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Copyright of e-Education Research is the property of Northwest Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Prehospital and early in‐hospital use of low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) for life‐threatening bleeding has been independently associated with improved survival compared to component therapy. However, when RhD‐positive blood products are administered to RhD‐negative females of childbearing potential (FCP), there is a small future risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). This raises important ethical questions that must be explored in order to justify the use of RhD‐positive blood products, including LTOWB, both in clinical practice and research. Methods: This essay explores the ethical challenges related to RhD‐positive blood product administration to RhD‐negative or RhD‐unknown FCPs as a first‐line resuscitation fluid in the trauma setting. These ethical issues include: issues related to decision‐making, ethical analysis based on the doctrine of double effect (DDE), and attendant obligations incurred by hospitals that administer RhD‐positive blood to FCPs. Results: Ethical analysis through the use of the DDE demonstrates that utilization of RhD‐positive blood products, including LTOWB, in the early resuscitation of FCPs is an ethically appropriate approach. By accepting the risk of HDFN, hospitals generate obligations to promote blood donation, evaluate for alloimmunization and counsel patients on the future risk of HDFN, and maintain an understanding of the ethical rationale for RhD‐positive blood transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are one of the key measures to decarbonize the transportation industry. However, insufficient charging infrastructure hinders the process of vehicle electrification. The government implements investment and operation subsidies for charging infrastructure to overcome this problem. The different effects of different subsidy models on the decisions of infrastructure operators have not been fully discussed in the literature. In addition, the existing literature also lacks attention to consumer preferences for charging convenience and price sensitivity. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study develops four optimization models under the four scenarios of no subsidy (Model N), investment subsidy (Model I), operation subsidy (Model O), and compound subsidy (Model B) to examine and compare the effect of government subsidy. At the same time, consumer preferences are taken into account. The effects of policy, market, cost, and time factors on price, demand, and profit are discussed. Our general equilibrium analysis yields three important findings. First, the government subsidy for charging infrastructure is important and necessary. The government subsidy has a double effect. Differently, the investment subsidy has a direct effect only on the supply side, and the operation subsidy has a direct effect on both the supply and demand side. Thus, the operation subsidy would be a better choice than the investment subsidy. Second, increasing the construction level of charging infrastructure has a strong incentive effect on charging demand and can effectively inhibit refueling demand, while charging demand is less sensitive to changes in charging prices. Third, measures such as reducing the charging cost, increasing the refueling cost, and shortening the time gap are all favorable for promoting the charging infrastructure. This study not only extends the research on charging infrastructure policies from a theoretical perspective but also provides a reference for government policy adjustments. The government should provide appropriate policies according to the development status of different markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the reliable methods to make more use of energy production sources, is to use power generation units that use a fuel source, and by utilizing any wasted energy, bring the temperature of the exhaust gases closer to the ambient temperature. The use of waste energy of exhaust gases increases the efficiency and improves the performance of the system. The purpose of this paper is to make optimal use of gas turbine exhaust gases and use them to produce cooling in absorption chillers. And then analyze the thermodynamic and exergy performance of a triple hybrid system to generate electrical, heating and cooling energy. In this research, a hybrid cycle of a gas turbine and a fuel cell is considered as the primary actuator, and two single-effect and double-effect absorption chillers are considered as the secondary actuator. To perform this research, two proposed hybrid systems with their peripherals have been analyzed from a thermodynamic point. To have high accuracy results, in addition to thermodynamic analysis, the thermal and the electrochemical analysis has also been performed in order to the importance of the fuel cell in the hybrid system in this component. In the following, the effect of compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, evaporator inlet water temperature, cooling tower inlet temperature and generator inlet temperature on energy and exergy efficiency, as well as exergy destruction rate in the system has been checked with the parametric study of the mentioned hybrid system. The results show that the increase in compressor pressure ratio causes the increase of electrical efficiency and exergy efficiency and the decrease of exergy destruction rate of the system. Also, if a double-effect absorption chiller is used instead of a single-effect absorption chiller, the energy efficiency and exergy will increase by 8% and 2%, respectively, and the exergy destruction rate will decrease by 5.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermodynamic analysis of absorption cooling-assisted CO 2 systems. • Performance enhancement over simple CO 2 system is analysed. • Simple CO 2 system with IHX coupled with DEDHVARS performs better at high T gc. • Enhanced COP and exergy efficiency. Studies have shown appreciable improvements in system performance by subcooling the working fluid in transcritical CO 2 refrigeration systems. The use of a dedicated vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) for subcooling the high side working fluid downstream of the heat rejection device is proved to be a viable option. The heat available in the discharged gas downstream of the compressor in the transcritical CO 2 system is used to drive a LiBr-H 2 O VARS. This study examines the performance of an absorption cooling-assisted transcritical CO 2 system. Three different configurations of the absorption system are considered, namely, single effect (SE), series double effect (DE), and series double effect with dual heat input (DEDH). The performance analysis is carried out for gas cooler exit temperatures (T gc) ranging from 30 to 50 °C and evaporation temperatures ranging from -10 to 5 °C. The average COP improvement of the CO 2 system is found to be 29 and 27% using SE and DEDH systems respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 1989, Thomas Donaldson requested the California courts to allow physicians to hasten his death. Donaldson had been diagnosed with brain cancer, and he desired to die in order to cryonically preserve his brain, so as to stop its further deterioration. This case elicits an important question: is this a case of euthanasia? In this article, we examine the traditional criteria of death, and contrast it with the information-theoretic criterion. If this criterion is accepted, we posit that Donaldson’s case would have been cryocide, but not euthanasia. We then examine if cryocide is an ethically feasible alternative to euthanasia. To do so, we rely on the ethical doctrine of double effect.

