl, G., Danilov, S., Domingues, C.M., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Greatbatch, R., Holland, D., Ilicak, M., Large, W., Lorbacher, K., Lu, J., Marsland, S., Mishra, A., Nurser, G., Salas y Mélia, D., Palter, J., Samuels, B., Schröter, J., Schwarzkopf, F., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A.-M., Tseng, Y., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Q., Winton, M., and Zhang, X.

Abstract

We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15 years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700 m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes.

Published
2014

23. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states

Author

Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Yeager, Steve G., Bailey, David, Behrens, Erik, Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Pirani, A., Melia, D., Samuels, B., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A. M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., Wang, Qiang, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Yeager, Steve G., Bailey, David, Behrens, Erik, Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, G., Pirani, A., Melia, D., Samuels, B., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A. M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., and Wang, Qiang

Abstract

Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean–sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year per- iod from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean- ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summa- rized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contribu- tors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertica and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics con- sidered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort.

Published
2014

24. A possible mechanism for the strong weakening of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in the mid-1990s

Author

Lohmann, K., Drange, H., and Bentsen, M.

Abstract

The extent and strength of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) changed rapidly in the mid-1990s, going from large and strong in 1995 to substantially weakened in the following years. The abrupt change in the intensity of the SPG is commonly linked to the reversal of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, changing from strong positive to negative values, in the winter 1995/96. In this study we investigate the impact of the initial SPG state on the subsequent behavior of the SPG by means of an ocean general circulation model driven by NCEP-NCAR reanalysis fields. Our sensitivity integrations suggest that the weakening of the SPG cannot be explained by the change in the atmospheric forcing alone. Rather, for the time period around 1995, the SPG was about to weaken, irrespective of the actual atmospheric forcing, due to the ocean state governed by the persistently strong positive NAO during the preceding seven years (1989-1995). Our analysis indicates that it was this preconditioning of the ocean, in combination with the sudden drop in the NAO in 1995/96, that lead to the strong and rapid weakening of the SPG in the second half of the 1990s. This hypothesis explains the diverging evolution of the strength of the SPG and the atmospheric forcing (winter NAO) after 1995, as has been suggested recently.

Published
2009

25. Large biogeographical shifts in the northeastern Atlantic from plankton to whale and hydro-climatic change

Author

Hatun, H., Reid, Pc, Beaugrand, Gregory, Edwards, M., Sando, Ab, Drange, H., Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2009

26. The North Atlantic Oscillation and greenhouse-gas forcing

Author

Kuzmina, S., Bengtsson, L., Johannessen, O., Drange, H., Bobylev, L., and Miles, M.

Subjects
Climatology, Climate dynamics
Abstract

The results of 12 coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2) are compared together with observational data in order to investigate: 1) How the current generation of climate models reproduce the major features of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and 2) How the NAO intensity and variability may change in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Long-term changes in the intensity and spatial position of the NAO nodes (Icelandic Low and Azores High) are investigated, and different definitions of the NAO index and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) are considered. The observed temporal trend in the NAO in recent decades lies beyond the natural variability found in the model control runs. For the majority of the models, there is a significant increase in the NAO trend in the forced runs relative to the control runs, suggesting that the NAO may intensify with further increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations.

Published
2005

28. Study of the impact and relevance of ESAs missions in operational oceanography and climate research and monitoring

Author

Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., Brusdal, K., Drange, H., Evensen, G., Furevik, T., Johannessen, J.A., Lisæter, K.A., Lygre, K., Natvik, L.J., Sagen, H., and Sandø, A.B.

Subjects
Ocean, MICOM, Monitoring, Eearth Observation, Climate, Sea ice, Data assimilation, TOPAZ, HYCOM, Prediction, Ecosystem, Model
Abstract

The main focus of this study contract is to assess and quantify the relative impact of different Earth Observation data types for climate research and monitoring and for operational ocean prediction systems. The impact has been examined in light of availability of satellite observations of physical oceanographic variables, sea ice variables and marine ecosystem variables. Data from exising satellites including ERS–1 and ERS–2, TOPEX/POSEIDON, NOAA TIROS, DMSP and SeaSTAR has been used. In addition data from Envisat and JASON–1 has been explored, while the impact of Cryosat, SMOS and GOCE has been undertaken using simulated data., NERSC Technical Report no. 233. Funded by the European Space Agency under Contract. no. 14992/01/NL/MM

