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In recent years, the discovery of the Jurassic oil reservoirs in the Western Thrust Belt of the Ordos Basin reveals that the Jurassic formation in this area has huge oil and gas potential. The pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphology plays a vital role in the formation of the Jurassic oil reservoirs. In this paper, the impression method is applied to restore the pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphology of the Hongde area in the western Ordos Basin, using a large number of drilling, logging, well testing and the latest 3D seismic data. The pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphological units in the study area can be categorized into five groups, including ancient channel valley, ancient terrace, slope, interchannel mound, and low residual mound facies. The oil reservoirs are mainly distributed in highland areas such as slope belts and low residual mounds, the main areas where hydrocarbons accumulate. In addition, the branch ditches in the study area are developed to the southeast and merged into the Ganshan ancient channel. The sandstone in the confluence area of the branch gully is well sorted and connected under frequent scouring by the river. The sand bodies of good connectivity therefore form a drainage system for long-term hydrocarbon migration. The formation of the Jurassic reservoirs in the study area is mainly affected by sedimentary facies, deposition location, and hydrocarbon migration pathway (or fault) of pre-Jurassic paleomorphology. The results from this study can be useful for the prediction of the Jurassic sweet spots in the western margin of the Ordos Basin.

The objectives of this service activity are as follows: 1). Increase public understanding of the dangers of chikungunya mosquitoes and their solutions, 2). They were suppressing the spread of chikungunya mosquitoes through fogging and implementing the recommendations for the Eradication of Mosquito Nests (PSN) in the surrounding environment, 3). They are creating a drainage prototype to prevent chikungunya mosquito nests which can be used as examples for making the next prototype, 4). Increase community participation in suppressing chikungunya mosquito nests through the construction of drainage channels, 5). Improve a clean culture in maintaining the cleanliness of the drainage in the surrounding environment. The planned activities to be carried out are in collaboration with the local health center, and the Tasikmalaya city health office to reduce the number of chikungunya mosquito nests and, together with the community, build good drainage channels. The method of activity used is by bringing in experts from puskesmas, health offices, and unsil academics. Next, an approach is taken in solving problems through the 5W 1H strategy, which is solving problems from the questions: what, who, where, when, why, how. The solutions to the problems found in the field are as follows: 1). Provide a stimulus with the construction of a drainage system in accordance with the rules of the Public Works Department, 2). Cooperating with the Cigeureung Health Center by providing chemicals for fogging, 3). Counseling with the Health Center and the Tasikmalaya City Health Office regarding the dangers and solutions of diseases originating from chikungunya

This article presents a morpho-structural map at 1:50,000 scale of the confluence area between three regional units: (1) the Burgalesa Platform (Mesozoic; Cantabrian Mountains), (2) the Duero Basin and (3) the Ebro Basin (Cenozoic foreland basins). The map covers an area of 527 km2 in north Iberia. Additionally, structural lineaments such as joints are well preserved and documented in the Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Burgalesa Platform, represented by four main sets regarding their orientation. The foreland basins are incised in Miocene materials by rivers that have developed a complex drainage system controlling the deposition of the most recent alluvial sediments, following the four structural orientations. The map, together with the analysis of orthophotos and a Digital Terrain Model, and outcrop-scale observations, have led us to document the influence of the Miocene to present-day compression and strike-slip tectonic regime on the configuration of the drainage system and the geomorphological features.

First, the Authors are to be congratulated on their paper, in which the depressurization process in a drainage system has been analysed experimentally and numerically. The drainage system contains ...

Finite element method (FEM) is usually used in dam and large underground cavern engineering to evaluate complex anti-seepage and drainage systems. In general, the substructure method is used to simulate the drainage hole array, but it becomes cumbersome when the number of drainage holes is large and the model is more complicated. In this study, the drainage holes were simplified and simulated as a line. The calculation results of the proposed method were then compared with those of the substructure simulation method and the well flow formula. This method has approximate accuracy, and it is easier to model with fewer nodes and elements compared with the substructure method. Based on the data of Heihe Reservoir, a three-dimensional equivalent continuum seepage FEM, reflecting the topography and geology of the dam area, was established, along with engineering layout and anti-seepage drainage system. The seepage field of nine different anti-seepage and drainage facilities were studied. The effects of drainage hole spacing and impervious curtain on seepage field were investigated. When the drainage holes were working normally and the drainage hole spacing was 2 m, the phreatic line in the dam body was the lowest and the drainage effect was the best. The analysis results showed that the failure of drainage holes on the left and right banks significantly influenced the seepage discharge of dam body and impervious curtain. According to the distribution of seepage field, a reasonable spacing of drainage holes is selected, and reasonable suggestions are put forward for anti-seepage and drainage in different parts.

Drained agricultural peatlands emit significantly higher amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare than mineral soils. GHG abatement costs for representative cereals (CF) and dairy (DF) farms in southwestern Finland were estimated by integrating an emission-based tax together with an option to invest in a subsidized adjustable drainage system on peat soils in a farm-level dynamic optimization model. With an average 10% share of peat soils from overall farm area, emissions tax rates over 15 (CF) and 19 (DF) €/tCO2e triggered adjustable drainage investments with a significant reduction in GHG emissions per ha, when assuming no crop-yield effect from the adjustable drainage. Abatement costs for emissions tax rates €12–50/tCO2e/ha were €16–44/tCO2e (CF) and €26–51/tCO2e (DF) for whole farm-soil emissions, depending on the share of peatlands on the farm, on the yield effects of adjustable drainage, and on crop prices. High emissions tax rates imply higher abatement costs since farms have a limited capability to adjust their production and land use. Thus, emissions reductions from peatlands can be achieved at reasonable costs when investing in adjustable drainage on peatlands. The income losses due to emissions tax, however, are high, but they can be compensated for farmers by lumpsum payments independent of their production decisions. Since existing agricultural policies such as the EU CAP system may have limited effectiveness on GHG emissions, the emissions tax and adjustable drainage on peatlands could promote GHG abatement significantly on farms and areas with abundant peatlands.

The Ganga–Brahmaputra river basin is the second-largest hydrological region in the world. This is an integrated, trans-boundary drainage system with a common terminus of two major river systems, i.e., the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Both the rivers are undergoing a process of shifting in their courses over time, thereby making certain stretches in their respective flow paths hazardous in nature. This study analyzes the factors that influence these shifting patterns at the two most hazardous sites located along both these rivers. The study focuses on the morphological changes in these hazardous zones (Malda along the Ganga in West Bengal and Morigaon along Brahmaputra in Assam) by calculating the bank-line migration, erosion-accretion, lateral shift, land loss, and related issues. Topographical map and multispectral Landsat imageries were used for certain time periods (1955 to 2020) to analyze the chronological changes in the river morphology. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to evaluate and analyze the scenario in the study area.