To comprehensively understand the effect of selenium (Se) supplementation on Codonopsis pilosula, effects of sodium selenite levels on Se accumulation, growth, physiology and quality were explored by using hydroponic experiments. The results were as follows: (1)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se promoted leaf size, plant height and biomass of C. pilosula, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se suppressed them. (2)Both increasing Se level and exposure time to C. pilosula seedlings could raise its Se contents in root and leaf, and Se was distributed in organs with an order of root>leaf>stem. (3)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se increased photosynthetic pigment content and root activity, and reduced malondialdehyde, proline and hydrogen peroxide contents, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se had opposite effects. (4)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se had positive effects on accumulations of lobetyolin, polysaccharide, and soluble protein, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se had negative effects on the accumulations of polysaccharide and soluble protein. In summary, sodium selenite has double effect on C. pilosula; application of appropriate Se is beneficial to its growth, plant physiology and quality, and 0.2 mg·L-1 Se level is the optimum. This study may improve us to understand the effect of selenite level on the biology effect of C. pilosula, which will be useful for the basic research and cultivation of Se-enriched C. pilosula.

In this work, an experiment-based study of a double-effect, single-slope active solar still (SSASS) is presented. The system comprises an upper and a lower basin incorporated with a paraffin wax acting as a phase change material (PCM). The use of phase change materials is very important due to their high storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. Paraffin wax was selected based on its attractive thermo-physical properties. The thermal behaviours of the system during the diurnal and nocturnal phases in both compartments were explored. Experimental results showed that the upper basin's yield contributed more to the overall distillate production over a 24-hour cycle while that of the lower basin predominated the diurnal production. Though the PCM served as an energy source during the nocturnal phase, it did not translate to significant improvement in the yield of the lower basin. The heat retention ability of the lower glazing retarded the condensation of the humid air in the lower compartment during the off-sunshine period. Thus, the nocturnal yield of the system was largely driven by the improved temperature difference between the upper saline water and the upper glazing, as well as the stored thermal energy in the saline water mass before sunset. The system achieved a maximum yield of 2,450 ml/day and a yield rate of 232.5 ml/h. A maximum monthly average yield of 1,787 ml/day was realized in May and a minimum of 692 ml/day in July. Nocturnal distillate production accounted for an average of 55% of the total distillate recovered from the still daily. The system achieved an efficiency range of 12.20 - 32.21%. The cost of freshwater production from the system is estimated at 0.0508 $/L with a payback period of 267 days. Thus, this system is economically viable and suitable particularly, for low-income earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of absorption refrigeration technology addressed several significant concerns in the domain of energy crisis, rising cost of fossil fuel, and ecological challenges arising due to the excess use of traditional compression refrigeration systems. ARS (absorption refrigeration system) is gaining popularity as a result of benefits such as the use of low-grade heat sources and environmentally acceptable low-cost working fluid pairs. However, two significant hurdles to commercial success for this technology are the often too big size of the refrigeration system and the poor performance of the system. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to discover methods for improving the COP (coefficient of performance) of ARS in order to get these systems more competitive in comparison to the conventional compression refrigeration systems. The goal of this article is to perform a review of the literature on different methods used to enhance the COP of ARSs based on cycle layout modification and working pair selection as they are the promising solutions for the enhancement of the performance of ARSs. The futuristic aspect of this technology includes the introduction of new working pairs with no corrosion to the system components, including nanoparticles to increase heat transfer rate while reducing the cost of the system. Heat recovery methods should be introduced and the efficient design of various components especially the generator and absorber are to be addressed. This technology could be combined with other refrigeration technologies while utilizing the waste heat to further improve the efficiency of ARSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is offering hazard pay ethically permissible when the pay premium is the only reason that a dangerous job is accepted? Robert C. Hughes argues that it is not. Central to his argument is the claim that in such cases, workers intend the foreseeable risks of harm as a means to the pay premium. Herein I question the plausibility of this claim and then develop a conception of the concept of means sufficient to make it plausible. By so doing, I provide