Published
2003
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29. Impact of self-attraction and loading effects induced by shelf mass loading on projected regional sea level rise

Author

Richter, K. (author), Riva, R.E.M. (author), Drange, H. (author), Richter, K. (author), Riva, R.E.M. (author), and Drange, H. (author)

Abstract

We investigate the effect of self-attraction and loading (SAL) induced by the projected accumulation of sea water on shallow continental shelf areas. Using output from a climate model, we compute 21st century changes in regional steric sea surface height and find that steric changes are largest over the deep ocean and relatively small on the shallow continental shelves. The resulting redistribution of sea water towards the shelf areas leads to mass accumulation on the shelves and therefore to increased gravitational attraction as well as increased loading on the sea floor. We find that, depending on the scenario and region, SAL effects may result in an additional sea level rise of 1–3 cm on the world's continental shelf areas by the end of the 21st century. These estimates are at most 15% of the combined changes in sea surface height induced by redistribution of water masses and steric expansion., Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Published
2013
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30. Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models

Author

Dutay, J.-C., Bullister, J. L., Doney, S. C., Orr, J. C., Najjar, R., Caldeira, K., Campin, J.-M., Drange, H., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gruber, N., Hecht, M. W., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray, P., Plattner, G.-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, Reiner, Slater, R., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.

Published
2002

31. Decadal Climate Prediction: Opportunities and Challenges

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G, Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N, Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., Tribbia, J., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G, Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N, Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., and Tribbia, J.

Published
2010

32. Dynamics of Decadal Climate Variability and Implications for its Prediction

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G, Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N, Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., Tribbia, J., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G, Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N, Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., and Tribbia, J.

Abstract

The temperature record of the last 150 years is characterized by a long-term warming trend, with strong multidecadal variability superimposed. The multidecadal variability is also seen in other (societal important) parameters such as Sahel rainfall or Atlantic hurricane activity. The existence of the multidecadal variability makes climate change detection a challenge, since Global Warming evolves on a similar timescale. The ongoing discussion about a potential anthropogenic signal in the Atlantic hurricane activity is an example. A lot of work was devoted during the last years to understand the dynamics of the multidecadal variability, and external as well as internal mechanisms were proposed. This White Paper focuses on the internal mechanisms relevant to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation/Variability (AMO/V) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation/Variability (PDO/V). Specific attention is given to the role of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) in the Atlantic. The implications for decadal predictability and prediction are discussed.

Published
2010

33. Problems and prospects in large-scale ocean circulation models

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Griffies, S.M., Adcroft, A.J., Banks, H., Boning, C.W., Chassignet, E.P., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Deelersnijder, E., Drange, H., England, M., Fox-Kemper, B., Gerdes, R., Gnanadesikan, A., Greatbatch, R.J., Hallberge, R.W., Hanert, E., Harrison, M.J., Legg, S., Little, C.M., Madec, G., Marsland, S.J., Nikurashin, M., Pirani, A., Simmons, H.L., Schroter, J., Samuels, B.L., Treguier, A-M., Toggweiler, J.R., Tsujino, H., Vallis, G.K., White, L., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Griffies, S.M., Adcroft, A.J., Banks, H., Boning, C.W., Chassignet, E.P., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Deelersnijder, E., Drange, H., England, M., Fox-Kemper, B., Gerdes, R., Gnanadesikan, A., Greatbatch, R.J., Hallberge, R.W., Hanert, E., Harrison, M.J., Legg, S., Little, C.M., Madec, G., Marsland, S.J., Nikurashin, M., Pirani, A., Simmons, H.L., Schroter, J., Samuels, B.L., Treguier, A-M., Toggweiler, J.R., Tsujino, H., Vallis, G.K., and White, L.

