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Available data on the clinical significance of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in veterinary medicine are scarce and usually concern individual reports of local or systemic pyogranulomatous lesions in domestic animals. In this study, we report a case of severe bovine mastitis caused by N. cyriacigeorgica, non-responsive to antimicrobial therapy, on a smallholder farm in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At physical examination, the udder was hard, with enlarged hind quarters and teats, and reduced milk production with no gross changes to the secretion were documented. After causative agent isolation and suspected actinobacteria, further identification was impossible using routine microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to published recommendations. The sample was further examined using MALDI-TOF MS with inconclusive results. Additionally, the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, verified by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using gyrB, 16S rRNA, secA1, and hsp65 sequences, confirmed the N. cyriacigeorgica species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on N. cyriacigeorgica isolation from a clinical case of bovine mastitis in European dairy farms and the first MLSA methodology approach to discriminate a Nocardia spp. strain isolated from animals. Most lactating cows in Bosnia and Herzegovina are held in traditional farming conditions which may serve as a predisposing factor for nocardial mastitis. More studies are required to analyze the possible aspects leading to the occurrence of mastitis caused by Nocardia spp. and the overall importance of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of infections in domestic animals.

One of the main goals of food safety measures is to increase consumer confidence in food in general, and meat in particular, and therefore consumers are provided with information about the quality and safety of meat through declaration. Consumer confidence and food safety have become central issues in the food chain. Recent developments in labelling, traceability and quality assurance schemes offer a large amount of information available to the consumer. Declaring is today one of the most reliable ways of informing consumers about food quality. For the purposes of this study, data were collected by surveying 1,000 consumers from the Banja Luka and Gradiška areas. The results of this survey show that the majority of consumers (98.1%) believe that meat should have a declaration and that the statistically most important (p0.05) information on the declaration is the expiration date (75.8% of responses) compared to other information (nutritional value, method of production, country of origin). The way the meat is packaged is also important for consumers (45.3% of responses). Also, the statistical significantly different answers (p0.05) were given related to the trust in information about the safety/quality of meat obtained in different ways (butcher, seller, relative, friend, cook). The consumers showed that they mostly believe to information about the safety/quality of meat received from doctors/nutritionists (53.1%), and most often have a neutral attitude towards information received from consumer protection associations (41.9%). It is not sufficiently clarified what type of information consumers are most looking for on declarations, especially when it comes to meat and meat products. Because of that, continuous examination of consumers is needed, including sociological and economic factors, what motivates them to buy, what quality characteristics they require and what sources of information they believe the most.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using phytobiotics in broiler feed on the economic efficiency parameters of fattening. The study was conducted on 240 broilers originating from a commercial incubator station, and the dietary trial was based on the group-control principle and lasted for 42 days (control group C - without the addition of phytogenic additives; experimental OI group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing thymol and cinnamaldehyde, 100 g/t of food; experimental OII group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing cumin, mint, cloves and anise, 150 g/t of food and; experimental OIII group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing thymol, 750 g/t of food). The production results (body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio) and economic efficiency parameters of broiler fattening were calculated for three intervals (1-10, 1-20 and 1-42 days). All production results in each interval were significantly better (p

Today's civilization finds itself facing existential problems in the survival of life on planet Earth. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of food production from the moment when humans became hunter-gatherers until today, when there is talk about food security from the aspect of providing sufficient amounts of food for present and future generations. The paper presents the production of food in Serbia since the arrival of Slavic tribes on the Balkan Peninsula up to modern times. The paper also points to the historical development of food production and the necessity for socially responsible behaviour to preserve the resources we have for future generations. © 2022 University of Nigeria, Institute of African Studies. All rights reserved.

This report describes a case of autochthonous canine angiostrongylosis in a mixed-breed dog in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The owner notеd the dog had lost appetite and weight, accompanied by a non-productive and intermittent cough. Physical examination revealed increased bronchovesicular pulmonary sounds and a caudally expanded lung field. Haematological parameters suggested mild dehydration in the dog. Radiological examination of the dog’s thorax showed a mild bronchointerstitial pattern with alveolar patches in the cardiac lobes. Coprological examination revealed the first stage (L1) Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae (Baillet, 1866). The dog was treated with two doses of 0.4 mg/kg of ivermectin administered subcutaneously with a time interval of 21 days between the two applications. Five weeks after the initial diagnosis, a repeated coprological examination revealed no evidence of L1 A. vasorum larvae in the dog’s faeces. This case report confirms the presence of A. vasorum in a dog from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ovaj prikaz slučaja opisuje prvi nalaz autohtone angiostrongiloze kod psa mešanca u Bosni i Hercegovini. Vlasnik je primetio da je pas izgubio apetit i da je smršao, što je bilo praćeno neproduktivnim i intermitentnim kašljem. Fizički pregled je ukazao na pooštreno vezikalno disanje sa kaudalno proširenim plućnim poljem. Nije bilo promena u hematološkim promjenama. Radiološki pregled toraksa psa je ukazao na blag mešani bronho-intersticijalni crtež sa alvolarnim mrljama u kardijačnim lobusima. Koprološkim pregledom su ustanovljene L1 larve Angiostrongylus vasorum. Pas je terapiran sa ivermektinom u dozi od 0.4 mg/kg datim subkutano sa intervalom od 21 dan između dvije aplikacije. Pet sedmica nakon inicijalne dijagnoze, koprološkim pregledom nisu ustanovljene L1 larve od Angiostrongylus vasorum u fekalnom uzorku psa. Ovaj prikaz slučaja potvrđuje prisustvo Angiostrongylus vasorum u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Concentrations of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic) were measured in water, sediment, and four commercial fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silurus glanis, and Esox lucius) and their tissues (muscle, liver, and kidney) from Saničani Lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentration of toxic elements was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxic element concentrations were significantly affected by the fish species and tissues sampled. The lead was the most heavily deposited element in lake sediments and waters. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd were in the kidney in all four fish species. Concentrations of Hg and As were higher in the muscle than in the kidney and liver in all four fish species. The toxic element concentrations in all examined tissues were significantly higher in Silurus glanis and Esox lucius than in the other fish species examined. Concentrations of all tested elements were present in the fish muscle at different levels, but these levels were under the maximum levels allowed by the European Union and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, fish meat from this lake is acceptable for human consumption.