Cretaceous basins cover large parts of mainland SE Asia. Yet, the development during the Cretaceous is poorly understood including the establishment of the Cretaceous basin configuration. Based on detrital zircon and heavy mineral analysis, this study investigates the provenance of Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Phuquoc Basin, exposed in Cambodia and SW Vietnam and extending into the Gulf of Thailand. Our results document five major zircon populations with 130–145 Ma, 145–200 Ma, 200–270 Ma, 420–470 Ma, 1800–1900 Ma ages and two subordinate 2400–2700 Ma, 750–1000 Ma age clusters. These ages resemble those of the Qinling-Dabie and the Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belts and differ from other Asian terranes. These ages suggest that the Qinling-Dabie and Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belts were major sources of sediment for the Phuquoc Basin in the Early Cretaceous. Heavy mineral compositions including the presence of almandine, often co-occurring with silimanite and epidote, suggest metamorphic and granitic constituents in the hinterland, compatible with these orogenic belts being the source. The detrital zircon age pattern of the Phuquoc Basin closely resembles the zircon ages in Khorat and the Sichuan basins, suggesting a common sediment source, and bears great similarities with mid-Cretaceous strata in the Lanping-Simao Basin. These basins share a remarkable lithostratigraphic similarity and are confined by erosion. Taken altogether, this supports that the Phuquoc, Khorat, Sichuan, and probably the Lanping-Simao basins, formed part of a Cretaceous basin covering much of central SE Asia segregated by Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic denudation and translation. The absence of 130–145 Ma and 145–200 Ma aged zircons in the Lanping-Simao Basin suggests that another drainage system sprang from the Songpan-Ganzi Orogenic Belt and fed into this basin before merging with the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt drainage system south of the Sichuan Basin. The combined drainage system likely passed through the Khorat Basin before entering the Phuquoc Basin.

This paper describes a comprehensive and unique open-access data set for research within hydrological and hydraulic modelling of urban drainage systems. The data come from a mainly combined urban drainage system covering a 1.7 km2 area in the town of Bellinge, a suburb of the city of Odense, Denmark. The data set consists of up to 10 years of observations (2010–2020) from 13 level meters, 1 flow meter, 1 position sensor and 4 power sensors in the system, along with rainfall data from three rain gauges and two weather radars (X- and C-band), and meteorological data from a nearby weather station. The system characteristics of the urban drainage system (information about manholes, pipes, etc.) can be found in the data set along with characteristics of the surface area (contour lines, surface description, etc.). Two detailed hydrodynamic, distributed urban drainage models of the system are provided in the software systems MIKE URBAN and EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The two simulation models generally show similar responses, but systematic differences are present since the models have not been calibrated. With this data set we provide a useful case that will enable independent testing and replication of results from future scientific developments and innovation within urban hydrology and urban drainage systems research. The data set can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.11583/DTU.c.5029124 (Pedersen et al., 2021a).

This study was conducted to assess the building coverage and environmental quality of residential area in Nkpor Uno Idemili North L.G, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design to find out level of compliance of buildings to planning regulations. One hundred and eighty (180) were interviewed using a modified instrument (questionnaire). The data collected were coded into SPSS and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results showed that 72(40%) reported inadequate setback as a major effect of over built buildings, 55(30.6%) reported inadequate free air space, 37(20.6%) said inadequate ventilation and lighting. Also, the nature of drainage system provided in residential areas; 76(42.2%) has no drainage system, 70(38.9%) has close drainage system. The building coverage of residential houses in the study area; 60(33.3%) has their building falls under 51-75% for over built, 48(26.7%) has their building falls under 76-100% for overbuilt. For the factors influencing the percentage of area built upon, 57(31.7%) has greed and no money to acquire a large plot of land, 47(26.0%) has no land space to built their desirable house. Then, non adherence to provision of adequate ventilation and lighting in the residential houses in the study area affects the dwellers’ health and such factors can promote communicable diseases. In conclusion, it was observed that the compliance rate was not encouraging because the planning regulations recorded very low compliance as include set–back from property boundaries; inadequate free air space; lost of aesthetic values, and inadequate ventilation and lighting. Therefore, government should embark on enforcement of land use plan, and strategic plans for various towns and villages to accommodate its utilities and facilities.

The recent rapid development of underground utility tunnels (UUT) in China reflects the government’s resolve to improve the municipal service amid rapid urbanization. Although safety is of primary concern in the design and operation of the UUT, the moisture issue appears to be neglected. In the southern and eastern China, however, condensation in the UUT is noted and is believed to be responsible for the high rate of equipment failure and the deterioration of air quality inside the tunnel. To understand the moisture issue and its implications to the design and construction of the UUT, this study investigates the moisture balance in a section of the UUT in Suzhou city, eastern China. An experimental dehumidification study was carried out in a 200 m long 4.05 m × 2.5 m cable compartment with the objective to identify major sources and their strengths. Two refrigeration dehumidifiers were used to control the relative humidity. The results show that the most significant moisture source was the outdoor air through ventilation (values dependent on the air change rates), followed by the open water evaporation (~ 4.195 kg/hr) inside the tunnel and the leakage from the neighboring unconditioned compartments. The concrete walls had a strong buffering effect, which was a strong source at the beginning of the dehumidification (~ 17.171 kg/hr). A mathematical model was developed that can predict the tunnel humidity fairly well. The results suggested that the dehumidification needs to be included in the design, construction, and operation of the future utility tunnel. This includes reserved spaces for moisture control systems, an operation strategy for dehumidification, covered drainage system, and quality construction and maintenance.