Published
2010

34. Problems and Prospects in Large-Scale Ocean Circulation Models

Author

Griffies, S. M., Adcroft, A. J., Banks, H., Böning, Carmen, Chassignet, E. P., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, Sergey, Deleersnijder, E., Drange, H., England, M., Fox-Kemper, B., Gerdes, Rüdiger, Gnanadesikan, A., Greatbatch, R. J., Hallberg, R. W., Hanert, E., Harrison, M. J., Legg, S., Little, C. M., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Nikurashin, M., Pirani, A., Simmons, H. L., Schröter, Jens, Samuels, B. L., Treguier, A.-M., Toggweiler, J. R., Tsujino, H., Valllis, G. K., White, L., Griffies, S. M., Adcroft, A. J., Banks, H., Böning, Carmen, Chassignet, E. P., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, Sergey, Deleersnijder, E., Drange, H., England, M., Fox-Kemper, B., Gerdes, Rüdiger, Gnanadesikan, A., Greatbatch, R. J., Hallberg, R. W., Hanert, E., Harrison, M. J., Legg, S., Little, C. M., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Nikurashin, M., Pirani, A., Simmons, H. L., Schröter, Jens, Samuels, B. L., Treguier, A.-M., Toggweiler, J. R., Tsujino, H., Valllis, G. K., and White, L.

Published
2009

36. Why the Western Pacific Subtropical High has Extended Westward since the Late 1970s?

Author

Zhou, T., Yu, R., Zhang, J., Drange, H., Cassou, C., Deser, C., Hodson, D.L.R., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Li, J., Keenlyside, Noel, Xin, X., Okumura, Y., Zhou, T., Yu, R., Zhang, J., Drange, H., Cassou, C., Deser, C., Hodson, D.L.R., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Li, J., Keenlyside, Noel, Xin, X., and Okumura, Y.

Abstract

The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since the late 1970s, which has contributed to the inter-decadal transition of East Asian climate. The reason for the westward extension is unknown, however. The present study suggests that this significant change of WPSH is partly due to the atmosphere's response to the observed Indian Ocean-western Pacific (IWP) warming. Coordinated by a European Union's Sixth Framework Programme, Understanding the Dynamics of the Coupled Climate System (DYNAMITE), five AGCMs were forced by identical idealized sea surface temperature patterns representative of the IWP warming and cooling. The results of these numerical experiments suggest that the negative heating in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and increased convective heating in the equatorial Indian Ocean/ Maritime Continent associated with IWP warming are in favor of the westward extension of WPSH. The SST changes in IWP influences the Walker circulation, with a subsequent reduction of convections in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which then forces an ENSO/Gill-type response that modulates the WPSH. The monsoon diabatic heating mechanism proposed by Rodwell and Hoskins plays a secondary reinforcing role in the westward extension of WPSH. The low-level equatorial flank of WPSH is interpreted as a Kelvin response to monsoon condensational heating, while the intensified poleward flow along the western flank of WPSH is in accord with Sverdrup vorticity balance. The IWP warming has led to an expansion of the South Asian high in the upper troposphere, as seen in the reanalysis.

Published
2009

37. Decadal Climate Prediction: Opportunities and Challenges

Author

Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G., Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N., Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., Tribbia, J., Hurrell, J., Delworth, T., Danabasoglu, G., Drange, H., Griffies, S., Holbrook, N., Kirtman, B., Keenlyside, Noel, Latif, Mojib, Marotzke, J., Meehl, G., Palmer, T., Pohlmann, H., Rosati, T., Seager, R., Smith, D., Sutton, R., Timmermann, A., Trenberth, K., and Tribbia, J.

Published
2009

40. Combination of Spaceborne, Airborne and In-Situ Gravity Measurements in Support of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Mapping

Author

Forsberg, René, Skourup, Henriette, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Knudsen, Per, Laxon, S.W., Ridout, A., Johannesen, J., Siegismund, F., Drange, H., Tscherning, C. C., Arabelos, D., Braun, A., Renganathan, V., Forsberg, René, Skourup, Henriette, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Knudsen, Per, Laxon, S.W., Ridout, A., Johannesen, J., Siegismund, F., Drange, H., Tscherning, C. C., Arabelos, D., Braun, A., and Renganathan, V.

