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Mihaela Anghele,1 Virginia Marina,2 Cosmina Alina Moscu,3 Liliana Dragomir,1 Aurelian-Dumitrache Anghele,2 Alina-Maria Lescai1 1Clinical-Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, 800201, Romania; 2Medical Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, 800201, Romania; 3Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, 800201, RomaniaCorrespondence: Virginia Marina, Tel +40-770-89-82-74, Email virginia.marina@ugal.roIntroduction: Emotional affectivity can be described under two general dimensions: positive affectivity and negative affectivity. It is often assessed by means of questionnaires completed retrospectively by the subjects. The most common scales used are PANAS, DES, and PANA-X. All these scales are based on the concept of two dimensions, negative and positive affective emotions, respectively. Both dimensions mentioned, positive and negative affectivity, can be associated with a bipolar dimensional entity called pleasant-unpleasant. Specifically, a high level of positive emotions and a low level of negative emotions are associated with pleasant/positive feelings (happiness, well-being, satisfaction, cheerfulness, etc.), while a low level of positive emotions and a high level of negative emotions are associated with negative feelings (sadness, anger, nervousness, depression, anxiety, etc.).Materials and Methods: This study is an observational and cross-sectional study. The elements that led to the production of the final database were collected by means of a questionnaire, which included 43 items, 39 of which were specific questions found in the affective distress profile. The questionnaire was administered to 145 patients who had suffered polytrauma and were admitted to the Emergency Hospital of Galati in October 2022. The final centralizing tables included the characteristics of 145 patients, aged between 14 and 64 years.Results: The aim of this study is to identify the level of emotional distress in patients who have suffered polytrauma, so the following scores were evaluated, obtained after the application of PDA: STD, ENF, END. The total distress score was obtained by summing all the negative items found in the PDA questionnaire.Conclusion: Men show a high level of emotional distress compared to women. Polytrauma has a negative effect on patients’ emotional status, with a worrying prevalence of negative functional and dysfunctional emotions. The level of distress in polytrauma patients is high.Keywords: emotional distress, polytrauma, affective dysfunctions, emotions

Cosmina-Alina Moscu,1 Virginia Marina,2 Mihaela Anghele,3 Aurelian-Dumitrache Anghele,4 Liliana Dragomir3 1Emergency Department of Emergency Hospital of Galati, Galati, 800201, Romania; 2Medical Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, 800201, Romania; 3Clinical-Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, 800201, Romania; 4Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunărea de Jos” University, Galati, 800201, RomaniaCorrespondence: Virginia Marina, Tel +40-770-89-82-74, Email virginia.marina@ugal.roIntroduction: Emergency department (ED) health care providers had one of the highest incidences of burnout just before the pandemic. Personality type influences the way we communicate and relate to others, as well as our reaction to stress. In evaluating the causes of burnout, we take into account several factors, the most important of which being the conditions of the professional environment, interpersonal relationships and personality traits. This study aims to identify and analyze the relationships between personality traits and burnout syndrome in medical staff in the Emergency Department.Material and Methods: A descriptive, multicenter cross-sectional study project was used to collect data from 60 physicians and nurses from the Emergency Department of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital Galati. The tools used, distributed to participants to collect socio-demographic details, included the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), and a pilot questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions, concerning exhaustion level, and focused on stress-generating elements and emotional management in the Emergency Department during the pandemic.Results: A large percentage of doctors in ED (45.8%) (n = 24) indicated a high level of exhaustion, while only 30.6% (n = 36) of nurses indicated a high level of exhaustion. Physicians displayed a higher level of stress than nurses, with 66.6% (n = 24) of physicians indicating an increased level of stress, compared to only 36.1% (n = 36) of nurses. A large percentage of nurses indicated a high level of depression (36.1%), whereas only 25% of Emergency Department physicians indicated a high level of depression.Discussion: The individuals with a melancholic and choleric temperament, as rated by the EPI, appeared more susceptible to developing burnout syndrome. The indication of instability or neuroticism appears to enhance the occurrence of burnout syndrome. There was also a correlation between extraversion and a high level of burnout, with extraverted individuals more easily reaching a high level of burnout.Conclusion: The results indicate a greater occurrence of exhaustion and stress in Emergency Department physicians compared to nurses in the Emergency Department. From the results, we can propose that there is a relationship between the personality traits as measured by the EPI and the occurrence of burnout syndrome. These findings may help to understand the vulnerability of medical staff to burnout, and to pre-emptively support them to deal effectively with stressors in the work environment.Keywords: burnout syndrome, emergency staff, Covid-19, personality evaluation, neuroticism, extraversion

