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The European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), is an important grapevine pest in all grape production regions. Due to its hidden way of life, knowing which vine parts to sample when monitoring is important for early infestation detection. Within-plant distribution of this pest was studied throughout the whole vegetative season, in a three-year field trial carried out in Neštin, Serbia. Grapevine trunk and cane were each divided in three equal sections. Reference point was the merging spot of trunk and cane. Canopy was divided in nine equal quadrants. The number of P. corni individuals in each part was estimated. It was recorded that P. corni adult females and nymphs prefer certain grapevine parts for their settlement. A significant difference between the number of adult females recorded on different grapevine woody parts was observed, with the highest number recorded on the first third of cane. The nymphs, which infest canopy, were unevenly distributed. Their number was highest on the leaves nearby preferred adult female settlement spots (first third of cane) throughout the whole season. The number of adult females and nymphs showed a decreasing trend with the increase of distance from the reference point. The information gathered during this research can be useful for early detection and monitoring of P. corni infestations in the vineyards. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

During a study on soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and their natural enemies in Serbia, the parasitoid Coccophagus shillongensis Hayat and Singh 1989 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), a new species for Serbia, was recorded. Originates from India, from where it was incidentally introduced to Europe and first recorded for in Greece in 2017. Since then, there are no other data on this parasitoid. During our research in 2016–2018, the species was registered in the area of Belgrade at eight localities. It was eclosed from six species of soft scales, five of which were new hosts. In addition to adult females, it also parasitizes instar nymphs, which was not known until now. The finding of males of this species in Serbia represents the first record outside India.

During autumn 2018 and 2019, presence of numerous Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on cultivated and ornamental plants was recorded in Zemun area, both outdoors and indoors. Outdoors, larvae were registered on Solanum lycopersicum L., Capparis spinosa L., Amaryllis paradisicola Snijman, Hosta sp., Ipomea sp., Canna indica L., Convolvulus tricolor L., Achimenes erecta (Lam.) H. P. Fuchs and Pelargonium x domesticum. Indoors, larvae were registered on the following vegetables, Brassica oleracea L. and Capsicum annuum L., and on ornamental plants Kohleria eriantha (Benth.) Hanst, Pelargonium x domesticum and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. On infested plants, larvae mostly fed on leaves, rarely on flowers, causing perforation of the leaf surface and reduction of the photosynthetic area. In case of high infestation level, feeding of the larvae led to complete defoliation which resulted in decay of plants. Considering the fact that this particular species was fairly unknown to the public and had small populations until a few years ago, and due to the recent records of severe damages caused by larvae, it is necessary to point out the potential threat of this species represents in Serbia. Tokom jeseni 2018. i 2019. godine, na području Zemuna, na otvorenom polju i u zaštićenom prostoru, na većem broju gajenih i ukrasnih biljaka, utvrđeno je prisustvo brojnih gusenica Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Na otvorenom polju, od gajenih biljaka gusenice su naseljavale paradajz (Solanum lycopersicum L.), od začinskih, kapar (Capparis spinosa L.), a od ukrasnih, amarilis (Amaryllis paradisicola Snijman), hostu (Hosta sp.), ipomeu (Ipomea sp.), kanu (Canna indica L.), ladolež (Convolvulus tricolor L.), magični cvet (Achimenes erecta (Lam.) H. P. Fuchs) i muškatlu (Pelargonium x domesticum). U zaštićenom prostoru, registrovane su na gajenim biljkama kupusa (Brassica oleracea L.) i paprike (Capsicum annuum L.), kao i na ukrasnim biljkama kohlerije (Kohleria eriantha (Benth.) Hanst.), muškatle i ukrasnog hibiskusa (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.). Na napadnutim biljkama, gusenice su se hranile uglavnom listovima, ređe cvetovima, praveći manje ili veće izgrizine a pri jačem napadu su prouzrokovale golobrst, što je imalo za posledicu propadanje biljaka. Imajući u vidu da je ova vrsta u Srbiji do sada bila malobrojna i nepoznata široj javnosti a da su u skorije vreme ispoljena značajnija oštećenja na većem broju gajenih i ukrasnih biljaka, potrebno je ukazati na potencijalnu opasnost od ove štetočine u našoj zemlji.

Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799), the fig-tree skeletonizer moth, is a widespread species in the Mediterranean region, which has rapidly expanded its distribution area northwards and eastwards during the last 15 years. This paper reports the localities in Serbia where the C. nemorana was recorded during 2019-2020, literature data and own observations on its developmental stages, morphological characteristics, biology and symptoms of damage in the figs.

Virulence of commercial strains of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), Steinernema feltiae Filipjev and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae), were tested on young females of Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden, Partenolecanium corni (Bouché) and Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and a native strain of H. bacteriophora was tested on citricola scale, C. pseudomagnoliarum. The laboratory tests were carried out in small plastic Petri dishes with infective juveniles (IJ) applied on filter paper covering the bottom. Results showed that all EPN tested were virulent to all three soft scale insect species. Recorded mortality of insects at the highest concentration of approximately 50 IJ per cm2 exceeded 64% in all combinations of nematode and scale species tested. Within the same nematode concentration, scales’ mortality of 90% and above was recorded for P. corni with all nematode species, P. hydrangeae with S. carpocapsae (Nemastar) and C. pseudomagnoliarum with native H. bacteriophora strain. All scale species were good hosts for all nematode species. This is the first report of EPNs to parasitize soft scale insects and one of the few among Coccoidea. The level of parasitism recorded is promising for potential use in management of scale insects.

Small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is a Holarctic, oligophagous species developing on plants of the genera Picea and Abies (Pinaceae). It is a serious pest of Picea abies in Serbia, which causes drying and falling of needles, branches and even drying of entire plants. A study of the bionomy of Ph. hemicryphus was carried out at five locations in Serbia in 2016 and 2017. Ph. hemicryphus was found to develop one generation annually and to overwinter as second-instar larvae on spruce branches. Adults emerge at the beginning of April and oviposition takes place at the beginning of May. Larvae hatch in the second half of May; during summer they feed on spruce needles and moult into second-instar larvae in September. Scale populations are controlled by a number of natural enemies. Five species of parasitoid wasps were reared: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Metaphycus unicolor Hoffer, Microterys lunatus (Dalman), Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Pachyneuron muscarum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), as well as five predatory species: Anthribus nebulosus Forster (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Exochomus quadripustulatus L., Scymnus abietis Paykull, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The most efficient parasitoid of Ph. hemicryphus was P. testaceus, reducing scale populations up to 28.97%, while the most efficient predator was A. nebulosus with an efficacy of up to 51.72%. Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), mala smrčina štitasta vaš, je holarktička, oligofagna vrsta koja se razvija na biljkama iz rodova Picea i Abies (Pinaceae). Na napadnutim biljkama vaš obrazuje brojne kolonije prouzrokujući fiziološko slabljenje, sušenje i opadanje četina, grana, pa čak i cele biljke. Zbog obilnog lučenja medne rose, na koju se naseljavaju gljive čađavice, procesi fotosinteze i transpiracije su smanjeni, kao i estetska vrednost biljaka, zbog čega Ph. hemicryphus predstavlja značajnu štetočinu smrče. Proučavanje bionomije Ph. hemicryphus obavljeno je tokom 2016. i 2017. godine, na pet lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije. Utvrđeno je da Ph. hemicryphus razvija jednu generaciju godišnje i da prezimljava kao larva drugog stupnja na granama smrče. Imago se javlja početkom aprila, a ovipozicija je početkom maja. Larve se pile u drugoj polovini maja, tokom leta se hrane na četinama smrče, a u septembru obrazuju larve drugog stupnja koje prezimljavaju. Brojnost populacija ove štetočine reguliše veći broj prirodnih neprijatelja. Odgajeno je pet vrsta parazitoidnih osica: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Metaphycus unicolor Hoffer, Microterys lunatus (Dalman), Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) i Pachyneuron muscarum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), kao i pet vrsta predatora: Anthribus nebulosus Forster (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Exochomus quadripustulatus L., Scymnus abietis Paykull, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) i Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Najefikasniji parazitoid Ph. hemicryphus je P. testaceus, koji je redukovao brojnost populacija vaši do 28,97%, dok je najefikasniji predator A. nebulosus sa efikasnošću do 51,72%.