The Sino-Himalaya region is located in the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with several Asian rivers in this area, namely the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR), Salween, Mekong, and Jinshajiang River and their tributaries. All these rivers currently flow independently into the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) and the East China Sea (Pacific Ocean). In geologic history, however, these rivers flowed southward into the Paleo-Red River (PRR), forming a huge drainage system, which then flowed into the South China Sea. From the end of the Neogene to the beginning of the Quaternary, with further uplift of the QTP, the monsoon climate was formed and strengthened bringing abundant precipitation leading to river erosion, rapid undercutting and a series of river capture events resulting in modern drainage systems and the beheading of the huge PRR. The reorganization of the PRR led to changes in the spatial pattern of river systems, subsequently affecting the geographical distribution of plants in the river valley. This paper reviews the effects of drainage evolution on the genetic structure and geographical pattern of plants in this region, and summarizes the resulting four types of discontinuous distribution patterns observed, namely: (1) the discontinuous distribution pattern between the Three River Valleys (TRV) (Salween, Mekong, Jinshajiang and their tributaries) and the Red River Basin (RRB); (2) the discontinuity between the Yarlung Zangbo River and the TRV–RRB; (3) the discontinuity among the TRV, and (4) the discontinuity between the east and west ends of the QTP. The conclusions from this review, while providing botanical evidence supporting and confirming the drainage evolution in Sino-Himalaya China, are the following: (1) the reorganization of drainage systems made the original continuous distribution pattern discontinuous, forming unique genetic and biogeographical characteristics, promoting the genetic differentiation of species and the formation of new taxa; (2) river capture events link different river systems together, bringing together the genetic diversity of different river valley species, increasing the richness of genetic diversity and the exchange of genes among populations; (3) the reorganization of river systems impacts the evolutionary history of valley plants and shapes their modern distribution patterns.

PurposePabna is suffering from waterlogging problems from ancient times. The previous Drainage Master Plan was failed due to the lack of reflection of the general people of Pabna Municipality. As a result, this study focuses on identifying the causes of waterlogging in people's eyes. This paper will help the local authority and planners eradicate the waterlogging problem and build a planned and resilient community.Design/methodology/approachBoth primary and secondary data were used for the study. Present drainage pattern, topology climatic elements were collected from the journals, websites and Municipal Ingratiated Development Plan (MIDP), Pabna-2008. The sample size was 246, and this respondent was surveyed. By the survey, the people's perception of waterlogging was collected. For that, five independent variables and one dependent variable were determined. These variables were determined by previous studies, reconnaissance survey of the study area. It used multiple linear regression and the correlation method; the causes of waterlogging were determined.FindingsThe study found solid waste disposal into the drainage, absence of operation and maintenance system, small discharge capacity with blocked in the current drains, nonappearance of combined drainage network of roadside drains and unplanned drainage system as the leading causes of waterlogging from the perception of the people. Also found that the absence of operation and maintenance system, solid waste disposal into the drainage and unplanned drainage system as the influencing causes on small discharge capacity with blocked in the current drains.Originality/valueThis study has focused on people's perceptions rather than secondary data. That is why this study will significantly impact eradicating the waterlogging problem from the Pabna Municipality and will carry out the core problems without any bias. This will lead to a sustainable, planned and resilient community.

Mineral licks are faunal attractors, whose distribution determines the structure and composition of Amazonian landscapes and the way they are used by wildlife and traditional communities. Research on the distribution of mineral licks is scarce, limiting the possibility of using them in conservation beyond local scales. Using the species distribution modeling framework, we predicted the distribution of suitable conditions for mineral licks in the Northwest Amazon, compiling localities from academic and traditional sources and using environmental variables associated with geology, geomorphology, edaphology, topography, and hydrology. Best models, selected according to evaluation metrics incorporated in the ENMeval “R” package, showed to be robust and predict sectors with different areas, but similar distributions. Suitable areas covered up to 14.6% of the study area and confirmed the association of mineral licks with the drainage system. The erosive capacities of the rivers and their roles in terms of sediment deposition allowed the generation of ideal conditions for the expression of mineral licks in past and present riparian zones. Closeness to salt deposits and the seacoast was also important, giving information about the underground and aboveground mineral availability, crucial aspects for mineral lick formation. Considering the extension and distribution of our predictions, we proposed its use as input for other spatial modeling exercises, for example, as part of a complex resistance matrix to evaluate ecological connectivity or as criteria to prioritize sectors for restoration in the Colombian Amazon, where it is imperative to consolidate functional networks to prevent isolation between the Amazon and Andes regions.

This article interprets the perception and aspirations of the city community, as a cornerstone of drafting the design criteria of a community-based city park landscape, which is effective and sustainable. Flooding and drought problems in Jakarta and surrounding areas should be resolved in a comprehensive, integrated and sustainable manner. Referring to the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) which is an innovation in integrated water management, it is recommended to develop the function of detention and retention ponds as part of storm drainage system, replacing conventional system. Development of the city park landscape criteria as the synergies of the RTH function and the detention/retention ponds should be approached in a very careful, avoiding fatal malfunction and harsh rejection of the user community. The best approach should be done through tracing the needs, desires and expectations of the city community as the ‘end user' as well as 'super client' of the city park. Research on the perception and aspirations of the city community on the idea of the development of City Park with the role of retention/retention ponds has been conducted between February to May 2020 in Jabodetabek.

Mumbai’s storm water drainage system is rapidly transforming as incidences of heavy rainfall rise. Its transformation is built on the idea of conserving the city’s ‘rivers’ that were lost to urban development. While this move to recuperate a heritage of rivers seems like a step in the right direction, Mumbai’s drainage system was largely cobbled together over time through piecemeal interventions in an estuarine landscape. This article shows how by engineering a history of rivers, the city’s planning authorities set in motion an agenda to train the expansive estuarine and improvisational systems into governable riverine channels contained within the state’s developmental visions. It focuses on one major channel, the Mithi, to show how the rationality of disaster preparedness, the emergent calculus of carrying capacities, as well as infrastructure are braided into constructed ecological histories to inscribe a new hydrological order on the city. For Mumbai’s engineers, these changes introduce new scalar logics and alter the nature of the drainage assemblage. Mithi’s transformation is emblematic of how articulations of nature, technology and urban development are emerging from the anxieties of climate change.

Prioritization of river basin in semi-arid to sub-humid tropical region is important in the context of natural resources conservation and management. In this paper, the Gomti River basin was prioritized for soil–water resource conservation based on analysis of morphometric parameters and land use–land cover with RS and GIS techniques. Gomti River is a monsoon and groundwater-fed river; it is a tributary of Ganga River. The basin has been divided into seventeen sub-basins. ASTER (30 m) Digital Elevation Model data and LANDSAT—8 (30 m) satellite imagery were used to analyze the morphometric parameters and to generate land-use–land-cover data for the basin through supervised image classification technique. The linear, areal, and relief aspects of each sub-basins were determined. Morphometric analysis revealed that the basin is a fifth-order drainage system with a dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. Drainage patterns indicate that sub-surface materials are homogeneous and lack structural control over topography. The circulatory ratio value indicates the basin is an elongated shape. Low values of morphometric parameters indicate good permeability, infiltration, and coarse drainage texture, low relief, and elongated shape indicated good groundwater potential in the basin. The final prioritization result shows that the sub-basin 12 is at the highest priority with the greatest shortage of groundwater potential, so immediate water conservation measures are needed. Contrary, sub-basin 3 is at low priority that indicates the highest groundwater potential. This study suggests the primary priority to improve the water resource management in semi-arid regions at the basin level.