One of the major challenges for all in the 21st century is safe drinking water and the microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Many infectious diseases of animals and humans are transmitted by water contaminated with human and animal excrements. The production and distribution of microbiologically safe drinking water should be a non-negotiable goal for water companies with the prospect of providing the same water quality to all consumers. This can only be achieved by adequate monitoring and control of microbial processes during water treatment and distribution. The material represented drinking water samples originating from animal farms at the territory of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) collected in the period of 2018-2020. A total of 645 samples were examined. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological status of drinking water for animals intended for human consumption in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), in order to analyse the risks to animal health. BAS EN ISO 6222, BAS EN ISO 7899-2 and BAS EN ISO 9308-1/A1 methods were used for microbiological analyses of drinking water samples. The obtained results showed that one quarter of drinking water for animals are microbiologically incorrect. The analysis revealed a significantly higher number of unsatisfactory samples of well water in relation to the water supply system. The obtained results indicate fecal contamination of water, especially with intestinal enterococci and coliforms, and less with E. coli.

Due to the modern way of life, the global exchange of goods, more frequent contacts, and the closer life with pets, domestic and exotic animal species, different species are also more often exposed to various coronaviruses (CoVs). Most CoVs are species-specific and are not transmitted between different species. Many CoVs have been found to spread very rapidly after introduction into the susceptible population and have remained endemic despite vaccination attempts and other measures to prevent their spread. The majority of animal CoV are present in susceptible population and can cause from mild to a severe clinical picture of the disease, including high mortality. Very rarely strains of animal CoVs are transmitted to humans and then spread rapidly among humans like severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS CoV-2). The epizootiological characteristics of coronavirus infections are a consequence of their unique characteristics that can be classified into three basic epizootiological determinants. First of all, the virus itself has its own characteristics in terms of genetic characteristics and sustainability in the environment. In relation to the second epizootiological determinant, the macro-organism, it is necessary to emphasize that coronaviruses, more often than other families of viruses, adapt to primary species o even to a new species of animal in nature. This, so-called "jumping" the species barriers, is primarily conditioned by the biology of the virus, which often changes the antigenic composition and thus not only avoids the host's immune response but also finds new species in nature for its maintenance. For thousands of years, the environment greatly contributes to the fact that coronaviruses are a companion of populations of many animal species since there are certain characteristics of the environment (third epizootiological determinant) as sharing the same ecological niche by different species of animals (and humans).

The paper retrospectively presents diagnostics, conservative and surgical treatment of various small colon pathologies in 72 horses, which were admitted with abdominal pain (colic) to the Veterinary clinic "Novi Vek" of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (named Skrabina). Examinations were performed from the year 2007 to 2019, when 1810 colic horses were received and examined, of which 72 horses, i.e. 3.97% of all cases, were diagnosed with a small colon pathology. The most frequent cause of a small colon pathology was constipation that was diagnosed in 49 cases. Out of 72 hospitalized and treated horses, 62 horses, i.e. 86.1%, were successfully cured.

This paper describes a case of generalized sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in a stray dog found in the Kotor Varoš Municipality. Clinical and dermatological examinations revealed the suspicion of Sarcoptic mange in the dog, which was confirmed by the finding of eggs and adult forms of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. As a secondary complication of mange, the presence of staphylococcal pyotraumatic folliculitis was determined. Hematological examination revealed anemia and leukocytosis. In basic therapy, 0.4 mg/kg of ivermectin was administered parenterally, with cephalexin administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 12 hours. The therapy lasted 30 days. Control examinations did not reveal parasitic elements in the scraped surface layer of the skin. In the discussion of this paper, the epizootiological characteristics of the disease and the list of dog`s skin diseases, that should be distinguished from sarcoptic mange in everyday practice, are presented.

Bluetongue and contagious ecthyma are sheep diseases that have very similar clinical presentation, thus, making it difficult to distinguish between the two based on clinical symptoms. In practice, a detailed clinical examination of sheep is underestimated and rarely is carried out. The paper presents and describes clinical cases of bluetongue and the malignant form of contagious ecthyma. The differences in the clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures for the two diseases are described in detail, as this information is necessary in order to establish correct disease control measures. Bolest plavog jezika i zarazni ektim su bolesti ovaca koje imaju sličnu kliničku sliku te ih je teško razlikovati na osnovu ispoljavanja kliničkih znakova. U praksi, detaljan klinički pregled ovaca je potcenjen i retko se sprovodi. U radu su prikazani klinički slučajevi bolesti plavog jezika i maligne forme zaraznog ektima. Detaljno su opisane razlike u kliničkoj slici kod ova dva oboljenja i postupak postavljanja kliničke dijagnoze koja je neophodna za primenu efikasnih mera suzbijanja bolesti.

The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial effects of oregano and thyme essential oils on Listeria monocytogenes in fermented sausages and their effect on the sensory characteristics of these sausages. For testing purposes, sausages contaminated with L. monocytogenes were produced. Changes in the microbiological status of fermented sausages and physicochemical properties were monitored during ripening. Essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes, and in the groups with a high concentration (0.6%) of oregano or thyme essential oils (KLO2 and KLT2), the number of L. monocytogenes was below the detection threshold on day 14 of ripening, with a stronger effect of oregano. In groups with 0.3% essential oil of oregano or thyme added, the number of L. monocytogenes was reduced to below the detection threshold on day 21 of ripening. During the ripening, the aw and pH of all test groups of fermented sausages decreased. Experimental sausages with 0.3% thyme essential oil had acceptable smell and taste, while in other experimental groups, sausage smell and taste were very intense, uncharacteristic and unacceptable.