Stem weevils (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus and Ceutorhynchus napi) are significant pests of oilseed rape that farmers regularly suppress by insecticide treatments intended against Brassicogethes aeneus. Recent studies have shown that in some regions of northern Serbia C. napi is dominant, while C. pallidactylus prevails in others. Increased damage from stem weevils has elicited an exploration of the situation and a study of their phenology and effects of insecticides in three differently managed fields: conventional, organic and integrated. New findings regarding the phenology of stem weevils show that both species were sporadically present in our experimental oilseed rape fields as early as during autumn (from the end of October 2010, BBCH 17-18). The main period of stem weevil settlement is the end of winter and early spring. Maximum flight of both weevil species was recorded on March 23 at the beginning of oilseed rape (OSR) stem elongation (BBCH 22-25), and one week later in the organic field. There were no significant differences in the number of settled weevils among the three differently managed fields. The insecticide treatment against C. napi was applied two weeks earlier than the usual treatment against B. aeneus and C. pallidactylus. Thus, it is clear that insecticide treatment directed against B. aeneus and C. pallidactylus is not effective against C. napi. In this way, such a practice can contribute to an increase in OSR damage, and density of the next generation of C. napi. A new generation of C. pallidactylus emerged from OSR fields in June 2011, while the majority of C. napi emerged in March of the following year. Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus i Ceutorhynchus napi su značajne štetočine uljane repice koje farmeri redovnu suzbijaju insekticidnim tretmanom protiv Brassicogethes aeneus. Nedavne studije su pokazale da u nekim regionima na severu Srbije dominira C. napi, a u drugim regionima C. pallidactylus. Povećane štete od stablovih rilaša ukazale su na potrebu praćenja njihove fenologije, efekata insekticida i uticaj agrotehnike. Utvrđeno je po prvi put da je pojava ovih insekata (C. napi i C. pallidactylus) na poljima uljane repice već tokom jeseni, od kraja oktobra 2010 (BBCH 17-18). Glavni period kada oni naseljavaju uljanu repicu je tokom kraja zime i na početku proleća. Maksimalni let je zabeležen 23. marta, u vreme izduživanja stabla uljane repice (BBCH 22-25). U odnosu na primenjenu agrotehniku nije bilo značajnih razlika u broju insekata koji su doletali. Registrovan broj doletelih imaga C. napi bio je 2,7 puta veći nego C. pallidactylus. U skladu sa tim, insekticidni tretman je bio 25. marta 2011. Posledica dominacije C. napi je potreba za primenom insekticida oko 2 nedelje ranije u odnosu na termin kada se suzbijaju B. aeneus i C. pallidactilus. Stoga je jasno da konvencionalna jednokratna primena insekticida za suzbijanje B. aeneus nije efikasna protiv C. napi i da takva praksa doprinosi tako velikim razlikama u brojnosti ova dva rilaša. Nova generacija C. pallidactylus izleće već tokom juna meseca iz zemljišta sa uljanom repicom (BCH 76-88) dok glavnina imaga C. napi izleće naredne godine u martu mesecu.