The purpose of underground methane drainage technology is to prevent methane disasters and enable the efficient use of coal mine methane (CMM), and the sealing depth is a key factor that affects the performance of underground methane drainage. In this work, the layouts of in-seam and crossing boreholes are considered to analyze the stress distribution and failure characteristics of roadway surrounding rock through a numerical simulation and field stress investigation to determine a reasonable sealing depth. The results show that the depths of the plastic and elastic zones in two experimental coal mines are 16 and 20 m respectively. Borehole sealing minimizes the air leakage through the fractures around the roadway when the sealing material covers the failure and plastic zones, and the field test results for CMM drainage at different sealing depths indicate that the CMM drainage efficiency increases with increasing sealing depth but does not change once the sealing depth exceeds the plastic zone. Moreover, sealing in the high-permeability roadway surrounding rock does not have a strong influence on the borehole sealing performance. Considering these findings, a new CMM drainage system for key sealing in the low-permeability zone was developed that is effective for improving the CMM drainage efficiency and prolonging the high-concentration CMM drainage period. The proposed approach offers a valuable quantitative analysis method for selecting the optimum sealing parameters for underground methane drainage, thereby improving considerably the drainage and utilization rates of CMM.

This article aims to present GAMAH-R as a new mining rock slope classification system, which was applied on three iron mines located in the western Quadrilatero Ferrifero, Brazil. This system allows to determine the slope performance concerning drainage, geometry and deformation aspects based on visual inspection, using a classification chart. Additionally, it was possible to represent all slopes evaluated on a GAMAH-R Map, providing guidance, not only for monitoring, but also to assessment of slopes performance. The performance map of mine A, a hillside mine, shows that predominate T4 slopes, mainly due to erosive processes caused by inefficient drainage system. Mine B, a deep open pit, shows that the slopes belong to classes T5, T4, T3 and T2, due to the failure mechanisms. The mine C, due to some final pit slopes with geometry according to geotechnical sectorization and maintenance drainage system, indicates a predominance of slopes of class T2. Herein, a new methodological failure susceptibility slope analysis correlating the Global Slope Performance Index (GSPI) and GAMAH-R is presented. This correlation, still under study and development in the Ph.D. thesis of the first author, allows to insert the studied slope in a matrix of failure susceptibility, defined as “Matrix of Failure at Mining Rock Slope”. Slopes with medium–high and high failure susceptibility are selected for a stability analysis, with a probabilistic approach using the probability of failure calculation, and slopes with low and medium failure susceptibility can be evaluated using deterministic approach.

The Yamuna-Sutlej interfluve area has been important because of the presence of several palaeochannels that are hypothesized to be linked to Rigvedic river Saraswati that is now lost in time and space. Using satellite data, followed by field studies, the palaeo-course of a major river system in parts of the foothills of Himalaya, piedmont zone and plains of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan has been delineated. The palaeocourse of this major river system originating from south of Ropar, flowing southwards, combined with its tributaries including Ghaggar near Shutrana in Punjab flowed further south-west in parts of India and Pakistan culminating at Kutch. Along the length of interpreted palaeochannel, numerous Indus valley civilization sites are present. The field investigations with systematic sampling for geochronological analysis using thermo luminescence/optically stimulated luminescence (TL/OSL) technique, petro-mineraosedimentological studies have substantiated the existence of palaeochannels on the ground. Comprehensive remote-sensing investigations backed by geochronological input reveals that Sutlej palaeochannel was the main contributor of perennial water source at around 12±1 ka before shifting its course to present state and the palaeochannels between Yamuna-Sutlej interfluve were its tributaries, the most important being Ghaggar. The Sutlej palaeochannel was active till 12 ka and was receiving Himalayan sediments before the advent of aeolian episodes at around 12 ka and 7.4±0.4 ka. However, sediments from the river bed of the present Ghaggar river near Anupgarh indicates that the palaeochannel was receiving water supply till 5.2 ka having sufficient energy to deposit fine sand.

The collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates has resulted in two spatially offset subduction zones, the Makran subduction zone to the south and the Himalayan convergent margin to the north. The Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and adjoining regions have a complex geomorphic setting and geological variations with a number of active faults that were connected with numerous major devastating earthquakes in the investigation. Our study was carried out to develop a DEM based geomorphometric approach to study the stream power model and hypsometric analysis along the MMT and surroundings to achieve rigorous investigation of its potential to delineate active topography. Active tectonics in this region has greatly influenced the drainage system and geomorphic expressions. The study area is a junction of three important mountain ranges (Hindu Kush-Karakorum-Himalayas) and thus is an ideal natural laboratory to investigate the relative tectonic activity resulting from the India-Eurasia collision. Morphotectonic and geomorphometric evaluations of the MMT and surrounding regions were conducted by associating various DEM derived geomorphometric indices such as steepness (Ks), hypsometric integral (HIs), Hack gradient index (SL) and concavity (θ). From the results obtained, we deduce that these combined procedures reveal the highly active deformed zones connected to neotectonics. Ground validations and Landsat satellite imagery also give clue about the active faults based on the offsetted channels, triangular facets and severely deformed topography.

Urbanization causes a shift in human activities and increases the occupancy of open spaces in the hilly areas of Semarang City. As a strategic area in the city of Semarang, Mijen and Ngaliyan Districts, which are the upstream and transition areas of the Beringin Drainage Sub-System, are experiencing economic and social growth. This then has an impact on the intensity of the floods that occur in Tugu District as its downstream area. This study aims to analyze the factors that cause flooding in the area of the Beringin Drainage Sub-System from a theoretical review to validate the results through interviews and field surveys. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method by examining documents, research journals, books and maps and other related documents. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the factors causing floods in the Beringin Drainage Sub-System area include changes in land use, rainfall and soil types, slope levels, erosion and sedimentation and inadequate capacity of the drainage system are phenomena and processes that are interrelated with one another. Strategic efforts are needed to anticipate flood events that occur almost annually in the Beringin Drainage Sub-System area.