support for Hughes's stringent position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business actors often act in ways that may harm other parties. While the law aims to restrict harmful behavior and to provide remedies, legal systems do not anticipate all contingencies and legal regulations are not always well-enforced. This article argues that the logic of double effect (LDE), which has been developed and deployed in other areas of practical ethics, can be useful in helping business actors decide whether or not to pursue potentially harmful activities in commonplace business activity. The article illustrates how LDE helps to explain the exploitative nature of payday lending, the distinction between permissible and impermissible forms of market competition, and the potential wrong of imposing risk of harm on others. The article also addresses foundational debates about LDE itself. We offer the article as an illustration of the sort of "midlevel" theorizing that can address directly the needs of practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effects of water thickness and glazing slope on the performance of a double-effect solar still. The effect of the air gap between the water interface and the glazing was also considered. Energy balance equations were developed for the different components of the system. The development of the equations was made considering the thermal resistances offered by the humid-air media in both chambers of the double-effect still. Numerical computation was conducted for a typical day in Owerri. The results obtained were compared with data from a previous experimental study. The water temperatures in the upper and lower basins increased with a reduction in thickness. However, the yield profile did not follow a similar trend to that of the temperature. This was attributed to the influence of the upper water on the lower-glazing temperature. The temperatures of the still components initially reduced with a deviation from the latitude angle (La) and later increased with an increase in glazing slope. The diurnal yield of the system attained a maximum value of 3.04 kg/m2 at an optimum angle of La+15∘ Increasing the glazing slope from La to La+15∘ improved the distillate yield by 47.9%.

In 1989, Thomas Donaldson requested the California courts to allow physicians to hasten his death. Donaldson had been diagnosed with brain cancer, and he desired to die in order to cryonically preserve his brain, so as to stop its further deterioration. This case elicits an important question: is this a case of euthanasia? In this article, we examine the traditional criteria of death, and contrast it with the information-theoretic criterion. If this criterion is accepted, we posit that Donaldson's case would have been cryocide, but not euthanasia. We then examine if cryocide is an ethically feasible alternative to euthanasia. To do so, we rely on the ethical doctrine of double effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay defends the asymmetry between the badness of spontaneous and induced abortions in order to explain why anti-abortionists prioritize stopping induced abortions over preventing spontaneous abortions. Specifically, it argues (1) the distinction between killing and letting-die is of more limited use in explaining the asymmetry than has sometimes been presumed, and (2) that accounting for intentions in moral agency does not render performances morally inert. Instead, anti-abortionists adopt a pluralist, nonreductive account of moral analysis which is situated against a backdrop that sees the limits of our ability to control the process of fertility as themselves valuable. Although this view is complex, the paper concludes by arguing that it has the advantage of explaining features of the anti-abortion outlook that have sometimes been overlooked. First, it accounts for why the pre-Roe regime of abortion restrictions primarily imposed penalties on doctors who induced abortions rather than the women who seek them. Second, it explains why the advent of ectogestation will not prompt anti-abortionists to compromise on 'disconnect abortions,' which putatively let the embryo die by extracting it from the mother's womb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively understand the effect of selenium(Se)supplementation on Codonopsis pilosula, effects of sodium selenite levels on Se accumulation, growth, physiology and quality were explored by using hydroponic experiments. The results were as follows:(1)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se promoted leaf size, plant height and biomass of C. pilosula, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se suppressed them.(2)Both increasing Se level and exposure time to C. pilosula seedlings could raise its Se contents in root and leaf, and Se was distributed in organs with an order of root>leaf>stem.(3)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se increased photosynthetic pigment content and root activity, and reduced malondialdehyde, proline and hydrogen peroxide contents, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se had opposite effects.