Currently, software applications are widely used, among which we mention the navigation systems on vehicles, traffic monitoring and management systems, etc., which require the use of road databases. These databases must contain accurate, updated information and populated with sufficient descriptive values. This article presents a semi-automatic algorithm for extracting roads from highresolution aerial and satellite recordings, based on the weighted correlation of cross-sectional profiles. The algorithm uses as initial data two starting points with the help of which the road orientation and the template profile are obtained. Also, the operator must set the threshold value of the correlation coefficient between the transverse profiles, the pitch and the search angle, the length of the transverse profile and the maximum number of rejections Compared to other semi-automatic road vectorization algorithms, this algorithm is less sensitive to changes radiometrics from the ends of the profile, due to the assignment of higher weights to the central pixels. In this article is proposed an algorithm for semi-automatic vectoring of roads on color aerial images with submetric resolution, an algorithm that uses the weighted correlation of road cross profiles with a template profile. The operator must provide two points successive start, as close to the center of the road as possible, with the help of which the direction of start and template profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies presented in this paper were carried out in the western part of Romania, on the administrative territory of Deva Municipality, in the Vulcan area, in order to achieve a zonal urban plan. The purpose of the study is the acquisition of GIS data related to the realization of the plans for the technical approval for the Vulcan zonal urban plan. To achieve this plan, by default a GIS database, we used the LEICA TS02 total station with the measurement accuracy of 1 mm / km for distances and 2 seconds for angles, GNSS GPS rover RTK South S82T equipment to determine the points marked on the route that is to be traversed by the eBee senseFly drone, which helped with time management. Regarding the detailed topographic surveys, made with the help of GNSS equipment, total and aerial photography stations, the use of aerial photography technology is a real advantage, by reducing the working time, the investigated area and the complexity of the acquired data. The accuracy of these measurements is up to par with that from the usual equipment used. The advantages of using geographical information systems and their applicability in many fields has led to the spread of this concept. Most institutions, companies working with spatial data have initiated a GIS project. Once all the information from the field is collected, the office part follows, where all the collected information is gathered and a plan is made in AutoCad, respecting the layer levels. At the same time, the data taken with the aircraft is downloaded, thus making an orthophotoplan. The orthophotoplan is aligned on the points taken over with the GNSS equipment or the total station, during the measurements. After making this plan, it is loaded into AutoCAD to complete the database with information on postal numbers, street name, green areas in that area, street width. Some information will be retrieved automatically, but other will be entered manually for each entity. This working method offers a short working time while not compromising data accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research was performed on four farms were included in 1567 a highly fertile females Landrace and Yorkshire, and 24 boars of Danish origin, or 5294 consecutive parities, and in period 2009 - 2011 year. Studies of evaluations genetic parameters conventional breeds Landrace and Yorkshire were included in 2987 female mating with 46 male or 11 674 litters in the same period. Evaluated genetic parameters for litter size traits show the same tendency as the legality of the pure breed sows that produce 11-14 piglets weaned less per sow per year. Environmental factors, HYS, food technology and management showed no significant effect on the traits. Heritability and repeatability of live and still born piglets, litter size and the fifth days after birth and the number of piglets weaned in category of low hereditary traits whose values vary within the limits of 0.08 to 0.11 for the heritability and from 0.14 to 0.18 for the repeatability. There was tendency to lower values of genetic parameters in the conventional compared to highly fertile cows, which is considered the effect of selection on gene frequency for the observed properties.