Lop Sea, located at the east end of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China, dried up permanently, which is the terminal lake of the Tarim River. Lop Sea was considered as the lake basin of Lop Nor since Quaternary. However, the possibility that Lop Nor was away from the Lop Sea in historical time is crucial to be discussed to interpret the proxy records in sediment profiles. To obtain a general view of the evolution of Lop Nor and Lop Sea in a historical period, several approaches were adopted in this paper. First, the Qianlong Thirteen-Row Atlas, an ancient imperial atlas of the Qing Dynasty, which was completed around 1760, indicated that the Tarim River formed a relatively large lake at its modern upstream region. Second, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a 10-m spatial resolution and a relative precision of 0.42 m was derived from TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X satellite image pairs using the interferometry method, which was verified using ICESat-GLAS laser footprints and a local DEM acquired by a drone. Finally, based on the spatial analysis of historical documents, expedition reports, sediment profiles and archaeological evidence, it can be deduced that the lacustrine deposition was discontinued in the Lop Sea. Six episodes in the evolutionary history of the drainage system in eastern Tarim Basin were summarized. The proved depositional condition variations could be used for future interpretation of proxy records in sediment. The high-accurate DEM provided a reference for the location of further fieldwork in the Lop Sea. The method proposed in this paper may be efficient for the research of inland lakes or rivers in global arid regions.

Drainage basin dynamics of any river is controlled by geomorphic attributes which include both surface and subsurface characteristics of a watershed. These characteristics comprise erosional and deformational processes affecting the hydrological and morphological conditions of the watershed. Similarly, the tectonic setup of the watershed influences the terrain topography and geomorphology as well. The paper deals with the evaluation of DEM-derived parameters related to morphometry and tectonic setup in the Asan watershed, Doon Valley, Uttarakhand. The assessment of active tectonics in the study area is based on the parameters related to the morphometry and morphotectonic characters of the watershed. These terrain attributes are determined using Cartosat-1 DEM (10 m) using GIS to investigate the structural setting. The parametric evaluation concerning morphometric analysis helps to understand their significance in watershed prioritization and management while the tectonic analysis helps to determine the structural setup and identifying the hazard-prone area, if persists, in the watershed. The study area falls downhill of tectonically active Lesser Himalaya and Siwaliks, make it an ideal location to determine the degree of relative tectonic activity in the area. The average of measured attributes is used to evaluate the combined classification of the Relative Active Tectonic Index (Ri). The outcome reveals that the watershed is tectonically active that experienced a differential rate of tectonism and have a consistence relationship between structural disturbances and basin geometry.

Surface melting on Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, produces an extensive supraglacial drainage system consisting of hundreds of lakes connected by surface channels. This drainage system forms most summers on the southern portion of AIS, transporting meltwater large distances northward, toward the ice front and terminating in lakes. Here we use satellite imagery, Landsat (1, 4 and 8), MODIS multispectral and Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar to examine the seasonal and interannual evolution of the drainage system over nearly five decades (1972–2019). We estimate seasonal meltwater input to one lake by integrating output from the regional climate model [Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO 2.3p2)] over its catchment defined using the Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica. We find only weak positive relationships between modeled seasonal meltwater input and lake area and between meltwater input and lake volume. Consecutive years of extensive melting lead to year-on-year expansion of the drainage system, potentially through a link between melt production, refreezing in firn and the maximum extent of the lakes at the downstream termini of drainage. These mechanisms are important when evaluating the potential of drainage systems to grow in response to increased melting, delivering meltwater to areas of ice shelves vulnerable to hydrofracture.

Runoff (re)mobilises solids and their associated pollutants from streets and transports them via gully pots to the drainage system. As the solids negatively impact the performance of the drainage systems, knowledge on the solids loading in terms of mass and composition is essential. However, monitoring data on the solids loading, in particular, covering all seasons and a number of sites, is scarce. This article presents the results of a monitoring campaign on the solids loading to a drainage system via 52 gully pots over a period of 2 years at a sampling rate of once per 3���4 weeks. The loading shows a maximum during the tree phases ���leaf growth��� and ���full capacity��� and is correlated with the rain intensity during these phases. The organic fraction and D50 of the solids are correlated with leaf abscission. The settling velocity of the particles

The University of Lampung area, especially in the Faculty of ISIP, FEB,and FT is a densely packed student area. This area has undergone many land-use changes. The condition of the land as a green open space has changed its function to become an area for lecture buildings and offices. One of the impacts is an increase in direct surface runoff and a decrease in the quantity of water that seeps into the ground, this condition causes flooding during the rainy season. To facilitate the rehabilitation of the drainage system in the University of Lampung area, it is necessary to redesign the drainage system of the University of Lampung area. Rehabilitation of drainage channels is carried out to resolve flood inundation points that occur during the rainy season. Rainwater that is channeled through drainage channels is directed to natural or artificial reservoirs. The collected rainwater is used to recharge groundwater through natural infiltration methods. The analysis carried out in this study includes hydrological analysis and analysis of the existing drainage sections and the solutions are given. The hydrological analysis aims to calculate the planned discharge using the rational method. Modeling with the application used in this study aims to determine the capacity of the water level in the existing channel. Based on the results of the analysis, in the area, the Faculty of Engineering experienced runoff and inundation. This situation requires rehabilitation of the Lampung University area drainage system.

Soil erosion is the main driving force of several devastating natural hazards in the complex mountainous terrain of the Himalayas where the Teesta River basin is located. The present study focused on GIS-based multi-criteria analytical approach (MCA) that integrates morphometric parameters with land cover categories for identification of erosion hotspot areas through sub-watersheds prioritization. The general character of the eight sub-watersheds was derived from the linear, areal and relief aspects, while seven land cover types derived from maximum likelihood classification were evaluated in the MCA. Before combination of the studied parameters in MCA, each parameter was individually ranked and compound value (Cp) was calculated which produced four classes: low, medium, high and very high priority. Later, these ranks were integrated into MCA to give eight major classes classified from 1 to 8. Lowest Cp ranked 1 gets very high priority, while the highest Cp is ranked 8, i.e., lowest priority. The results revealed a predominance of dense forest account for 31.73% of the total area, the basin is a sixth-order river dominated by high relief and marginal slope, elongated in shape, and mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) was 3.879 which indicates an undistorted natural drainage system. Final MCA priority ranking indicated that: SW-4 and 5 having lowest Cp values (3.39 and 4) ranked 1 and 2 suggest very high erosion susceptibility, SW-8 and 3 (4.22 and 4.39) rated 3 and 4, i.e., high priority; SW-6 and 7 ranked 5 and 6, i.e., medium priority; and SW-1 and SW-2 ranked 7 and 8 because of their highest Cp (5.39 and 5.67), i.e., least priority. The prioritization result identified critical areas that are indispensable for sustainable use and management of water and land resources.