We report two cases of bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens in a region of central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The cases were detected in June 2017 and July 2018 from two small backyard farms. Routine clinical assessments, including physical examination and haematology, revealed lethargy, fever, anaemia, leukopenia and haemoglobinuria in the affected animals. Serum alterations included an elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and a decrease of serum phosphate or hypophosphatemia. Thrombocytopenia was detected in the first clinical case. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed intracytoplasmic protozoan parasites from the genus Babesia. Molecular screening of both animals confirmed the presence of Babesia divergens, the causative agent of bovine babesiosis. B. divergens DNA was also detected in two engorged female Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from these animals. In addition, Mycoplasma wenyonii DNA was identified by molecular screening in the animal examined in June 2017, and in I. ricinus ticks feeding on this animal. This study provides molecular confirmation of B. divergens as a cause of piroplasmosis in cattle in South-East Europe. The detection of M. wenyonii DNA ain I. ricinus also provides the first evidence of this bacterium in ticks in Europe.

This paper represents the first report on the presence of a cardiorespiratory nematodes in the gray wolf from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The heart and lungs with corresponding trachea from wolves that were legally hunted from 2009 to 2019 have been analysed by routine post mortem macroscopical examination. A total of 25 heart samples were examined for the presence of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum, while five lungs with trachea samples were examined for the presence of lung nematodes. There was no confirmed presence of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum, while the presence of species Eucoleus aerophilus was established in one case (20%). This study confirms that the gray wolf is a source of infection with Eucoleus aerophilus to other natural hosts.

Veterinary laboratories include laboratories dealing with veterinary diagnostics and foodsafety studies. These are laboratories that carry out diagnostic tests in veterinary medicine, regardingto bacteriological, serological, virological, parasitological, chemical, biochemical, physical,pathological and radiological tests. These laboratories are also engaged in testing food, feed anddrinking water, as well as tests in order to assess the microbiological purity of equipment, devices,appliances, working surfaces, work clothes and workers' hands in production and marketing infacilities and means of transport that come in contact with food, in which there is a risk of theoccurrence and spread of an infectious disease.The aim of the study is to determine the role and directions of the development of veterinarylaboratories in B&H in relation to the accreditation system. In this way, we are getting an insightinto the condition and significance of veterinary laboratories in food and animal health control inorder to protect the health of animals and humans.In Bosnia and Herzegovina, eight veterinary laboratories are accredited, three in Republic of Srpskaand five in Federation of B&H. All eight (100%) accredited test methods in the field of food testing,while six (75%) accredited test methods in the field of veterinary diagnostics.The participation of accredited veterinary laboratories in the total number of accredited laboratoriesfor food in the Republic of Srpska is 37.50%, in the Federation B&H it is 23.80%, while at the levelof B&H it is 27.60%. Accredited veterinary laboratories in B&H have accredited tests in 10 technicalsub-areas of food testing, and in seven sub-areas their participation in the total number of accreditedlaboratories for food in B&H amounts to 50% or more. The participation of accredited veterinarylaboratories in the microbiological examination of feed and surface swabs is 80%. Physico-chemicaltesting of feed, testing of residues and contaminants in food and testing of radionuclide activity infood and feeds in B&H are performed exclusively by accredited veterinary laboratories (100%).Accredited veterinary laboratories in B&H have accredited a total of 41 different test methods inseven technical sub-areas in the field of veterinary diagnostics. 30 different test methods wereaccredited in the RS (73.20%), while 31 test methods (75.60%) were accredited in the Federation ofB&H. In accredited veterinary laboratories in B&H, test methods for the diagnosis of the causitiveagents of 25 different animal diseases were accredited, of which 19 in the Republic of Srpska(63,30%), and 20 in the Federation of B&H (66,70%). The technical sub-area of serological testingwas accredited by all accredited veterinary laboratories, and the participation of serological testingmethods in the total number of accredited test methods in the field of veterinary diagnostics in theRepublic of Srpska is 53.30%, in the Federation of B&H 64.50%, and in B&H 53.70%.

The aim of this paper was to study distribution of the hepatic artery and portal vein of theportal system of the liver in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) and compare these data withthose concerning the rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and nutrias. The liver of the ground squirrel receivesthe oxygen and nutrients through blood from two large blood vessels: portal vein and hepatic artery(a. hepatica propria). The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three main venous bloodvessels: v. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, v. gastrolienalis and v. mesenterica cranialis. It collectsvenous blood from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and all of intestines except the rectum. The portalvein enters the porta hepatis on the liver together with the hepatic artery. Five venous branches ofdifferent size separate from the portal vein and ramify into the respective liver lobes.Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins that start with the central veins. Three large hepaticveins and two venous trunks drain lobes of the liver and enter the caudal vena cava as it passesthrough the liver.A. hepatica propria supplies the liver and gallbladder with oxygenated blood. It raises from thehepatic artery (a. hepatica) wich is the third branch of the celiac artery. A. hepatica propria in theportal fissure is divided into two branches, of which the left branch brings arterial blood to the lefthepatic lobe, and the right branch brings it into other liver lobes.

Some intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats show zoonotic potential, and therefore theyare of public-health significance. In the territory of the city of Banja Luka, 149 samples wereexamined (131 of dogs and 18 cats), with 40 samples of dog feces collected from two public areasin the city. Parasitological examination (saturated zinc sulfate floatation and determination of larvaeand adult parasites in feces) resulted in the following data: Toxocara canis (9.16%),Ancylostomatidae (5.34%), Trichuris vulpis (7.63%), Toxascaris leonina (1.52%), Toxocara cati(33.3%), Trichuris spp. (5.5%) and Hydatigera taeniaeformis (5.5%). On the basis of the obtainedresults we can conclude that the intestinal nematodes are more widespread than is generallyassumed and therefore represent a health problem for dogs and cats in the territory of Banja Luka.

Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita distribucija arterije i portalne vene portalnog sistema jetre tekunice (Spermophilus citellus) i dobijeni podaci uporede sa onima kod pacova, kunića, zamorčeta i nutrije. Jetra tekunice prima kiseonik i hranljive materije preko krvi iz dva velika krvna suda: portalne vene (v. portae) i jetrene arterije (a. hepatica propria). Portalna vena nastaje iz sliva tri glavne vene: v. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, v. gastrolienalis i v. mesenterica cranialis. Portalna vena skuplja vensku krv iz želuca, pankreasa, slezine, svih creva osim pravog creva (rectum). Portalna vena ulazi u portalni žleb na jetri zajedno sa jetrenom arterijom. Pet venskih grana različitih veličina odvajaju se od portalne vene i granaju se u odgovarajuće režnjeve jetre. Krv iz jetre odvode jetrene vene koje počinju sa centralnim venama u jetri. Tri velike jetrene vene i dva venska stabla odvode krv iz svih režnjeva jetre u kaudalnu šuplju venu u toku njenog prolaska kroz jetru. A. hepatica propria snabdeva jetru i žučnu kesu oksigenisanom krvlju. A. hepatica propria izlazi iz jetrene arterije (a. hepatica), koja je treća grana celijačne arterije. U portalnom žlebu, a. hepatica propria se deli u dve grane, od kojih leva grana dovodi arterijsku krv u levi režanj jetre, a desna grana u ostale režnjeve jetre. The aim of this paper was to study distribution of the hepatic artery and portal vein of the portal system of the liver in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) and compare these data with those concerning the rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and nutrias. The liver of the ground squirrel receives the oxygen and nutrients through blood from two large blood vessels: portal vein and hepatic artery (a. hepatica propria). The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three main venous blood vessels: v. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, v. gastrolienalis and v. mesenterica cranialis. It collects venous blood from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and all of intestines except the rectum. The portal vein enters the porta hepatis on the liver together with the hepatic artery. Five venous branches of different size separate from the portal vein and ramify into the respective liver lobes. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins that start with the central veins. Three large hepatic veins and two venous trunks drain lobes of the liver and enter the caudal vena cava as it passes through the liver. A. hepatica propria supplies the liver and gallbladder with oxygenated blood. It raises from the hepatic artery (a. hepatica) wich is the third branch of the celiac artery. A. hepatica propria in the portal fissure is divided into two branches, of which the left branch brings arterial blood to the left hepatic lobe, and the right branch brings it into other liver lobes.

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) and Angiostrongylus chabaudi (Biocca, 1957) are important cardiopulmonary metastrongyloids in felids. This case report describes, for the first time, a natural and patent mixed infection caused by A. abstrusus and A. chabaudi in a European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most important, this is a rare report of fatal parasitism in wildlife, involving a severe verminous bronchopneumonia and gastrointestinal nematode and cestode infection with Toxocara cati, Taenia taeniaeformis, Aonchotheca putorii, and Ancylostoma spp. Emphasis is set to detailed description of granulomatous, interstitial verminous bronchopneumonia, morphological description of A. abstrusus and A. chabaudi, and molecular confirmation of diagnosis by triplex PCR. The data provided in this study contribute to the knowledge on the epizootiology and pathological effect of these neglected metastrongyloids in European wildcat.

Accreditation refers to the formal recognition that a confirmity assessmentbody (laboratory) is competent to conduct confirmity assessment activities accordingto internationally accepted rules. The accreditation of conformity assessment bodiesin Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is implemented by the Institute for Accreditationof B&H (BATA). Accreditation provides confidence in the laboratory test results.Veterinary laboratories for diagnostic testing refer to laboratories for testingmaterials of animal origin.The aim of the study is to determine the capacity of accredited diagnostic veterinarylaboratories for diagnotic testing in B&H in relation to the field of examination orthe scope of accreditation.This enables a clear insight into the capacity of diagnostic veterinary laboratoriesto respond to animal health control requirements in order to protect animal andhuman health.During 2017, six diagnostic veterinary laboratories were accredited in Bosnia andHerzegovina, three in Republika Srpska and three in the Federation of B&H.Of the seven accredited fields of testing in B&H, laboratories in Rebublika Srpskaaccredited all seven fields (100%), while laboratories in the Federation of B&Haccredited six fields (85.70%). The veterinary laboratories for diagnostic testing inB&H accredited a total of 42 different test methods. In the RS 30 test methods wereaccredited (71.40%), while in the Federation of B&H there are 31 accredited testmethods (81.60%).When it comes to various fields of veterinary diagnostic tests, B&H has thecapacity concerning accredited laboratories to respond to the reqirements , capacitiesof particular significance are those for serological (100% accredited laboratories),bacteriological (66.70% of accredited laboratories) and parasitological tests (50% ofaccredited laboratories). In relation to the total number of test methods regardingtype of animals, the most test method are accredited for diagnosis of cattle diseases(in the RS 36.70%, in the FB&H 38.70%, and at the B&H level 33.30%), they arefollowed by the methods for diagnosis of sheep and goat diseases and bird diseases.

Rad se bavi sistemima za praćenje i zaštitu divljih životinja u njihovim prirodnim okruženjima, te primenom navedenih tehnologija i rešenja u zaštićenim rezervatima prirode. Rad razmatra razloge i mogućnost i primene navedenih tehničkih rešenja, posebno u smislu zaštite vrsta sa crvene liste ugroženih vrsta. U ovom smislu rad razmatra i tehnološka rešenja te mogućnosti njihove primene kroz IoT radni okvir, koncept Interneta životinja, te primene navedenih tehnologija kroz različite poslovne i istraživačke modele. Konačno, rad daje primere rešenja kako sa stanovišta neophodne infrastrukture (serveri, skladište, internet, ogrlice za životinje, stacionarne kamere i dronovi), tako i sa stanovišta obrade podataka i pravnog okvira za primenu navedenih rešenja. The paper deals with systems for monitoring and protection of wild animals in their natural environments and the use IoT technologies and solutions in protected nature reserves. The paper also examines the reasons and possibilities for implementing the above mentioned technical solutions, especially in terms of protecting species from the red list of endangered species. In this sense, the paper also discusses technological solutions and the possibilities of applying IoT working framework, the concept of the Internet of animals, and the application of these technologies through various business and research models. Finally, the paper provides examples of solutions from the point of view of the necessary infrastructure (servers, storage, internet, animal necklaces, stationary cameras and drones), as well as from the point of view of data processing and the legal framework for the application of these solutions.