The trial during 8 generations or 11 years of period has been done at 4 different breeds: Landrace and Yorkshire as dam line and Duroc and Pietrain as sire one. Included were 68 sires, 1.994 dams, 6.794 progeny and slaughtered 868 heads in total. There have no been selection differences for gain and age at slaughtered Y, L and D. Pietrain showed significantly less gain. It means more cost and less profit in case of P. The feeding line of gilts and sows were changed to previous one. It has significant influence to number of piglets at birth. It mean we have to, optimize, feeding regime and milk yield of sows. Phenotypic and genetic improvement was in average 0.25 piglets per generation. Genetic variation was similar from beginning to last generation of selection. Selection on meat content had positive trend. Selection efficiency were higher at D compare with P. Pietrain itself still have 3.4% more meat in carcass but much longer period of fattening. Intramuscular fat was much lover at P. This has negative effect on meat quality. Litter size showed positive effect. There are no significant differences between L and Y.

In 2020 and 2021, the entire evolution of human society is under the sign of a paradox, of the adversity of events, coming in avalanche. The tourist evolutions themselves suffer the imprint of the paradox. These paradoxes urgently require new paradigms, the famous ‘paradigm shifts’, mentality, optics, action. The purpose of this research is to outline the main aspects of the research problem and diagnose the situation, with focus on identifying hypotheses for future descriptive or causal research as well as to explore the reasons, attitudes and values of the paradigm and paradox, which differentiate the two notions approached: testing new concepts of forecasting, a product specific to the destination under analysis and in identifying other viable, sustainable alternatives and their analysis in parallel with modelling and promoting new ideas of tourism products or services, respectively improving the existing ones. This article aims to capitalise on the paradox, already successfully applied in economics by the author of the method and in shaping and delimiting ecotourism (in particular the ecotourism from the destination Ţara Haţegului – Retezat), emphasising the role of self-contradiction of the field, through a specific type of economic reasoning, in which the rapid evolution of tourism risks are becoming its own cause of its disappearance, knowing that too much tourism kills tourism. Responsibility and the mesological spirit are the only ways to counteract the paradox phenomenon, even a paradigm in the metamorphosis of ecotourism.

”Organic food production has a series of both economic and social effects that have a particularly important role on the Romanian market. These effects are highlighted by the decrease of non-renewable energy consumption, the decrease of money spent on transport, the development of activities owned by farmers, the reduction of health costs and others. The reason for choosing this theme is due to the fact that organic food is less available on the market and tends to be more expensive than conventional ones, which requires extensive documentation and analysis. This article describes important aspects which are the basis of all organic food and at the same time this information is gathered from the daily life of each individual who consumes them. The purpose of this theme highlights the need for organic products, environmental protection and food safety of each consumer. I chose this topic because I think it is important to know how to analyze the benefits and costs that organic production offers us. At the same time, the sale of organic food on the Romanian market should become a much more debated topic, health being much more important than anything and that is why the food consumed should not endanger our lives. Debated from several perspectives, this paper is of major importance , both in terms of the influence of concepts and activities underlying the production and consumption of organic food, and their economic and social effects.”

