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Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), a forage crop unique in that it has high potential in terms of both yield and quality, has considerable capacity for animal production when grazed under management that is based on its growth and development. Two grazing experiments, using balanced change‐over designs, were set up to measure the ingestive behavior of beef heifers (Bos taurus) during the first, second, and third hours of grazing sessions on alfalfa pastures established on Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalfs). In Exp. I where the herbage mass, in terms of dry matter (DM), was 3.06 Mg ha−1and the herbage DM allowance was 6.1 kg h−1per heifer, animals ingested DM at 2.96, 1.88, and 1.56 kg h−1during their first, second, and third hours of grazing, respectively. The mean rates of biting were 26, 21, and 19 bites min−1for the same periods. Herbage DM intake per bite declined linearly from 1.96 to 1.54 to 1.36 g for each hour increment in grazing time. Forage utilization was 51, 32, and 27% for the same increments. In Exp. II where the herbage mass (DM) was 1.74 Mg ha−1and the allowance was 3.4 kg h−1, heifers ingested 2.35, 1.47, and 1.20 kg h−1during their first, second, and third hours of grazing, respectively. The mean rates of biting were 34, 22, and 18 bites min−1during the same periods within the grazing session. Herbage DM intake per bite averaged 1.17 g and did not vary within the grazing session. Forage utilization was 75, 47, and 37% during the three consecutive hours within the grazing session. Maximum rates of herbage intake were characterized by larger bites and relatively slow rates of biting. Rates of herbage intake were considerably higher during the first hour of grazing than during the second and third hours. In a 3‐h grazing session, animals consumed 47, 29, and 24% of their intake during the first, second, and third hours, respectively.

Introduction of legumes into grass‐dominant pastures often requires destruction or suppression of existing vegetation to minimize competition for light, soil water, and plant nutrients. Mefluidide (N‐[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐ [[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide) has been used as a growth retardant of cool‐season turf grasses but has not been evaluated as an aid to legume establishment in pasture renovation. Three field experiments conducted at the Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn., Lexington, Ky. in 1979 and 1980 examined responses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) to mefluidide [0.56 kg (a.i.)ha−1] applied in March and/or May under different levels of fertilization on a Maury silt loam (mixed, montmorillinitic, mesic Typic Paleudult). Mefluidide, applied 2 to 4 weeks after spring growth was initiated, reduced tiller weight, leaf weight/tiller, leaf area/tiller, and tiller populations. Mefluidide had no effect on the rate of leaf appearance and increased leaf/stem ratio from 1.38 to 2.34. Fertilizer N increased tiller populations, leaf dry weights, and leaf area/tiller. March applications of mefluidide reduced canopy leaf area index (LAI), but 65 days later LAI values of these plots were 50% higher than LAI's of untreated plots. Mefluidide application in May reduced LAI more severely than March applications and it did not lead to an increase in LAI later in the season. Application of N tended to offset the reduction of LA1 by mefluidide. Annual dry matter yields of tall fescue were reduced 12, 21, and 40% by March, May, and March plus May applications of mefluidide. Mefluidide broadcast in March reduced dry matter yields harvested on 7 May by 54%, but yield obtained at the next harvest was 23% higher than on untreated plots. Mefluidide applied in May reduced dry matter yields at the next harvest by 60% but subsequent yields were similar to those of untreated plots. At the third harvest on 1 August, dry matter yields of plots receiving 80 kg N haΨ1were 22, 27, and 49% higher when mefluidide was applied on 29 March, 15 May, or on both dates, respectively. While mefluidide suppressed grass growth for 6 to 8 weeks after application, subsequent stimulation of grass growth may increase competition from grasses. Fertilizer N stimulated grass growth even when treated with mefluidide, and would increase competitiveness of established species.

Dung-dwelling larvae of ectoparasites of livestock such as the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), may be exposed to =1 different alkaloid species in dung from animals ingesting herbage of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)—endophyte association (Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin comb. nov.). First-instar horn flies were exposed to bovine dung supplemented with up to 50 µM each of N-formyl loline and ergotamine tartrate in factorial combination. In the absence of ergotamine tartrate, N-formyl loline caused a linear decline in the number of pupae recovered, and probit analysis indicated an LC50 of 36 µM. In the absence of N-formyl loline, significant quadratic responses of larvae to ergotamine tartrate were established, and probit analysis indicated a LC50 of 34 µM. An interaction (P < 0.001) was found between the 2 alkaloids for larval survival. This interaction showed that ergotamine tartrate moderated the toxicity of N-formyl loline and indicates that a membrane-bound receptor may be involved. There was no evidence of carryover of effects of alkaloids on subsequent stages of development or expressed as abnormalities of pupae or adults. Interactions between alkaloids probably are involved in other plant-herbivore relationships of endophyte-infected grasses.