It is an ideal area of research to examine related indicators to anticipate relative tectonic activities, where there is a broad range of geological formations with elements of different sedimentary rocks. This study includes assessing and evaluating the relative tectonic activities within the Sargalu area by using a morphometric approach, which involved the use of different indices that can explain and help understanding the geometry, development level, lithology, and structural disturbance on a sub-basinal level. The research was accomplished by using ArcGIS 10.5 hydrology tools to design the drainage system of each studied stream. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) satellite imagery data and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM 90m) were used. Moreover, Global Mapper and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) were applied. DEM datasets of ASTER were used for watershed delineation. Also, 14 sub-basins were delineated in the Sargalu area. Morphometric indices used include Shape Related Indices, such as Rc, Bs, Rf, Ls, Re, T, and Af. Basin asymmetry factor (Af) and several geomorphic indices were also utilized. Based on the shape related indices (Rc, Rf, Re, Ls, and Cc), the results were found to be similar and, for most sub-basins, had an elongated nature. The elongated basins are connected with tectonically active areas, while the circulated basins are connected with the tectonically undisturbed environment.

The aim of this study is to explore the coupling relationship between fractures in overlying strata and gas seepage fields for pressure relief during mining of outburst-prone coal seam groups and to quantitatively characterize the distribution characteristics of favorable areas for coalbed methane (CBM) drainage in mining-induced fractures of overlying strata. For these purposes, by taking Shaqu No. 1 Coal Mine (Lvliang City, Shanxi Province, China) as a research object, this research studied migration and caving characteristics of overlying strata by combining physical similar material simulation, numerical simulation, and field measurement. Moreover, this study analyzed spatial distribution patterns of mining-induced fractures in overlaying strata, quantitatively characterized distribution parameters of asymmetric-oblique-quadrilateral fracture development zones in overlying strata, and precisely divided areas favorable for CBM drainage. On this basis, evolution laws of an asymmetric fracture-seepage community in overlying strata in outburst-prone coal seam groups were obtained, thus optimizing design parameters for directional drilling in the fracture zone in overlying strata. The research results demonstrate that, due to mining-induced influences, strata present different migration and rupture patterns along rupture lines on both sides. Because of different rupture angles α and β, mining-induced fractures in overlying strata are distributed as an asymmetric-oblique-quadrilateral fracture development body in space. Furthermore, based on the coupling relationship between fracture development states and pressure-relief gas seepage in the fracture development zone in overlying strata of the 4305 rear working face in the mine, this research obtained rupture angles α ∈ [74, 90) and ß ∈ (70, 82] on both sides of the fracture development zone. Moreover, the intervals favorable for CBM drainage for pressure relief on both sides of the fracture development zone in overlying strata of 4305 rear working face in the mine were separately determined as xaj ≤ 22.68 m and 24 m ≤ xβj ≤ 37.8 m. If the gas drainage system is designed in this zone, it is of great significance to precise and efficient pressure-relief CBM drainage in the fracture zone and ensure production safety in the mining space.

Changes in climate, waterlogging hazards and regional floods are more prominent in present context. The paper reviews potential of flood hazard in dense urban areas, using GIS-based 1-D hydrodynamic model (MIKE URBAN). The major factor contributing to the urban waterlogging in recent decades is the climatic variability and thus the long-term variations of precipitation and drainage system of an urban area were evaluated. MIKE URBAN (1-D) hydrodynamic model can be used to comprehensively simulate inundation processes. The model simulates the processes of rainfall and runoff, urban drainage, and flooding. MIKE URBAN can be used to appraise the potential immersion dangers of any planned drainage system. This paper reviews the increasingly urban flooding events expected in the future for the different cities across the globe. Thus, the surface runoff processes of cities need to examine the regional drainage system.

Integrated flood models have been previously developed to simulate diverse inundation situations and combined with models of storm surges and river floods. However, drainage systems, ground elevation, and surface information of human settlements have only been digitized in large cities. Digitization of surface information is essential for developing a drainage system model for pluvial flood analysis. Occasionally, suburban drainage areas exhibit various complex land-use conditions, including residential and green areas, agricultural land with drainage, and irrigation channels. Herein, UAV photogrammetry was applied to obtain high-resolution geospatial data associated with small-scale flood-prone areas whose elevation, land-use, and waterway networks have not been elucidated sufficiently. The resolution of elevation and land-use data ranged from 2.61–5.22 cm/mesh. The measurement accuracy of the width and depth of the open channels was high, and the errors were mostly within 10%. A drainage system model was developed using data on open channel, elevation, and land-use.

The street layout of the archaic period of all the ancient urban centers of the Northern Black Sea region is best studied on the materials of Berezan settlement. At the same time, many settlement blocks are only partially open, and the total number of streets has not been found out. Therefore, it is offered to use conventional numbering of the opened longitudinal (latitudinal) avenues and transverse (meridional) streets, applying the letters of the Latin alphabet for settlement blocks in which bounds are reliably revealed from at least two sides. Berezan street layout, which originated around 540s BCE, has the signs of organized, simultaneous planning. But it was never strictly orthogonal. The streets were paved with stones, limestone crumbs, and shards; in some cases, drains ran along them, which, however, were not integrated into one drainage system. Urban built-up area was generally oriented north-south, but in some areas, the planning layout had a marked shift to the southwest. Differences in the street orientation could be depended on the location of the ancient harbor or the public center of the archaic colony.

Tebo Agung Internasional Ltd is one of the companies in coal mining that employs the open-pit mining method. This sort of method will create a large basin that can accumulate water inside the mining pit. The drainage system is applied at the Pit-1 Site Semambu is mine-dewatering carried out by draining the water into the sump so that it can be pumped out of the mining area and prevent the runoff from coming inside through an open drainage system (ditch). The result of data analysis demonstrated that referring to the daily rainfall in 2010 – 2019 through the distribution of Log Person Type III, the maximum rainfall being planned was 508.019 mm/day within the return period of 5 years. The intensity of rainfall at the research site was 82.5 mm/hour having a rain duration averagely of 3.1 hours/day. Pit-1 Site Semambu had a catchment area around 469,317.15 m 2 and a water discharge totally 61,238.81 m 3 /day derived from rainwater discharge of 48,530.48 m 3 /day and runoff water discharge 12,708.33 m 3 /day, whereas the capacity of the temporary accommodating pond (Sump) was 39,539.55 m 3 . The pump at the research site could not be operated anymore (broken). Accordingly, the recommendation that can be given to the company is changing the broken pumps with 4 units of multi fall 420 pumps having operating speed 1,300 rpm and actual discharge yielded by the pump 871.64 m 3 /hour. The pump worked for 14 hours/day and the total water discharge that could be produced was 12,202.96 m 3 /day. Open channel (ditch) at Pit-1 Site Semambu was the only one with accommodated discharge 1.27 m 3 /second. Thus, the recommendation that could be delivered to optimally prevent the runoff water coming into the mining area is by adding 2 ditches having the capacities of 0.90 m 3 /second and 0.75 m 3 /second which have been adjusted to the planned water discharge.