(4)Treatment with 0.2 mg·L-1 Se had positive effects on accumulations of lobetyolin, polysaccharide, and soluble protein, while treatment with 10 mg·L-1 Se had negative effects on the accumulations of polysaccharide and soluble protein. In summary, sodium selenite has double effect on C. pilosula; application of appropriate Se is beneficial to its growth, plant physiology and quality, and 0.2 mg·L-1 Se level is the optimum. This study may improve us to understand the effect of selenite level on the biology effect of C. pilosula, which will be useful for the basic research and cultivation of Se-enriched C. pilosula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing comfort conditions in buildings imply higher energy demands. However, these needs can be mitigated by solar cooling solutions. These systems, such as absorption chillers, are complex and require stable operation, with strict control to maximise the solar fraction and minimise gas consumption. This is incompatible with the variability of renewable resources, so they are often coupled with auxiliary gas systems. Although gas-free operation is possible if these systems are optimally controlled, they would require special supervision. This paper aims to develop an experimental validation of an inverse model to manage an absorption chiller coupled with a solar cooling plant. To know its real behaviour, long-term experiments have been performed using this plant, which consists of a linear Fresnel solar collector and an auxiliary natural gas boiler. The inverse model is used as a predictive control tool to decide the auxiliary boiler commands of the absorption chiller to optimise its operation: maximum cooling production by minimising gas consumption and maximising solar contribution. It has been identified with data from two weeks and validated with data from one summer month. Results show that the model estimates, on a time base of fewer than 30 min, are acceptable with errors of less than 5%. In addition, the maximum error of the estimated seasonal COP and the renewable fraction are less than 6% per day. Therefore, the results prove the usefulness of the proposal as a predictive control for optimal operation. Furthermore, it could be used as a baseline for preventive maintenance. If the proposed model is used for optimal management of the absorption chiller, the thermal efficiency of the plant increases significantly, doubling the solar contribution. As a result, the gas consumption of the solar cooling plant is halved and the total cost of air conditioning the building decreases by 16%.

Copyright of Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Examines external whistleblowing from the perspective of its permissibility vis-à-vis the negative effect it may have on a health care organization or service. • Proposes the Principle of Double Effect as an ethical criterion to assess the permissibility of external whistleblowing in the context of a negative effect. • Argues that external whistleblowing by a nurse when understood as an advocacy act with two effects (i.e., the effect of defending a patient and the further negative effect on the health care organization or service) can be ethically permissible through meeting the conditions of the Principle of Double Effect. Nurses are generally expected to raise concerns when a harm or wrongdoing is committed against patients. Should their concerns not be adequately addressed, then nurses may take the decision to engage in external whistleblowing. Given that it could have a negative effect on the health care organization or service, nurses may question whether they should engage in external whistleblowing. Consequently, is there an ethical criterion to discern whether the negative effect on the health care organization or service is ethically permissible? This paper argues for the suitability of the Principle of Double Effect as an ethical criterion. The position of this paper is that external whistleblowing by a nurse when understood as an advocacy act with two effects (i.e. the effect of defending a patient and the further negative effect on the health care organization or service) can be ethically permissible through meeting the conditions of the Principle of Double Effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Double effect adsorption cycle with adsorption heat recovery was investigated. • Adsorbent combinations were examined with the heat source temperature of 90 degC. • FAM-Z01 and FAM-Z02 for low and high temperature cycles, respectively, are the best. • COP can attain 1.0 when adsorbent mass and cycle time are selected appropriately. • The total cooling power is maximized when COP=0.9. This study investigates the performance of double effect adsorption refrigeration cycle that utilizes the adsorption heat of a high-temperature adsorbent heat exchanger for desorption of a low-temperature one. Because there is a freedom to select an adsorbent for each adsorbent heat exchanger, the combination of adsorbents such as silica gel, FAM-Z01, FAM-Z02 and FAM-Z05 were examined. The temperature of an external heat source was assumed to be 90°C. Dynamic cycle simulation was employed to estimate the performance in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). The results show that the combination of the adsorbents FAM-Z01 and FAM-Z02 for the low-temperature heat exchanger and high-temperature one, respectively, is the most effective to achieve high COP as well as high SCP. The results also indicate that the COP=1.0 is attainable when the mass allocation of the adsorbents and the cycle time are selected appropriately. From the viewpoint of maximizing the cooling power, COP=0.9 is suggested for the best design, where the mass of high-temperature side is equal to the mass of low-temperature side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dead donor rule (DDR) prohibits retrieval protocols that would be lethal to the donor. Some argue that compliance with it can be maintained by satisfying the requirements of