Introduction: Cysts of the mediastinum, which are benign masses, are usually detected by chance, and constitute a small but important diagnose group, representing 7 to 18% of all primary mediastinal tumors. Pleuropericardial cysts, located most frequently in the left anterior and inferior mediastinum, are identified in the fourth or fifth decade of life affecting females more than males with a sex ratio of 8:4. Material and method: We present the case of a 52 year old woman diagnosed with pericardial cyst located in the left cardiophrenic angle. CPP was rather big and was initially diagnosed as encysted pleurisy. Ultrasound guided exploratory thoracentesis was performed evacuating 300 ml "water spring" like fluid very scarce in cells. We further investigated our patient for differential diagnosis but the patient refused surgery and she is now managed conservatively with a close follow-up. Conclusions: A pericardial cyst should always be suspected when a cystic lesion is detected in the mediastinum. Pleuropericardial cysts are usually suspected after an abnormal chest X-ray is obtained. If the patient is asymptomatic and the information provided by CT indicates a benign tumoral process suggestive for a pleuropericardial cyst, conservative management with careful follow-up is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific work is based on a land area studied in Olteni, Clinceni village, Ilfov County. Measurements were carried out on the land with the laser scanner having the point of interest the comparative analysis performed by classical measurements respectively scanning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drone was used to map an area of 18.99 hectares with millimeter accuracy. The mapping process involved creating eight targets on the ground that were visible to the drone at a height of 60 meters. The coordinates of the targets were determined using GPS methods. Classical topographic methods have also been used to calibrate the drone's GPS for further correction and accuracy. A flight plan was created using DJI software, which determined the flight area, height, time, frame rate, camera tilt, battery level, direction of flight, wind speed, latitude, longitude, and flight speed. The flight plan was uploaded to the drone's memory, and the drone was flown according to the established parameters. This technology allows to make high-resolution digital maps (orthophotoplans), as well as 3D models of some objectives - historical monuments, buildings, land. A drone can be defined as an unmanned aircraft capable of autonomous navigation without external control using autopilot or that can be controlled by a remote control device. This technology allows the creation of high-resolution digital maps. With the help of UAV technology it is possible to provide topographic support for the revision of General Urban Plans (GUP), elaboration of Zonal Urban Plans (PUZ), feasibility studies for investment works, such as road infrastructure, railways, electrical networks. etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partially intercalated edentation offers the practitioner the possibility of the functional rehabilitation of the dental arcades through conjunct gnato-prosthetic devices. The functions of the dento-maxilar device, disturbed by the presence of edentation, require a treatment approach so that, without pre-planning or estimating, the result can lead most of the times to failure in terms of functionality. Clinical evaluation associated with pre- and proprosthetic treatment can also impose, in some situations the evaluation of the dental units involved in prosthetic rehabilitation. The association and implementation of the prosthetic construction in the occlusive-articular ensemble, as well as the counterbalancing of the mastication forces per dental unit and whole interarch system, linked to the distribution of the forces at the level of the pillar teeth and prosthetic construction, represent the goal of this theoretical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direction of action of masticatory pressure on the teeth depends on the position of the teeth, their morphology and position of the mandible to the maxillary, central or eccentric. The closer is the chewing withstanding carried out in a direction to the axis of the tooth; the greater is the periodontal protection. This study highlights various methods of reconstruction crown-root and sustainability criteria through the eyes of functional occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of prosthetic reconstruction of the lateral maxillary areas on the dental-facial aesthetics. The so called buccal corridors can have different sizes, influencing the total or partial visualization of the lateral group represented by premolars and molars, with negative consequences upon global aesthetics. The compliance with the dental morphology, but with possibilities of embellishment of prosthetic constructions, influences the smile topography. The assessment of the patients, men and women, started by establishing a research protocol comprising, besides the clinic investigation, a specific sequential approach, which cumulated the additional investigations (x-ray investigation, study of document models, frontal and profile photos). The clinical data were reported and selected depending on the limitative possibilities of the occlusal status, so that a gradual visualization of the dental units at the level of lateral maxillary and/or mandibular areas when smiling, to which the existence or inexistence of the local symmetry is added, associated with the size of the buccal corridor, to allow a relevant planning and assessment of the influential possibilities of the local parameters regarding the smile improvement at this level. The chromatic association of the future prosthetic