Published
2007

42. Combining altimetric/gravimetric and ocean model mean dynamic topography models in the GOCINA region

Author

Knudsen, Per, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Forsberg, René, Föh, Henning Pontoppidan, Olesen, Arne Vestergaard, Vest, A.L., Solheim, D., Omang, O.D., Hipkin, R., Hunegnaw, A., Haines, K., Bingham, R., Drecourt, Jean-Philippe, Johannessen, J.A., Drange, H., Siegismund, F., Hernandez, F., Larnicol, G., Rio, M-H, Schaeffer, P., Knudsen, Per, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Forsberg, René, Föh, Henning Pontoppidan, Olesen, Arne Vestergaard, Vest, A.L., Solheim, D., Omang, O.D., Hipkin, R., Hunegnaw, A., Haines, K., Bingham, R., Drecourt, Jean-Philippe, Johannessen, J.A., Drange, H., Siegismund, F., Hernandez, F., Larnicol, G., Rio, M-H, and Schaeffer, P.

Published
2007

43. Combination of Spaceborn, Airborne and In-Situ Gravity Measurements in Support of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Mapping

Author

Tscherning, Carl Christian, Arabelos, D., Forsberg, R., Andersen, O.B., Knudsen, P., Johannesen, J, Skourup, H., Laxon, S.W., Ridout, A, Drange, H., Braun, A., Renganathan, V., Sigismund, F., Tscherning, Carl Christian, Arabelos, D., Forsberg, R., Andersen, O.B., Knudsen, P., Johannesen, J, Skourup, H., Laxon, S.W., Ridout, A, Drange, H., Braun, A., Renganathan, V., and Sigismund, F.

Published
2007

44. WG 9 - Modeling and Predicting Arctic Climate Identification of core projects

Author

Dethloff, Klaus, Bengtsson, L., Kaas, E., Goodison, B., Anisimov, O., Beland, M., Drange, H., Essery, R., Geirsdottir, A., Holmen, K., Serreze, M., Dethloff, Klaus, Bengtsson, L., Kaas, E., Goodison, B., Anisimov, O., Beland, M., Drange, H., Essery, R., Geirsdottir, A., Holmen, K., and Serreze, M.

Published
2006

46. The Nordic Seas: An overview

Author

Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, Rüdiger, Berger, W., Nesje, A., Orvik, K. A., Skagseth, O., Skjelvan, I., Osterhus, S., Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, Rüdiger, Berger, W., Nesje, A., Orvik, K. A., Skagseth, O., Skjelvan, I., and Osterhus, S.

Published
2005

47. Preface

Author

Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, Rüdiger, Berger, W., Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, Rüdiger, and Berger, W.

Published
2005

50. Evaluating global ocean carbon models: the importance of realistic physics

Author

Doney, S.C., Lindsay, K., Caldeira, K., Campin, J-M., Drange, H., Dutay, J-C., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J.C., Matear, R.J., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R., Orr, J.C., Plattner, G-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I.J., Weirig, M-F., Yamanaka, Y., Yool, A., Doney, S.C., Lindsay, K., Caldeira, K., Campin, J-M., Drange, H., Dutay, J-C., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J.C., Matear, R.J., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R., Orr, J.C., Plattner, G-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I.J., Weirig, M-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.

Abstract

A suite of standard ocean hydrographic and circulation metrics are applied to the equilibrium physical solutions from 13 global carbon models participating in phase 2 of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2). Model-data comparisons are presented for sea surface temperature and salinity, seasonal mixed layer depth, meridional heat and freshwater transport, 3-D hydrographic fields, and meridional overturning. Considerable variation exists among the OCMIP-2 simulations, with some of the solutions falling noticeably outside available observational constraints. For some cases, model-model and model-data differences can be related to variations in surface forcing, subgrid-scale parameterizations, and model architecture. These errors in the physical metrics point to significant problems in the underlying model representations of ocean transport and dynamics, problems that directly affect the OCMIP predicted ocean tracer and carbon cycle variables (e.g., air-sea CO2 flux, chlorofluorocarbon and anthropogenic CO2 uptake, and export production). A substantial fraction of the large model-model ranges in OCMIP-2 biogeochemical fields (±25–40%) represents the propagation of known errors in model physics. Therefore the model-model spread likely overstates the uncertainty in our current understanding of the ocean carbon system, particularly for transport-dominated fields such as the historical uptake of anthropogenic CO2. A full error assessment, however, would need to account for additional sources of uncertainty such as more complex biological-chemical-physical interactions, biases arising from poorly resolved or neglected physical processes, and climate change.

Published
2004

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