Accreditation refers to the formal recognition that a conformityassessment body (laboratory) is competent to conduct conformity assessmentactivities according to internationally accepted rules. The accreditation ofconformity assessment bodies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is implemented bythe Institute for Accreditation of B&H (BATA). Accreditation provides confidence inthe laboratory test results and it is carried out according to the standard BAS EN ISO/ IEC 17025: 2006. Test laboratories for food in a wider sense include laboratoriesdealing with food, animal feed, drinking and swabs. The aim of the test is to determinethe capacities of accredited test laboratories for food in B&H in relation to the fieldof examination or the field of accreditation. This enables a clear insight into thereadiness of test food labs to respond to food control requirements in order to protectthe health of animals and humans. During 2017, 29 food laboratories were accreditedin Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8 in Republika Srpska, and 21 in the Federation ofB&H. Out of 13 accredited testing areas in B&H, laboratories in Republika Srpskaaccredited 10 fields (76.90%), while laboratories in the Federation of B&H accredited13 areas (100%). When it comes to different food testing fields, B&H has capacities inthe form of accredited laboratories to respond to these requirements, and especiallyimportant capacities are those for physicochemical food and water testing andmicrobiological food testing (over 55% of accredited laboratories). They are followedby microbiological testings of animal feed and water and toxicological testing ofresidues and contaminants in food (over 30% of accredited laboratories).

Česti su slučajevi krivolova u kojima je potrebno na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika kostiju utvrditi kojoj životinjskoj vrsti pripadaju. Metodom komparacije obavljena je forenzička analiza osteoloških karakteristika kostiju srne i ovce. Za ispitivanje uporednih karakteristika potkolenih kostiju (Ossa cruris) upotrebljeno je 6 potkolenih kostiju od srne i 8 od ovce. Kada je sa kostiju skinuta koža, mišići, arterijski, venski i limfni sudovi, nervi, one se termički obrađuju u autoklavu. Posle kuvanja, kosti su stavljene u 3% rastvor vodonik peroksida (H2O2) radi beljenja i odmašćivanja. Sušene su prirodnim putem na vazduhu, a zatim su fotografisane. Golenjača (Tibia) kod srne je duža u odnosu na ovcu. Lisnjača (Fibula) kod mladih srna je slabo razvijena, kod starijih predstavlja tanku izduženu koščicu, dok je kod ovce zakržljala. Na proksimalnom delu golenjače obe zglobne kvrge (Condylus lateralis et condylus medialis) kod ovce su veće, masivnije i bolje razvijene nego kod srne. Incisura poplitea kod srne je široka i plitka, a kod ovce široka i duboka. Kod ovce, Eminentia intercondylaris je više uzdignuta i strma, a Tuberculum intercondylare laterale et mediale su bolje razvijeni i masivniji. Margo cranialis kod ovce je duži. Tuberositas tibiae kod srne je duži i uži, dok je kod ovce kraći i širi. Sulcus extensorius kod srne je širi i plići, a kod ovce je uži i dublji. Morfološke razlike u distalnom delu golenjače (Cochlea tibiae) kod srne i ovce skoro i ne postoje. Ilegal hunting cases, when it is needed to determine animal species on the basis of only morphological characteristics of animals are very frequent. Forensic analysis of roe deer and sheep osteological features was performed by the method of comparison. For the purpose of investigating comparative characteristics of leg skeleton (Skeleton cruris), bones of 6 roe deer and bones of 6 sheep were used. After the skin, muscles, arterial, venous and lymphatic vessels as well as nerves were removed from the bones, they were boiled. Subsequently, bones were placed in 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for bleaching and degreasing. At the end, they were air dried and finally, photographed. The tibia (Tibia) of roe deer is longer compared to the same bone in sheep. The fibula (Fibula) in young roe deer is less developed, but in adult animals it is a thin and elongated bone, while in sheep it is completely reduced. At the proximal end of tibia both condyles (Condylus lateralis et Condylus medialis) in sheep are larger, more massive and better developed than in roe deer. The popliteal notch (Incisura poplitea) in roe deer is wide and shallow, and in sheep wide and deep. The intercondylar eminence (Eminentia intercondylaris) in sheep is elevated and steep, but lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles (Tuberculum intercondylare laterale et mediale) are more developed and more massive in comparison to roe deer. The cranial border of the tibia (Margo cranialis) in sheep is longer than in roe deer. The tibial tuberosity (Tuberositas tibiae) of roe deer tibia is longer and narrower, while in sheep it is shorter and wider. The extensor groove (Sulcus extensorius) in roe deer is wider and shallower, and in sheep is narrower and deeper. Morphological differences in the distal end of the tibia (Cochlea tibiae) in roe deer and sheep almost don’t exist.

10 páginas, 2 tablas., This research is aimed at determining the impact of supplementing extensively reared lambs with a limited amount of flax seed enriched-concentrate on the fatty acid profile of the lamb meat (omental fat depot). A total of 96 60-day old Pramenka breed lambs (23.85±3.98 kg live body weight; 60±10 days of age; 42 males and 54 females) raised on pasture with their dams were randomly divided in three experimental groups: control (CON) or extensive rearing group, which did not receive any supplementary feed; concentrate (CC) group, receiving 300 g of a conventional commercial concentrate feed per animal daily, and concentrate-flax seed (CC-FS) group, receiving 300 g/day of the concentrate supplemented with 5% of flax seed. After 60 days of experimental period, 10 lambs were selected (5 males and 5 females) from each group and slaughtered. Omental fat samples were taken and analyzed to determine their fatty acid profile. Significant (P>0.05) differences in the fatty acid profile between CON and CC groups were small. However, enrichment of the concentrate with 5% flax seed increased the percentages of PUFA and n-3 PUFA when compared to both CON and CC groups and thus slightly improved the nutritional characteristics of the omental fat. The effect of sex on the fatty acid profile was only observed for C20:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 (P < 0.05).