double‐effect reasoning (DER). If successful, one could support organ donation without reference to the definition of death while being faithful to an ethic that prohibits intentionally killing innocent human life. On the contrary, I argue that DER cannot make lethal organ donation compatible with the DDR, because there are plausible ways it fails DER's requirements. A key takeaway is that the theories of intention and proportionality assumed in DER matter for its plausibility as a constraint on practical reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of double effect for end-of-life decision-making has been challenged recently by a number of scholars. The principal reason is that opioids such as morphine do not usually hasten death when administered to relieve pain at the end of life; therefore, no secondary "double" effect is brought about. In my article, I argue against this view, showing how the doctrine of double effect is relevant to the administration of opioids at the end of life. I contend that the prevailing view suffers from a misunderstanding of the nature of double effect, which includes application to risking a grave harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research project by the Schools of Theology and Psychology of Australia's Charles Sturt University surveyed a large sample of Salvation Army officers. This article considers survey responses to two questions relating to end-of-life care: the use of pain medications that may shorten life, and the cessation of fluid and food intake. The results of the analyses are evaluated in terms of Michael Banner's proposal that moral theology should more assiduously converse with 'patient ethnographic study', which the survey instantiates to some extent. Banner's proposal and the results of the survey are contrasted to Peter Singer's analytical moral philosophical dictums on end-of-life care. The results are also compared to a metastudy by Andrea Rodríguez-Prat and Evert van Leeuwen of 14 ethnographic studies of those who wish to hasten death at the end of life. We conclude that respondents exemplify a form of moral reasoning that is embedded within Christian spirituality; counters the assumptions of Singer's approach; contrasts the diminishment of 'meaning' at the end of life, as seen in Rodríguez-Prat and van Leeuwen; and deserves further respectful ethnographic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hybrid system of PAFC, TEG, and AC is developed for the first time. • Detailed analytical model is built for a double effect AC. • Hybrid system performance is analyzed under different operating conditions. • Both power output and efficiency are higher than standalone PAFC. • Further enhancement can be obtained by using optimum values of operating conditions. In this work, a new hybrid system for combined power and cooling applications is developed and investigated. The novelty of this research originates from two major achievements. First, the use of detailed analytical model for double-effect AC with fuel cell. Second, using two heat recovery systems (TEG and AC) to utilize the waste heat from a fuel cell. The system consists of a phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), ThermoElectric generator (TEG), and an absorption chiller (AC). The internal heat generation in PAFC is utilized using TEG to achieve additional electricity production, while the exhaust heat by PAFC is utilized to run an AC to produce cooling power. The results show that the maximum useful power (electricity and cooling) obtained from this hybrid system is 11% greater than the maximum electrical power generated by the standalone PAFC. The maximum efficiency of this hybrid system is 7% greater than the maximum standalone PAFC efficiency, but the improvement can reach 10% when optimizing the system operating conditions. The sensitivity analysis study demonstrates that decreasing the operating temperature, increasing the fuel pressure, and decreasing the ambient temperature could enhance the overall hybrid system performance. Additionally, we found that a better performance is achieved when the heat utilized by TEG is minimized and majority of the useful heat is used in the AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents the detailed thermodynamic study to compare the performance of solar assisted double effect LiBr-H2O and LiCl-H2O vapour absorption refrigeration systems (VARS) coupled with several solar collectors. A 100 kW absorption cooling system is analysed at evaporator temperature 5 °C and two condensation temperatures 30 °C and 40 °C integrated with evacuated tube collector (ETC) and parabolic trough collector (PTC) connected with storage tank to operate the absorption system. In this study, minimum heat source temperature required to operate the system is evaluated for both solar-assisted cooling systems. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed to find out most critical parameters for minimum heat source temperature. The influence of heat source temperature on thermodynamic and economic aspects of systems is depicted. It is found that LiCl-H2O VARS depicted enhanced thermodynamic and economic performance compared to LiBr-H2O system. Furthermore, it is found that required mean specific collecting area for LiCl-H2O pair is close to 1.25 m2/kW, which is relatively low value. From the comparison assessment, it is found that ETC based system is favorable from economic perspectives and PTC based system is recommended from thermodynamic performance perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]