construction of the current dental constructions as well as the used therapeutic versions, associated with data about age, gender and the training level of the patients, to which we added our experience, have represented references in the final assessment of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geographic Information System is a collection of located, collected, stored and managed geographic data with the use of the computer, data which can be used to perform various spatial analyses. The special GIS operations over the spatial information make from these instruments more than just efficacy instruments for making maps, but especially, irreplaceable instruments for analyzing the information that refer to the terrestrial surfaces. GIS maps must be made exploiting all available resources based on rigorous analysis of their content and the costs involved, seeking assurance required with maximum efficiency. Each data source requires the existence of specialized programs that would bring appropriate map data into digital form, starting with providing necessary equipment, going through technological problems and data conversion, with the purpose of preparation and proper training of personnel. In a GIS, data can be stored in two fundamental spatial data models: vector and raster. Raw raster data can be as follows: satellite images or orthophotos, while the raw vector data can be obtained from topographic survey or data acquired by GPS technology. The information obtained from remote sensing is contained by the cosmic or aerial images, which can be interpreted for many purposes. Building these images is based on detection and registering of electromagnetic energy reflected or issued by the surface of the objects present on the visual field of the sensors, which interacted with the electromagnetic energy issued by a natural source (e.g. Sun, Moon) or an artificial one (e.g. radar). The response of the objects from nature to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation is different, depending on their physical and chemical properties, configuration and surface roughness, its illumination intensity and angle of incidence. These responses recorded via sensors translate the image by the emergence of patterns (features), based on which objects can be distinguished and identified. The remote sensing data is public, meaning it can be acquired from any area of the world and by anyone, with some restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of the occlusal disorders of the dento-maxillary is a delicate stage, but of great importance in establishing the functional rehabilitation of the dental arches. Occlusal disorders occur as a result of dental anomalies of number, odontal coronary lesions, dental migration, edentulous, gnatoprotetic devices improperly executed, changes of the occlusion parameters, and secondary musculoskeletal and joint disorders. The difficulty in the diagnosis, is that any trauma occurring in any component of the stomatognathic system may lead to occlusal dysfunction. Meanwhile, occlusal dysfunction can cause symptoms in all dento-maxillary structures. Recent research on the phenomenon of occlusal trauma etiology showed major difficulties in determining the exact causes and evolution of the phenomenon itself. This paper highlights the importance of usage in practice of the registration and transfer systems, also the important role of the radiological examination in detecting and highlighting the phenomenon of occlusal trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the evaluation and prosthetic treatment planning in which aesthetic requirement represented a major challenge and the rebalancing dento-facial somatosensory required optimal planning of each stage of treatment. Assuming that any dental unit deserves to be preserved for a period as long as possible on the arcade, we try to implement a concept that can provide predictable prosthetic rehabilitation to restore optimally the physiological function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve or complete the 1: 1.000 scale situation plan and the digital terrain model for the Timişoara - Sibiu highway section, and given the difficult access conditions in the project area, it was decided to use photogrammetric techniques for extraction of spatial information needed for mapping. In order to achieve the mapping requirements at a scale of 1: 1.000, the following activities were performed: Realization of the geodetic support network; Realization of the aerial photography project; Making pre-marking points in areas without clear details or other location possibilities; Simultaneous aerial photography of sub-blocks at different flight heights to ensure a 12 cm pixel and simultaneous laser scanning with LiDAR system; Identification of marking and pre-marking points on the subblock frames; Performing GPS measurements to determine the coordinates of landmarks and photogrammetric pre-marking; LIDAR data processing using permanent GPS stations to obtain coordinates in the ETRS89 system and transform them into the STEREO70 system and Black Sea reference plan 75; Calibration of LIDAR data; Filtering LIDAR data; Realization of aerotriangulation on subblocks or bands; Stereo restitution of planimetric and altimetric details for 1: 1.000 scale (3D mode); Transforming 3D plans into 2D plans; Editing and elaborating topographic plans.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of systematic factors, primarily the degree of crossing, on the standard lactation lengths of 305 days in 6 different genotypes of cows (F1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5) obtained by the upgrading of the Serbian Fleckvieh (SF) to the Holstein-Friesian (HF) breed of cattle. The systematic effects included in the general linear model (GLM) exerted a significant (P

