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Many scholars have contended that Ulrich Zwingli separated Christ's person (Nestorianism) owing to an underlying dualism between spirit and flesh. In the early twentieth century, Erich Seeberg and Helmut Gollwitzer argued that Zwingli's eucharistic theology was predicated on a distinction of spirit and flesh. This criticism coalesced in later scholarship with Lutheran polemics against Reformed Christology more broadly, producing the claim that Zwingli's apparent Nestorianism stemmed from this fundamental duality. This assessment of Zwingli's Christology is erroneous because it overlooks the complex relationship of spirit and flesh in his thought and ignores the development in his Christology. Rather than a single driving spirit/flesh dualism, Zwingli presents three distinct spirit/flesh dualities within the domains of anthropology, ethics, and creational causality. None of these dualities exerts pressure upon his Christology to separate the person of Christ. This article investigates the charge of Nestorianism by sampling Zwingli's early and later work. Zwingli's early Christology in The Commentary on True and False Religion (1525) does inadequately guard against Nestorianism by failing to employ the language of "personal union." This Nestorian tendency, however, is not the product of a dualism of spirit and flesh but a foundational commitment to the Creator/creature distinction combined with a reluctance to use non-biblical terminology. Zwingli's christological understanding does not remain static throughout his short career but develops through polemical engagement with both Luther and the Anabaptists. By Zwingli's final work, Fidei Expositio (1531), he presents a Christology devoid of Nestorian tendencies by ordering his reflection around classical Chalcedonian categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have recognized T.F. Torrance as a ressourcement thinker in his later work while overlooking his earlier historical studies. In this article, I argue that in Calvin's Doctrine of Man (1949) Torrance presents a rereading of Calvin in order to advance contemporary theological understanding and facilitate the reception of Karl Barth in postwar Scotland. In that work, Torrance attempts to resolve the debate between Brunner and Barth over natural theology by reinterpreting Calvin's anthropology. Torrance accounts for Brunner's claims regarding Calvin's complex use and understanding of the imago dei while ultimately affirming Barth's rejection of natural theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speed-accuracy instructions were manipulated in two symbolic stimulus-response compatibility tasks in an event-related potential study with young adults. For both tasks, the stimuli were the words left and right written in upper and lower case. Three late positive peaks (early P3, P3b, and P4) were seen in one task (with compatibility type blocked) with an additional peak (P3c) in the task that required identifying two stimulus attributes (compatibility type signaled by case). In both tasks, stimulus-response incompatibility and an emphasis on accuracy increased reaction time, made the P4 more prominent and increased its latency. With very rapid responding, P4 was not prominent because of overlap with the preceding peak. Functional characteristics of the peaks are discussed as well as potential sources of latency and amplitude measurement error when P3b is measured in a temporal window broad enough to include the P4.