The work presented the assessment of household wastewater treatment plants with drainage systems on the quality of groundwater in dug wells and deep water wells in the area of 3 selected communes (Drelów, Dębowa Kłoda and Urszulin), located in the Lublin province in south-eastern Poland. The investigations of the physicochemical composition of water from selected 28 dug wells and 2 deep water wells were conducted from June to July 2020, involving 9 measurement series. The microbiological studies consisted in 4 measurement series. The composition of the wastewater from primary settling tanks discharged to soil via drainage systems located in the vicinity of considered wells was also examined on a single occasion. The studies indicate that the water from wells are significantly polluted with ammonia, nitrites, as well as compounds of natural origin: iron and manganese. The presence of microbiological pollution of fecal origin was noted. The studies clearly indicate the possible pollution of the analyzed well waters with domestic sewage discharged to soil via drainage systems. Therefore, it necessary to take the actions aimed at improving the quality of groundwater in the Lublin province, including limitation of drainage systems, especially in the areas with unfavorable subsurface and hydrological conditions as well as low water supply coverage. The need to introduce changes in legal regulations and strategies for the development of technical infrastructure in counties, favoring the most efficient, as well as simple and inexpensive technologies, was indicated.

Rapid weather phenomena, particularly sudden and intense rainfall, have become a problem in urban areas in recent years. During heavy rainfall, urban rainwater drainage systems are unable to discharge huge amounts of runoff into collecting reservoirs, which usually results in local flooding. This paper presents attempts to forecast a reduction in the load on the rainwater drainage system through the implementation of green roofs in a case study covering two selected districts of Opole (Poland)—the Old Town and the City Centre. Model tests of extensive and intensive roofs were carried out, in order to determine the reduction of rainwater runoff from the roof surface for the site under study. The potential of the roofs of the buildings to make a green roof was also determined using geographical information systems (GIS), for a case study of two central districts of Opole. It proposed a methodology to determine the rainwater drainage system load reduction by making green roofs. The analyses carried out lead to the conclusion that, in the districts selected for the study, the execution of green roofs on 25% of the of buildings with the potential to implement this type of roof solution could reduce the load on the rain water system by a degree that protects the city area from local flooding.

The study addresses the overall waste management and drainage system of the Municipalities of Bangladesh. It also endeavors to compare the existing system with the requirements of making a sustainable city following the targets of SDG. It tries to highlight the shortcomings of the existing system of waste management and argues that this is never able to confine sustainability in the environment and the habitats of the Municipalities. The study is empirical in nature mainly based on primary data. Data have been collected from the officials and stakeholders of the three selected Municipalities of a North-west district of Bangladesh- Rajshahi through face to face interview and Focus Group Discussion. This paper identifies the fragile solid waste management capacity of the Municipalities of Bangladesh and argues that current practice is nothing but an inevitable setback for the country to achieve sustainable development.

An effort to implement a siphon drainage system requires a comprehensive knowledge of the factor affecting the performance of the drainage system to reduce the groundwater table in the landslide area. A long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the siphon drainage system with vertical wells to maintain the stability of landslide masses in a volcanic hillslope in West Java. The groundwater levels in all wells and water discharged from each well were monitored and measured periodically. Results of a 1-year measurement of the groundwater level indicate that the siphon drainage system was generally effective in decreasing the groundwater level in the landslide masses to a maximum depth of 7 m with a maximum total drainage flow of 24 m3/day. The implemented siphon drainage system was also able to prevent the groundwater level from rising during a rainfall period. A series of slope stability analyses under a steady-unsteady state seepage condition indicates the siphon drainage increased the long-term stability of the landslide area significantly. Based on this study, factors affecting the effectiveness of long-term siphon drainage performance are thoroughly evaluated.

Rapid urban development, increasing impermeable surfaces, poor drainage system and changes in extreme precipitations are the most important factors that nowadays lead to increased urban flooding and it has become an urban problem. Urban flood mapping and its use in making an urban development plan can reduce flood damages and losses. Constantly producing urban flood hazard maps using models that rely on the availability of detailed hydraulic-hydrological data is a major challenge especially in developing countries. In this study, urban flood hazard map was produced with limited data using three machine learning models: Genetic Algorithm Rule-Set Production, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), Random Forest (RF) and Naive Bayes for Kermanshah city, Iran. The flood hazard predicting factors used in modeling were: slope, land use, precipitation, distance to river, distance to channel, curve number (CN) and elevation. Flood inventory map was produced based on available reports and field surveys, that 117 flooded points and 163 non-flooded points were identified. Models performance was evaluated based on area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), Kappa statistic and hits and miss analysis. The results show that RF model (AUC-ROC = 99.5%, Kappa = 98%, Accuracy = 90%, Success ratio = 99%, Threat score = 90% and Heidke skill score = 98%) performed better than other models. The results also showed that distance to canal, land use and CN have shown more contribution among others for modeling the flood and precipitation had the least effect among other factors. The findings show that machine learning methods can be a good alternative to distributed models to predict urban flood-prone areas where there are lack of detailed hydraulic and hydrological data.

During underground longwall coal extraction, overburden strata deformation may result in vertical goaf drainage holes, which are drilled in advance of mining for tail gate gas management, to fail. The performance of these vertical goaf drainage holes is controlled by mine design parameters and local geomechanical properties. This paper investigates the use of advanced 3D finite element modelling and 2D discrete element modelling simulation techniques to understand the fundamentals of vertical goaf drainage hole failure mechanism due to strata shear at a currently operating gassy Australian mine site. Finite element modelling is used to investigate the location of high shear in the overburden strata at the vertical goaf gas drainage hole region during longwall mining and the discrete element modelling is used to examine connectivity from the goaf region to the goaf-gas drainage system.