Holistic methods, such as biocrystallization and capillary dynamolysis, can be used to confirm differences in chemical composition between organic and conventionally produced milk. The utilization of such methods is complementary to other quality assurance methods and demonstrates a complex aspect of food quality. In this study, biocrystallization was used as a method for distinguishing between organic and conventionally produced pasteurized milk, demonstrating how the differences in the dairy cow feeding regime can affect milk properties. The biocrystallization was performed by means of copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2*2H2O). The biocrystallization patterns obtained from the conventional and organic milk samples were readily distinguished. A significant indication of differences was the emergence of degradation features in the biocrystallization patterns. While degradation features do not appear in organic milk, conventional milk showed clear indications of degradation, although the compound analysis of the two milks indicated no differences. From the morphological perspective, the biocrystallization patterns of organic milk have fared better according to all criteria. The results of the fatty acid analysis in milk from conventional and certified organic farms showed a greater content of beneficial fatty acids in organic milk: oleic (P

The aim of this study was to identify frequencies of alleles and genotypes, to evaluate their frequency in population of Holstein-Friesian cows, and to investigate association of κ-casein genotypes with longevity and lifetime production of cows. Blood samples were collected from 192 Holstein cows which have finished their production. Cows were reared at one farm in Vojvodina in Serbia. In the current study the following ratios of κ-casein genotypes were found: 0.50 were AA, 0.40 were AB and 0.10 were BB. Frequencies of alleles A and B were 0.70 and 0.30, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that cows with heterozygous genotype AB had the longest life (2809 days) with the highest number of productive days (2062), while the cows which were homozygous recessive of genotype BB had the shortest life expectancy (2627 days) and the lowest number productive days (1878). The same trend was observed with regard to the production results of cows of these genotypes, where statistically significant differences have been observed (P0.05). The effect of dominant genes in observed traits was greater than the additive effect of genes. From the ratio of the additive and dominant gene effects, it can be seen that the average degree of dominance in observed traits was positive.

The aim of this study was to estimate the total lifetime milk production and non additive genetic effects (recombination and heterosis) of cows with different proportions of Holstein-Friesian genes, obtained from the Serbian Fleckvieh (SF) and the Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbreeding program in Vojvodina. Upgrading of local breeds with the Holstein-Friesian breed in Vojvodina started in 1971 and continued 2008. Six genotypes of cows (F1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5) were obtained with increasing percentage of Holstein genes, in order to attain purebred Holstein cows. Of all obtained genotypes, cows of genotype R4 with a proportion of Holstein genes from 96.87 % had the highest lifetime milk production (20000 kg), followed by cows R3 with 19950 kg (93.75 % HF genes) and cows R5 with 19850 kg (98.44 % HF genes). Finally the process of upgrading resulted in pure Holsteins with 19780 kg of milk. The total lifetime production of milk fat did not show statistically significant difference (P>0.05) among the genotypes R1 - R5 which ranged from 675 to 690 kg. The pure Holstein obtained after sixth intermediate generations had the average lifetime milk fat production of 690 kg. With the increase in the proportion of Holstein-Friesian genes percentage of milk fat was decreased, so that the cows of genotypes R3, R4, R5 and pure Holsteins, had less than 3.5 % milk fat. In relation to the total milk yield, the highest realized heterosis effect was observed in the cows of F1 generation (hRF1=594 kg), while the lowest was observed in generation R2 (hRR2=72 kg), where negative effect of recombination was also found (hIR2=-77 kg). Positive values of the actual and relative of heterosis effect of the milk fat yield was observed in all genotypes, whereas the negative heterosis effect of the milk fat percentage was observed also in all genotypes, with the exception of R1 and R2 cows, in which the typical consequence of the positive recombination in the early crossed Holstein-generations was manifested.