Aonidia lauri (Bouche) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a serious pest of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) in urban parts of the City of Podgorica (Montenegro). Severe infestation causes chlorotic spots and necrotic rings around feeding spots, drying and dieback of leaves and buds. In addition, plants become physiologically weak and lose in aesthetic quality, while continuous infestation in urban areas often leads to partial or complete drying of plants. This study of the biology of A. lauri on L. nobilis was carried out at three locations in Podgorica ('Stara Varoš', 'Centar' and 'Preko Morače'), Montenegro, in 2010 and 2011. A. lauri developed three generations annually and overwintered on laurel leaves and branches as the second-instar nymph-larval stage. An extended period of larval development ensures a continuous presence of all development stages on plants, which leads to overlapping of generations. Sporadic predatory ladybirds, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), whose larvae and adults feed on scales, were detected inside A. lauri colonies. Aonidia lauri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) je na području Podgorice veoma opasna štetočina lovora (Laurus nobilis L.). Visok stepen infestacije biljaka izaziva pojavu hlorotičníh pega i nekrotičnih polja oko mesta ishrane, sušenja lišća i pupoljaka. Pored toga, biljke fiziološki slabe, gube estetsku vrednost, a kontinuirani napad u gradskim uslovima često dovodi do njihovog delimičnig ili potpunog sušenja. U više lokacija na teritoriji Podgorice, na uzorkovanim biljkama lovora intenzitet napada je ocenjen sa 4, odnosno svi delovi biljke su bili naseljeni brojnim jedinkama koje su formirale guste kolonije. Biologija i štetnost Aonidia lauri proučavana je u 2010. i 2011. godini, na L. nobilis. Utvrđeno je da vrsta ima tri generacije godišnje i da prezimljava u drugom larvenom stupnju na listovima i granama lovora. Imaga prve generacije registrovana su krajem marta i početkom aprila, druge generacije krajem juna i početkom jula i treće, tokom septembra. A. lauri je viviparna vrsta. Razvučen period pojave larvi obezbeđuje stalno prisustvo svih razvojnih stadijuma na biljkama, što dovodi do preklapanja generacija. U kolonijama A. lauri, registrovani su pojedinačni primerci predatorske bubamare Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coccinellidae) čiji su se larve i imaga hranili vašima.

The effects of insecticides that are commonly used for conventional and integrated oilseed rape (OSR) management on ground beetles were studied. Monitoring of harmful species showed that only insecticides intended against Ceutorhynchus napi should be applied. There were no differences in beetle numbers and phenology of settling of C. napi in the OSR fields that received different management practices. The type of OSR management has a primary and significant impact on ground beetles abundance. Early in the spring, ground beetles settled more massively on the non-tilled OSR field with abundant weed cover and mulch on soil surface. However, there were no significant differences in species richness between the OSR fields managed differently. A total of 22 species were recorded. Early in the spring, the granivorous ground beetles Amara aenea (47.3%) and Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%) were dominant. When insecticides were applied, immigration of ground beetles began, so that their adverse effect was minimal. In both management systems the number of ground beetles and their diversity increased after spraying. In conclusion, no significant harmful effects of the insecticides on ground beetles were detected in OSR fields managed in two different ways. Ispitivan je efekat insekticida u konvencionalnoj i integralnoj proizvodnji i zaštiti uljane repice. Monitoring štetnih vrsta je pokazao da se insekticidi moraju primeniti samo u suzbijanju Ceutorhynchus napi. Brojnost imaga i fenologija naseljavanja C. napi se nije razlikovala na različitim poljima uljane repice. Pokazalo se da način gajenja uljane repice ima primarni uticaj na brojnost karabida jer su se one u značajno različitom broju naselile na različito gajenim poljima uljane repice. Rano u proleće, karabide su u najvećem broju naselile neorano polje pokriveno korovima i malčom od slame. Međutim, nije bilo značajnih razlika u bogatstvu vrsta koje su naselile ova dva polja uljane repice. Ukupno je registrovano 22 vrste karabida. U rano proleće dominantne su granivorne vrste Amara aenea (47.3%) i Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%). U vreme kada su primenjeni insekticidi, počinjala je imigracija karabida tako da je njihova brojnost bila mala a stoga je i štetni efekat insekticida bio minimalan. Posle prskanja je došlo do porasta broja karabida i njihovog diverziteta na oba polja sa različitim načinom gajenja. Na osnovu toga se može zaključiti da nema značajnog štetnog delovanja insekticida na karabide kada se suzbija C. napi u poljima uljane repice u konvencionalnoj i integralnoj proizvodnji.

The cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodeschrysocephala (L.) is an important pest of winter oilseed rape in Serbia. Beetles colonize oilseed rape in early October and are active in the field until first frost and wintertime. In autumn, adults can be seen laying eggs in the soil around plants. Larvae of P. chrysocephala developed intensively on leaf petioles in November, reaching their highest numbers at the end of the month. No infested plants were found in a conventional field, while 14.5% of all dissected leaf petioles were infested on an integrated field. On unprotected plants in an organic field, 76.0% of the plants were infested with larvae at the growth-stage BBCH 18-19, with 31.1% infested leaves on average. As a results, the number of plants was reduced by 51%, i.e. from 43.0/m2 recorded in the autumn to 22.0/m2 in the following spring. A new generation of P. chrysocephala beetles emerged from the soil in the first half of June and rapidly escaped the fields from almost dry plants. Our results showed that a part of the population stayed in aestivation and emerged in the following crop during the next season. On the following 5 March, 0.5 beetles/m2 were found in emergence cages in the organic field, while 0.81 beetles/m2 were found in the former trap crop. Crvenoglavi buvač (Psylliodes chrysocephala (L.) je važna štetočina ozime uljane repice u Srbiji. Naseljava uljanu repicu početkom oktobra i aktivan je u polju sve do pojave mraza i zime. Tokom jeseni adulti se mogu videti kako polažu jaja u zemljište u blizini biljaka. Larve P. chrysocephala se tokom novembra intenzivno razvijaju u lisnim peteljkama i najviše ih ima krajem ovog meseca. Na netretiranim biljkama disekcijom je utvrdjeno 76.0 % napadnutih biljaka sa u proseku 31.1 % napadnutih listova u razvojnom stadijumu BBCH 18-19. Rezultat ovolikog napada je bilo smanjenje broja biljaka za 51%, od 43,0/m2 koliko ih je bilo u jesen na 22,0/m2 u proleće naredne godine. Nova generacija adulta P. chrysocephala izleće iz zemljišta tokom prve polovine juna i brzo napušta polje sa skoro suvim biljkama uljane repice. Naši rezultati su pokazali da deo populacije ostaje u dijapauzi i eklodira u narednom usevu tokom proleća naredne godine. Mi smo u fotoeklektor kavezima, koji su ostavljeni u polju i tokom naredne godine, 5. marta 2012. u organskom polju registrovali 0.5 imaga/m2, dok je u lovnom pojasu zabeleženo 0.81 imaga/m2.