The ripening process of fermented sausages is affected by diameter and type of sausage casings, and depends on changes in the microflora, important from hygienic and technological aspects. The aim of this study was to compare the bacteriological status sausages which were stuffed in artificial collagen sausage casings of different diameters (35 mm and 60 mm) during ripening and drying. The sausage stuffing was the same, as was the uncontrolled ripening conditions. In bigger diameter sausages, significantly higher average total bacterial count, enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts were found than in smaller diameter sausages.

Karakachan sheep represents an endangered, indigenous sheep breed from Balkan Peninsula. There is relatively little information about the characteristics of this sheep breed in the veterinary scientific literature. The aim of this research was an examination of certain metabolic profile parameters of the Karakachan sheep blood serum, and variability of their concentrations in comparison to age and some other indigenous sheep breeds from Balkans. Examination was conducted on 14 clinically healthy sheep divided in two age groups. Blood samples were collected by puncture of v. jugularis and blood serum was separated after spontaneous coagulation. The concentrations of total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and γ- glutamyl transferase (GGT) were determined. In relation to age of Karakachan sheep, statistically significant difference between the calculated mean values of examined parameters was not observed. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean concentrations of the studied parameters in Karakachan sheep and other breeds in total protein (Tsigai, Dubrovnik and Dalmatian sheep), albumin (Dalmatian), calcium and inorganic phosphorus (Tsigai, Dubrovnik) and AST's (Dalmatian, Karakachan sheep from Bulgaria). Karakačanska ovca je ugrožena autohtona rasa ovaca sa Balkanskog poluostrva, o čijim rasnim karakteristikama postoji relativno malo podataka. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se u uzorcima krvnog seruma ispitaju određeni biohemijski parametri karakačanske ovce i ustanove odstupanja njihovih vrednosti u odnosu na starost karakačanske ovce, kao i u odnosu na vrednosti istih parametara kod drugih autohtonih rasa ovaca Balkana. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 14 klinički zdravih ovaca podeljenih u dve starosne grupe. Uzorci krvi uzimani su punkcijom v. jugularis iz kojih je, nakon spontane koagulacije i centrifugovanja, izdvojen krvni serum. Određivane su koncentracije ukupnih proteina, albumina, kalcijuma, neorganskog fosfora, aspartat amino transferaze (AST) i γ-glutamil transferaze (GGT). U odnosu na starost karakačanske ovce, nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika između izračunatih srednjih vrednosti ispitivanih parametara. Statistički značajna razlika je ustanovljena između srednjih vrednosti koncentracija ispitivanih parametara karakačanske ovce i drugih rasa za: ukupne proteine (cigaja, dubrovačka i dalmatinska ovca), albumin (dalmatinska), kalcijum i neorganski P (cigaja i dubrovačka) i aktivnosti AST-a (dalmatinska, karakačanska ovca iz Bugarske).

Production and catch of fish in Serbia increases from year to year, while in the world it reached its peak at the beginning of this century. Serbia has all the favorable natural and economic conditions for further development of fishing. Out of total production, that is, annual fish catch in Serbia, the greatest part is sold by organized purchase, lower part is exported, and the reminder goes to the market through retail. It is well known that food consumption, therefore fish consumption, depends on several factors such as the production level, retail price, consumers purchasing power and their eating habits. Therefore, when analyzing the tendency of production and consumption of fish in Serbia, it is important to investigate the influence of production, price and purchasing power of consumers on it. In order to investigate the set objective, there were used corresponding quantitative data obtained by Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. On the basis of the original data, there were determined certain parameters, which were used as variables for calculation of correlational-regressive and maginal analysis for determining the elasticity of demand and consummation of fish per capita in Serbia. Production and catch of fish in Serbia tended to increase during the observed period, with annual growth rate of 17.4%. Beside the fact that annual growth rate is 4.8%, fish consumption per capita in Serbia is still quite small (X=4.89kg), what is a consequence of population habit to consume predominantly meat. In our study we have found out that fish consumption in Serbia mostly depend on fish production per capita (rxy=0.6364), as well as on groos (rxy=0.6045) and net (rxy=0.5969) earnings. Also, it is determined that consumption elasticity has the highest growth in regard to fish production per capita. Proizvodnja i ulov ribe u Srbiji raste iz godine u godinu, dok je u svetu dostigao svoj maksimum početkom ovog veka. Srbija ima povoljne prirodne i privredne uslove za dalji razvoj domaćeg ribarstva. Od ukupne proizvodnje odnosno godišnjeg ulova ribe u Srbiji najveći deo se organizovano otkupi, manji deo se izveze, a ostalo ide u promet putem maloprodaje na pijacama. Poznato je da potrošnja namirnica za ishranu ljudi, pa time i ribe, zavisi od nivoa proizvodnje, maloprodajne cene, kupovne moći potrošača i navika potrošača. Stoga, prilikom analiziranja tendencije kretanja proizvodnje i potrošnje ribe u Srbiji, veoma je značajno ispitati uticaj proizvodnje, cena i kupovne moći potrošača na potrošnju ribe u našoj zemlji. Za ispitivanje postavljenog cilja korišćeni su odgovarajući kvantitativni podaci koje vodi Statistički zavod Srbije. Na osnovu izvornih podataka utvrđeni su određeni parametri koji su poslužili kao varijable za izračunavanje korelaciono-regresione i marginalne analize za utvrđivanje elasticiteta tražnje i potrošnje ribe po stanovniku u Srbiji. Proizvodnja i ulov ribe u Srbiji beleži tendenciju rasta tokom posmatranog perioda sa godišnjom stopom rasta od 17,4%. Pored toga što ima godišnju stopu rasta od 4,8%, potrošnje ribe po stanovniku u našoj zemlji je dosta mala (X=4,89kg) i posledica je navike potrošača da više troše meso domaćih životinja. U našim istraživanjima utvrdili smo da potrošnja ribe u Srbiji u najvećoj meri zavisi od proizvodnje ribe po stanovniku (rxy=0,6364), kao i od bruto (rxy= 0,6045) i neto zarada (rxy=0,5969), a ujedno je utvrđeno da elastičnost potrošnje najveći rast ima u odnosu na proizvodnju ribe po stanovniku.

The Balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus Trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. The high prevalence of these zoonotic pathogens in animals linked with the food habits to consume raw meat and meat derived products resulted in a very high prevalence of trichinellosis in humans living in this European region. In spite of numerous epidemiological investigations carried out in this region, very few information is available on the Trichinella species circulating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trichinella spp. larvae were isolated from a domestic pig reared in a backyard and from a hunted wild boar whose meat had been the source of trichinellosis in one case. Both Trichinella pseudospiralis and T. spiralis have been identified in the domestic pig, whereas, T. britovi was detected in the wild boar. While, T. spiralis is the Trichinella species most frequently detected in domestic pigs, T. pseudospiralis has been previously documented in domestic pigs only three times in Russia, Slovakia and Croatia. The detection of T. britovi in the wild boar confirms that this nematode is the most frequent species circulating among wildlife of Europe.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of treatment with a single injection of GnRH and PGF2α on estrous response, fertility and service period. A total of 120 lactating Simmental cows were divided into four groups of 30 cows each: group PGF2α 40 was treated on the 40th day post partum with a single injection of 2 mL prostaglandin analogue (Estrumate), group PGF2α 50 was treated in the same way on the 50th day, group GnRH was treated on the 40th day post partum with a single injection of 2 mL GnRH analogue (Receptal), and the fourth group (control) was not hormonally treated. Fertility of cows was not significantly different (p>0.05). The difference in the estrous response and service-period between the control group and experimental groups was statistically significant (p lt 0.01). Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita uticaj tretmana sa PGF2α i GnRH na estrusno reagovanje, fertilitet i trajanje servis-perioda krava simentalske rase u laktaciji. Ukupno 120 krava bilo je podijeljeno u četiri grupe po 30 krava: prva grupa (PGF2α 40) je tretirana 40 dana post partum sa jednom injekcijom 2 ml analoga prostaglandina (Estrumate), dok je druga grupa (PGF2α 50) tretirana na isti način 50 dana, treća grupa (GnRH) tretirana je 40 dana post partum sa jednom injekcijom 2ml GnRH analoga (Receptal), a četvrta grupa nije hormonalno tretirana. Fertilitet krava nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između grupa (p>0.05), dok je kod estrusnog reagovanja krava i dužine trajanja servis-perioda između oglednih grupa i kontrolne grupe ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0.01).

Classical swine fever (CSF) has been present in Serbia for a long period of time as an endemic disease, and it occurs with lesser or greater intensity from year to year. Since it is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs, the outbreaks of the disease causes severe consequences for animal welfare, livestock production and economic losses to the national economies in countries where it occurs. Therefore, CSF has a great epizootiological and economic importance to the swine production, primarily because of trade restrictions for live pigs and pork products. CSF eradication and control programmes are generally based on vaccination strategies in countries with endemic occurrence of CSF or non-vaccination policies in countries which successfully eradicated or are free of CSF. Whatever the general eradication strategy is in place, in the case of an outbreak of CSF the stamping-out method is used for suppression and eradication of the disease, with strict implementation of specific veterinary-sanitary measures in the infected and surveillance zones, clearly defined by legal provisions. In the period before 2006, there were certain regions in Serbia where CSF occurred almost every year, including regions where pig farming was not the primary branch of animal husbandry. Pig identification and implementation of vaccination, as well as the control of trade of pigs from infected areas to other parts of the country were not very successful. Due to the serious losses inflicted by the disease, a new Programme of CSF control was adopted in 2006, which inter alia included the obligatory identification of pigs, registration of pig holdings and free of charge vaccination of all susceptible animals in the country, as well as the implementation of other statutory measures, including obligatory evidence of veterinary activities in the national Veterinary information system. The results obtained in the period after the implementation of the Programme of CSF control (2007, 2008 and 2009) indicate a positive impact on the reduction of outbreaks of CSF, as well as on the reduction of prevalence (p lt 0.001). Also, the effectiveness of vaccination of pigs in 2007 compared to the period before and after the implementation of the Programme was the highest (97.78%), as well as the costs of its implementation. Klasična kuga svinja (KKS) je prisutna u Srbiji prisutna duži vremenski period i sa manjim ili većim intenzitetom javlja se iz godine u godinu. Kako je u pitanju infektivna bolest svinja, a polazeći od karaktera njenog širenja sama pojava bolesti nanosi velike ekonomske štete za privredu svake zemlje. Stoga KKS ima veliki epizootiološki i ekonomski značaj za svinjarsku proizvodnju, a pre svega za stvaranje nesmetane mogućnosti odvijanja prometa svinja i proizvoda od svinjskog mesa. Program kontrole KKS se može izvoditi vakcinacijom ili biti bez nje. Kod pojave bolesti se i u jednom i drugom slučaju za suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje primenjuje metod 'stamping-out', i sprovode se određene veterinarsko-sanitarne mere u zaraženom i ugroženom dvorištu koje su decidno definisane zakonskim propisima. U proteklom periodu u Srbiji su postojali određeni regioni gde se KKS javljala skoro svake godine, a naročito je bila zabrinjavajuća pojava širenja bolesti u regione gde svinjarstvo nije primarna grana stočarstva. Kontrola prometa svinja iz zaraženih područja u druge delove zemlje bila je na niskom nivou. Zbog ozbiljnih gubitaka koje je nanosila pojava bolesti, donet je novi Program kontrole KKS koji između ostalog podrazumeva obavezno obeležavanje svinja i besplatnu vakcinaciju svih prijemčivih životinja u zemlji, kao i sprovođenje drugih zakonom propisanih mera. Dobijeni rezultati u periodu posle sprovođenja Programa kontrole KKS (2008. i 2009. godine) ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj ovih mera na smanjenje pojave žarišta KKS, kao i na smanjenje prevalance (p lt 0,001). Takođe, efikasnost sprovođenja vakcinacije svinja bila je najveća (97,78%) u 2007. godini, u odnosu na period pre i posle sprovođenja Programa.

Trichinellosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by a parasite from the Trichinellidae family and Trichinella genus. Humans get infected by consuming infected and inadequately thermally treated meat from domestic or wild animals containing cocooned infective larvae of T. spiralis. Aside from health problems caused by trichinellosis as a zoonosis, there is no doubt that it represents a serious economic problem for swine meat producers. The research in this paper has been performed in Serbia, in a region which is located at the confluence of two large rivers, and it is the geographical location which makes it an endemic area for the presence of T. spiralis. Epidemiological data pertains to the period of 1995-2003, but also to the period 2003-2009, when the implementation of the program for control and eradication of trichinellosis was complete. The diagnostic testing of cadavers of slaughtered swine for the presence of T. spiralis in the period of 1995-2003 included 41.04% of the slaughtered swine, out of which 0.4281% were positive, and the amount of economic loss was 95301000 dinars or about one million EUR. The infection was confirmed in 432 patients during the research period. The preparation of the program for the control and eradication of trichinellosis has been made in accordance with applicable laws and technological standards, with a clear determination of input and output using a cost-benefit analysis. The effects of its application show a reduction in the number of swine which are positive for the presence of T. spiralis by a factor of three times (p lt 0.01), and the present net value (PNV) and the benefit/cost ratio (B/C) show economic and epidemiological justification. Trihineloza je zajedničko oboljenje ljudi i životinja koje izaziva parazit koji pripada familiji Trichinellidae i rodu Trichinella. Čovek se zarazi tako što konzumira zaraženo, nedovoljno termički obrađeno meso domaćih i divljih životinja u kojima se nalazi učaurena infektivna larva T. spiralis. Pored zdravstvenih problema koje izaziva trihineloza kao zoonoza, nesumljivo je da ona predstavlja i ozbiljan ekonomski problem za proizvođača svinjskog mesa. Ova istraživanja su izvršena u Srbiji na teritoriji jednog regiona koji se nalazi u slivu dve velike reke, i zbog takvog geografskog položaja predstavlja endemsko područje za prisustvo T. spiralis. Epidemiološki podaci se odnose na period 1995-2003. godine, kao i na period 2003- 2009. godine kada je izvršena implementacija programa kontrole i eradikacije trihineloze. Dijagnostičkim ispitivanjem trupova zaklanih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis u periodu 1995-2003. godina obuhvaćeno je 41.04% zaklanih svinja od čega je bilo 0.4281% pozitivnih svinja, a visina ekonomskih gubitaka iznosila je 95 301 000 dinara ili oko milion EUR-a. U toku posmatranog perioda obolele su 432 osobe. Izrada programa za kontrolu i eradikaciju trihineloze izvršena je na osnovu važećih zakona i tehnoloških standarda, uz jasnu determinaciju 'inputa' i 'outputa' pomoću 'cost-benefit' analize. Efekti njegove primene pokazuju smanjenje broja pozitivnih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis za tri puta (p lt 0,01), a neto sadašnja vrednost (PNV) i odnos koristi i troškova (B/C) pokazuju ekonomsku i epidemiološku opravdanost.

A prerequisite to the development of an efficient animal health, food safety and traceability management system in the animal food production chain is the implementation of an integrated veterinary informational management system (VIMS) capable for the capture, storage, analysis and retrieval of data and providing the opportunity for the cumulative gathering of the knowledge and capability for its competent interpretation. Such a system will enable collecting appropriate data, including quality management and inspection controls, from all establishments and commodities in the 'from farm to fork' food production chain (farms, holdings, slaughterhouses, laboratories, traders etc.) in a structured, predefined format, and facilitate competent analyses and reporting of such data, as well as the improvement of the existing programs and strategies. The role of information system in animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and notification, control of national and international trade of commodities, food safety management, investigation of diseases, predictive microbiology and quantitative risk assessment is of great importance for the quality of veterinary service. Integral part of the VIMS is animal disease notification system designed according to and in compliance with international requirements, standards and recommendation and able to exchange relevant information with similar information systems. The aim of this contribution is to describe national animal disease notification system which is in place in Serbia as a part of VIMS. Preduslov za uspostavljanje efikasnog sistema menadžmenta zdravstvene zaštite životinja, bezbednosti hrane i sledljivosti u lancu proizvodnje hrane je uvođenje integrisanog veterinarskog informacionog menadžment sistema (VIMS) razvijenog na takav način da omogući prikupljanje, čuvanje, analizu i povlačenje podataka i obezbedi kumulativno skupljanje saznanja i njihovu stručnu interpretaciju. Takav sistem će omogućiti prikupljanje podataka, uključujući one iz upravljanja kvalitetom i u okviru inspekcijskih kontrola, od svih objekata u sistemu proizvodnje hrane 'od farme do viljuške' (farme, gazdinstva, klanice, laboratorije, lica koja se bave prometom i dr.) u strukturirano, unapred definisanom obliku, i obezbediti kompetentnu analizu takvih podataka kao i unapređenje postojećih programa i strategija. Uloga informacionih sistema u dijagnostici, nadzoru i prijavljivanju zaraznih bolesti, kontroli unutrašnjeg i međunarodnog prometa, upravljanju bezbednošću hrane, istraživanju žarišta zaraznih bolesti, prediktivnoj mikrobiologiji i kvantitativnoj analizi rizika je od izuzetnog značaja za kvalitet veterinarske službe. Sastavni deo VIMS-a je sistem za prijavljivanje zaraznih bolesti dizajniran prema i u saglasnosti sa međunarodnim zahtevima, standardima i preporukama i osposobljen da vrši razmenu određenih podatka sa sličnim informacionim sistemima. Cilj ovog rada je da se opiše nacionalni sistem za prijavljivanje zaraznih bolesti koji je u Srbiji u primeni kao deo VIMS-a.