A well-developed drainage network was carved in the study area in a hard calcretized and gypcretized gravelly sand of the Dibdibba Formation (Al-Rukham slope) in pluvial episodes in the post-pleistocene age, and is referred to be paleo-drainage due to the current witnessed aridity. This study aims to investigate the geomorphologic, morphometric, and stratigraphic characteristics of the paleo-drainage system and its role in recharging shallow aquifers. Morphometric analysis was accomplished using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Six vertical pit holes were dug across the area to investigate the stratigraphy and recharging capacity. The drainage system is composed of 10 closely spaced, subparallel, dendritic, elongated, and variant-sloped drainage basins with highest stream order of 5. Water flows NE from Al-Rukham ridge’s crest (60 m a.m.s.l.) downstream in Khor Al-Subiyah coastal flat. The bed rock’s hard resistant nature lowered its infiltration and recharging capacity to the shallow aquifer, whereas the coarse-grained wadi fills deposits increased infiltration capacity of the surface sediments, but the water percolation chance is limited as it eventually directed seaward by the same-directed general topography resulting in limiting potential recharge to the shallow aquifers. This is suggested to oppose the salt water intrusion and thus enhance fresh water quality.

The Douala-Buea Region (DBR; 4°–5°N, 9°–10°30′E), a portion of the southern Cameroon passive margin, developed on the Proterozoic granito-gneissic basement and the Cretaceous to Recent volcano-sedimentary cover, was explored in order to evaluate the lithology and tectonics controls on its landscape using the qualitative and quantitative geomorphological analyses based on 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and field evidences. This area displays an uneven and complex landscape differentiated into four morphological units: Douala, Nkondjock, Kumba and Buea Units. The Douala Unit corresponds to the Coastal Plain and is extended on the Douala-Kribi/Campo sedimentary basin. The Nkondjock Unit represents a middle plateau developed on a Proterozoic granito-gneissic basement. The Kumba Unit matches with the southernmost volcanic Western Cameroon High Plateau. The Buea Unit corresponds to the Mount Cameroon stratovolcano. The relief analysis through mountain-front sinuosity (Smf, 1.19–1.43) and relative relief ratio (Rr, 0.10–2.31) vary from one unit to another. The drainage network analysis including drainage patterns, stepped longitudinal river profiles, the associated morphometric indexes, notably the concavity index (IC, 0.56–0.88), deviation (D, 267–2912 m), basin asymmetry factor (A f, 6.37–42.12), hypsometric integral (HI, 0.10–0.29), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf, 0.36–2.75), elongation ratio (Re, 0.30–0.50), watershed slope (S, 6.88–88.88) and stream length gradient index (SL, 0–3332) vary from one basin to another too. These results also show the heterogeneous and uneven DBR landscape controlled by its lithology and active tectonics. The drainage system reveals concave to concavo-convex longitudinal river profile shapes with knick points, asymmetric basins, and fault reactivations, and highlights the tectonics activity that used to occur through the time and their control on the morphology. Together, they document the lithostructural controls on the DBR landscape evolution, extendable in the whole SW Cameroon margin.

Water is the basic requirement for the survival of life on earth. The water is mainly used for cooking, cleaning and drinking purpose. In which more solid ingredients along with water also reaches. The disposals of sewages are still a challenging task in this modern world. The main purpose of smart drainage system is collecting the solid waste which includes bottles, polythene and transport to the disposal area. Otherwise the solid waste will block the drainage system. To avoid such situation, the solid waste are need to be collected and disposed it into collecting bin. The proposed system will automatically cleans the water in the drainage system with the help of drive system controlled by Arduino and the mechanical setup which are driven by servo motor collect the solid waste and dispose it in waste bucket to avoid drainage block. It reduces the cost of manual labour as well as reduces the threat to human life.

In recent years the losses due to urban floods are exponentially increasing. The major reasons for the floods are the poor drainage system and urbanization. There is a need for addressing the issues related to post floods, so in this work, we focus on creating a system for real-time post-flood management using Artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated Smart IoT devices. We selected Mumbai as the study city based on five years of rainfall and flood frequency. We split Mumbai into separate clusters based on population density, where we treated Santacruz and Colaba as two clusters. The AI model data is collected for the training and testing of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for the Indian Metrological Department (IMD), Mumbai. We chose ANN here because the data to be evaluated is ambiguous and discreet; for this type of data, the choice must be made correctly. 80 percent of the data obtained is used for ANN model training and 20 percent for research. We discovered that this suggested model is better than the current outgoing flood control techniques. Decision-making and data processing have been automated so that casualties can be reduced and the stakeholders can conduct rescue operations better than the old methods of urban flood management

In this paper, we consider a prey-predator model with a reserve region of predator where generalist predator cannot enter. Based on the intake capacity of food and other factors, we introduce the predator population which consumes the prey population with Holling type-II functional response; and generalist predator population consumes the predator population with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response. The density-dependent mortality rate for prey and generalist predator are considered. The equilibria of proposed system are determined. Local stability for the system are discussed. The environmental carrying capacity is considered as a bifurcation parameter to evaluate Hopf bifurcation in the neighbourhood at an interior equilibrium point. Here the fishing effort is used as a control parameter to harvest the generalist predator population of the system. With the help of this control parameter, a dynamic framework is developed to investigate the optimal utilization of resources, sustainability properties of the stock and the resource rent. Finally, we present a numerical simulation to verify the analytical results, and the system is analyzed through graphical illustrations. The main findings with future research directions are described at last.

The purpose of the work was to survey an area of the irrigation system by means of the earth remote sensing and a drone in accordance with the indicators of the reclamation condition of the governmental land registration. The tasks of the work included obtaining raster images of the field in an orthogonal projection, decryption of the orthophotographic plan and remote sensing images of the Earth in various spectral channels to compare them with the corresponding indicators of the reclamation condition. The method of assessment and indicators of the reclamation condition of the irrigation system are given. Three levels of assessment of the reclamation condition are used: «good», «satisfactory», «unsatisfactory». The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI, Land Surface Water Index LSWI, and Normalized Differential Salinity Index NDSI are used. The surveyed field is located on the territory of the Kolomna urban district of the Moscow region and is irrigated by a circular drive machine «Reinke»©. As a result, it was found that there are no saline lands («good» reclamation condition), unacceptable ground water depths are observed on 20…25% of the irrigated territory («satisfactory» condition), the area of eroded land was 4.7% («satisfactory» condition). The survey of the part of the irrigation system showed that in 2021 the object had a «satisfactory» reclamation condition. This may indicate to the risk of further reduction of the reclamation condition without appropriate preventive measures. It is noted that the survey of reclamation objects by means of the earth remote sensing and drones should solve the problem of identifying markers indicating the risks of reducing the reclamation condition and the need to conduct research directly on the object, in situ. It is extremely important to analyze the retrospective dynamics and the meteorological situation. In this case, it is possible to make a forecast of changes in the reclamation condition and evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive measures.