Five parasitoid and five predator species were registered on four armored scale species in apple, pear, peach and plum orchards at 16 sites in Serbia. The armored scales found were: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti), Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) and Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). The parasitoid species detected were: Encarsia (=Prospaltella) perniciosi (Tow.), Encarsia (=Prospaltella) berlesei (How.), Aphytis proclia (Wal.), Aphytis mytilaspidis (Le Baron) and Coccobius testaceus (Masi), all of the Aphelinidae family. The most important endoparasitoids were: Encarsia perniciosi on D. perniciosus, Encarsia berlesei on P. pentagona and Coccobius testaceus on L. ulmi. Only one ectoparasitoid species, Aphytis mytilaspidis, was found on E. leperii, while Aphytis proclia was found as an ectoparasitoid on D. perniciosus, P. pentagona and L. ulmi. The predator species detected were: Chilocorus renipustulatus (Scriba), Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.), Cybocephalus fodori Endrody - Younga, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Deraeocoris ruber (L.). Cybocephalus fodori was for the first time found as a predator on E. leperii in Serbia. U periodu od 2007. do 2009. godine, u zasadima jabuke, kruške, breskve i šljive, u 16 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije, utvrđene su četiri vrste štitastih vašiju iz familije Diaspididae, i 10 vrsta njihovih prirodnih neprijatelja, među kojima je pet parazitoida i pet predatora. Vrste štitastih vašiju su: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti), Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) i Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). Od parazitoida, odgajeno je pet vrsta iz familije Aphelinidae: Encarsia (=Prospaltella) perniciosi (Tow.), Encarsia (=Prospaltella) berlesei (How.), Aphytis proclia (Wal.), Aphytis mytilaspidis (Le Baron) i Coccobius testaceus (Masi). Najznačajniji endoparazitoidi su Encarsia perniciosi na D. perniciosus, zatim Encarsia berlesei na P. pentagona, i Coccobius testaceus na L. ulmi. Aphytis mytilaspidis je ektoparazitoid na E. leperii, a Aphytis proclia ektoparazitoid na D. perniciosus, P. pentagona i L. ulmi. Tri vrste predatora su iz reda Coleoptera, od kojih su Chilocorus renipustulatus (Scriba) i Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) iz familije Coccinellidae, a Cybocephalus fodori Endrody - Younga iz familije Cybocephalidae. Iz reda Neuroptera utvrđena je Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (fam. Chrysopidae), a iz reda Hemiptera, Deraeocoris ruber (L.) iz familije Miridae. Cybocephalus fodori je prvi put registrovan u Srbiji kao predator E. leperii.

Our research of the genus Ceutorhynchus associated with oilseed rape was conducted in northern parts of Serbia (Stari Žednik, Subotica). A specific assemblage of eight weevil species was found. The most numerous were stem weevils Ceutorhynchus napi with 81% of all trapped specimens, followed by C. pallidactylus with 18%. The remaining six weevil specimens were C. obstrictus, C.erysimi, C. minutus, C. picitarsis, C. sulcicollis and C. typhae, comprising 1% of all trapped insects. Stem weevils C. napi and C. pallidactylus began to immigrate into the oilseed rape fields in autumn, as early as November 10 (BBCH 17-18). The maximum flight was recorded at the beginning of oilseed rape stem elongation (BBCH 22-25) on March 23. A new generation of C. pallidactylus emerged from oilseed rape fields in June (BBCH 76-88), while individual specimens occurred during the autumn. The majority of C. napi emerged in March next year, sporadically until May 7. As a consequence of C. napi dominance insecticide treatment should be performed earlier than usual, i.e. when C. pallidactilus is the primary target. Istraživanje rilaša roda Ceutorhynchus koji se nalaze na uljanoj repici je bilo na severu Srbije. Našli smo specifičan skup od osam vrsta rilaša koji se sastojao od dominantne vrste veliki repičin rilaš, Ceutorhynchus napi, koji je imao učešće od 81% od ukupno sakupljenih jedinki i od subdominantnog rilaša C. pallidactylus sa učešćem od 18%. Preostalih šest vrsta rilaša je sadržao 1% ukupnog broja i to su bile vrste: C. obstrictus, C. erysimi, C. minutus, C. picitarsis, C. sulcicollis i C. typhae. Obe najbrojnije vrste, C. napi and C. pallidactylus, su rilaši stabla uljane repice i počinju da naseljavaju repicu već u jesen, počevši od 10. novembra (BBCH 17-18). Maksimalni let je registrovan 23. marta na početku izduživanja stabla (BBCH 22-25). Nova generacija C. pallidactylus eklodira tokom juna sa polja uljane repice (BBCH 76-88), ali se pojedinačni primerci pojavljuju i tokom jeseni. Većina odraslih C. napi eklodira naredne godine u martu, a sporadično sve do 7. maja. Posledica dominantnosti C. napi je potreba ranije primene insekticida nego kada je C. pallidactillus glavna meta.