The aim of this study was to identify genotypes of transferrin, evaluate their frequency in popula¬tion of Holstein-Friesian cows, and to study association of transferrin genotypes with productivity of cows. Blood samples were collected from 249 healthy adult Holstein cows, daughters of 18 sires, reared at farm in Vojvodina. The nine transferrin (Tf) genotypes were identified: three (transferrin AA, D1D1 and D2D2) of these were homozygous and the remaining six (transferrin AD1, AD2, AE, D1D2, D1E and D2E) heterozygous. The frequencies of genotypes AD2, D1D2, D2D2 and AD1 were 0.29, 0.20, 0.17, and 0.11, respectively, while the other genotypes had frequencies below 0.11. The frequency of alleles A, D1, D2 and E, which was derived from the frequency of genotypes, was 0.30 for allele A, 0.19 for allele D1, 0.45 for allele D2 and 0.06 for allele E. In the analyzed population, cows Tf genotype D2E, AD2, D2D2, and D1D2 had the highest average of milk and milk fat yield in the first three standard lactation, while cows genotype AA, AD1 and D1E had the least amount. Analysis of variance showed that Tf genotype had a non-significant effect in the case of milk fat. However, cows which showed the highest performance for milk fat yield in three standard lactations were phenovarients Tf D2E, AD2, D2D2 and D1D2 in the analyzed population. Based on these results, the general conclusion can be made that the cows with Tf genotype AD2 recorded best results in all observed traits, and that cows which were heterozygous for Tf gene had higher milk yield and milk fat than the cows homozygous for Tf gene.

The study included 765 Holstein cow for determining of β-lactoglobulin genotypes, 420 cows for determining κ-casein genotypes and 252 cows for determining transferrin genotypes, daughters of 18 sires. Among 765 cows, 172 were of the β-LG AA genotype, 448 were of genotype AB, and 145 were of BB genotype. The frequencies of genotypes AA, AB and BB were 0.23, 0.58 and 0.19, respectively. The frequency of alleles A and B, which was derived from the frequency of genotypes, was 0.52 for allele A and 0.48 for allele B. Among 420 cows, 105 were of the κ-casein AA genotype, 219 were of genotype AB, and 96 were of BB genotype. The frequencies of genotypes AA, AB and BB were 0.25, 0.52 and 0.23, respectively. The frequency of alleles A and B, which derived from the frequency of genotypes, was 0.51 for allele A and 0.49 for allele B. Among 249 cows, was identified 9 different genotypes of transferrin, 72 were of the Tf AD2 genotype, 50 were of genotype D1D2, 42 were of genotype D2D2, 28 were of genotype AD1, 20 were of genotype AA, 17 were of genotype D2E, 10 were of genotype AE and less than ten were of genotype D1D2 and D1E.The frequency of alleles A, D1, D2 and E, which was derived from the frequency of genotypes, was 0.30 for allele A, 0.19 for allele D1, 0.45 for allele D2 and 0.06 for allele E. In the studied population of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle in Serbia, a significant number of heterozygous individual and population variability were found. The large variability gives us the opportunity for further selection, favoring the genotype cows depending on the desired properties of milk (milk yield, content of milk fat and proteins) for further technological processing of milk. According to previous studies, it is obvious, that heterozygous cow tended to have a better production performance than the homozygous cows. This genetic information of polymorphic gene could be useful in marker assisted selection to improve production performance.

In the current study, among 420 Holstein cows, the following ratios of κ-casein genotypes were found: 0.25 were AA, 0.52 were AB and 0.23 were BB. Frequencies of alleles A and B were 0.51 and 0.49, respectively. Cows with κ-casein AA and AB genotypes produced 322.72 and 464.73 kg more milk per year compared to cows of casein BB genotype (P

The increasing productivity of production factors, due to progresses in science and technology is today the engine of economic growth. The economic theory managed to endogenize the technical progress, first as a result of the unintended activities of firms, then as the result of profit driven behaviour of economic agents. In globalization the stock of knowledge becomes available also to developing countries and the production technologies and their employment are more democratic regarding the availability. For the developing countries it still remains the problem of financial resources and availability. Developing new technologies has a prohibitive costs, at least until the moment in which large scale production allows for the reduction of costs. Long term economic growth will depend on the creation of global technology stock, including the leverage effect of sustained RxD. In this paper we will approach the progress of Romania in the area of knowledge base economy, especially regarding the policies in the RxD sector.