An experiment on three differently-managed agricultural fields in Ahlum, Germany, which aimed at establishing the impact of different management systems on the biodiversity of predators and decomposers, yielded a significant number of spiders parasitized by larvae of Trombidium brevimanum (Actinotrichida, Parasitengona, Trombidiidae). Spider data from the whole sampling period (September 2010-July 2012), indicated that ectoparasitic larvae were recorded only on spiders in pitfall traps in the period of June- July 2011. In this period, only eight species of Linyphiidae-out of 42 species assigned to nine spider families recorded from the study area-were parasitized by mites ; considerable levels of parasitism were recorded on Erigone atra, E. dentipalpis, and Oedothorax apicatus. The highest prevalence of parasitism was recorded on the organic field for E. atra (29 %), while on the integrated and conventional fields significantly fewer parasitized spiders were observed. The preferred attachment sites on the spider host were regions with softer cuticle, especially regions on the carapace and on the abdomen, adjacent to the pedicel.

The Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae Winn.) is an important pest in oilseed rape (Brasica napus L.). It develops two generations per year and overwinters in the larval stage in cocoons in soil. Immigration of the first generation adults lasted from the beginning of April until the end of May. Larvae developed in pods from mid-April to mid-June, causing pod deformation and cracking, which resulted in premature falling out of seeds and yield reduction. Pod damage amounted to 11.6%. The emergence of the second generation adults was detected at the end of May and in the first ten days of June. D. brassicae was found to lay eggs in healthy pods and no correlation was found with the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull. Mušica kupusne ljuske, D. brassicae (Winn.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), je značajna štetočina uljane repice (Brasica napus L.). Tokom 2011. godine, na uljanoj repici, na lokalitetu Stari Žednik, kao i 2011/12. godine, na ozimoj pšenici koja je u plodoredu sa uljanom repicom, praćena je biologija i štetnost ove vrste. U toku godine D. brassicae razvija dve generacije, a prezimljava kao larva u kokonu u zemljištu. Imigracija imaga prve generacije je dosta razvučena i traje od početka aprila do kraja maja. Dug period imigracije uslovio je prisustvo larvi u ljuskama od sredine aprila do sredine juna. Infestirane mahune se deformišu i pucaju, semenke ispadaju, što ima za posledicu smanjenje prinosa uljane repice. Oštećenost ljuski iznosi 11,6%. Eklozija imaga druge generacije je registrovana krajem maja i u prvoj dekadi juna. Tokom istraživanja utvrđeno je D. brassicae polaže jaja u zdrave mahune i da nema korelacije sa Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk.

During two years of research on the epigeic fauna in agroecosystems of northern Serbia, which was conducted as a part of SEE-ERA NET PLUS project no. 51, 5488 spider specimens were collected at three fields with oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera), turnip rape (Brassica rapa x chinensis) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) as subsequent crop at Stari Žednik (Vojvodina). A total of 62 species from 15 families were identified. Pardosa agrestis and Xysticus kochi were the dominant species in the studied fields. Spider families with significant presence were Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Gnaphosidae, Theridiidae and Philodromidae. Seven species are new to the spider fauna of Serbia. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173038]

Spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae, develops on the genus Picea. Large colonies of this species are constantly present on Picea abies in green areas in the Belgrade territory, causing the drying of needles, branches and whole plants. Therefore, Ph. piceae is a significant spruce pest. Spruce scales attract many entomophagous insects able to reduce pest population. Parasitoid wasps Coccophagus lycimnia (Walk) (Aphelinidae) and Microterys lunatus (Dalm.) (Encyrtidae) were reared. Predators Exochomus quadripustulatus L., Scymnus abietis Paykull (Coccinellidae) and Anthribus nebulosus Forster (Anthribidae) were determined. Both species of ladybird were confirmed as predators of Ph. piceae for the first time in Serbia, while S. abietis is a new species for the fauna of Serbia. The most effective natural enemy of Ph. piceae was A. nebulosus, reducing populations by 68-80%.