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Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) is a horticultural commodity that has a fairly high nutritional content such as fiber, calories, vitamins, minerals. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (2018) the average sweet corn production in East Java in 2017 was 5.04 tons/ha, while the potential yield of sweet corn could reach 25 tons/ha. So it is necessary to make efforts to increase the production of sweet corn. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimum dose of inorganic N fertilizer and combination of organic N doses for the growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.).The study was conducted using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the dose of inorganic N fertilizer consisting of 3 levels: F1 = 100% inorganic N fertilizer; F2 = 75 % inorganic N fertilizer; F3 = 50% inorganic N fertilizer. The second factor is inorganic N sources consisting of 4 levels: P1 = Manure 10 t ha-1; P2 = Manure 20 t ha-1; P3 = Manure 10 t ha-1 + PGPR P4 = Manure 20 t ha-1 + PGPR. The results showed that there was no interaction between the doses of inorganic N fertilizer and the combined doses of organic N. Separately, the dose of inorganic N fertilizer had a significant effect on the variables of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, cob weight, and sweetness level. The application of inorganic N fertilizer of 75% resulted in a higher weight of sweet corn cobs per hectare of 17.52 tonnes ha-1. The combination of organic N doses had a significant effect on the variables of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, cob weight, and sweetness level. Application of 10 tons ha-1 of manure + 10 ml-1 PGPR resulted in a higher weight of sweet corn cobs per hectare of 17.16 tons ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of public spaces both parks and sports facilities requires grass. The use of humic acid is useful as a soil conditioner and addition to the input of organic matter, humic acid can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the planting medium. Calcium is needed in the process of plant growth and development, especially in plant roots and shoots. The purpose of this research activity was to study the effect of a combination of humic acid and calcium fertilizer on the growth of Bermuda grass and to determine the right dosage of humic acid and calcium fertilizer for the best growth of Bermuda grass. The research was conducted in February-May. The research was conducted in Kepanjen, East Java. The study was conducted using randomized block design (RBD) which consisted of 9 treatments. The yield parameters observed were the number of houses, root length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, and percentage of cover. The data obtained from the observations were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The test for differences in treatment mean values is tested by the Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) test at the 5% level. Based on the research that has been done, the dose of humic acid 40 kg ha-1 + calcium fertilizer 0 kg ha-1 has shown a fairly good response to the growth of Bermuda grass. Treatment at these doses is more cost-effective than treatment doses with the addition of calcium fertilizer which does not show a significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out to identify the optimal dose of bedding bulk poultry manure on the influence of the crop structure and the yield of spring rape seeds of Lunedi variety. The work was carried out in 2022-2023 in the forest-steppe zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Poultry manure loose (GOST 31461-2012) was applied in doses of 4, 6 and 8 t/ha (control - without fertilizers). The experiment was conducted on light gray forest loamy soil with low humus content, neutral reaction and mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium. Statistically proven changes in the structure of rape yield were noticed on the manured variants: the increase in length of the fruit (pod) was 0.40–0.67 cm, in pod weight – 0.04–0.12 g, the number of pods per plant increased by 1.4–2.1 times, the number of seeds in a pod increased by 2.5–4.6 seeds, seed productivity of a single plant increased by 1.9–3.0 times, the weight of 1000 seeds exceeded by 0.66–0.94 g. The application of poultry manure on all variants revealed a reliable increase in the yield of above-ground phytomass and seeds, the increase in rape biomass was 6.03–8.70 t/ha (LSD05 = 1.30), seeds – 0.94–1.26 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.46). The maximum increase in the biomass of rapeseed and seeds (6.03 and 0.94 t/ha) was established in the variant with a manure dose of 4 t/ha, since with an increase in the manure dose (6 and 8 t/ha) in excess of the minimum increase by 1.42–2.67 t/ha of plant biomass and 0.22–0.32 t/ha of seeds. The obtained results suggest that the optimum dose of poultry manure application to spring rapeseed on light grey forest soil (Alfisol) is 4 t/ha.

Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers has negative effects on the environment such as plants and soil. One of the efforts to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers is the use of microbes as biological agents. This study aims to examine the effect of biofertilizer applications from brands A, B, C, and D on vegetative growth in oil palm seedling. This research was held at Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnic. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) followed by Duncan's test. The treatments consisted of 4 brands of biofertilizer with 3 doses (10, 20, and 30 mL/L water) and 8 replicates. The results showed that brand A had a significant effect on dry weight at a dose of 20 mL/L water with a dry weight value of 10.43 gram/plant. The highest root length significantly was the application of brand C at a dose of 20 mL/L of water, which was 39.06 cm/plant. However, the highest root volume significantly was fertilizer brand A with a dose of 10 mL/L of water, which was 12 cm3/plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of different doses of esketamine on postoperative pain and emotional state in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy. Methods: According to the random number table method, 120 patients who were undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy in our Hospital from January 2022 to April 2023 were selected, and divided into a control group (group A, n=40), esketamine 0.25 mg/kg group (group B, n=40) and esketamine 0.5 mg/kg group (group C, n=40). Perioperative indicators, The pain rating scale (NRS) scores at 1, 4, 8, 24 h and 48 h after operation, the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores at 1 day before operation (PRE1), 1 day after operation (POD1) and 2 days after operation (POD2), hemodynamic indicators and adverse reactions were compared in three groups. Results: The dosage of sufentanil analgesics 24 h after surgery and the number of rescue analgesia cases in Group B and Group C were smaller than those in Group A, while the awakening time and extubation time in Group A and Group B were shorter than those in Group C (P<0.05). The NRS scores of Group B and Group C at 1 h after surgery were lower than those of Group A (P<0.05). The NRS scores of Group B at 4 h, 8 h and 24 h after surgery were lower than those of Group A, and the NRS scores at 4 h, 8 h after surgery were lower than those of Group C(P<0.05). Compared with the intra group PRE1, the SAS and SDS scores of POD1 in three groups increased(P<0.05). The SAS and SDS scores of POD1 and POD2 in group B and group C were lower than those in group A, and group C was lower than group B (P<0.05). Compared with the intra group PRE1, the SAS and SDS scores of POD2 in group A increased(P<0.05). Compared with the intra group PRE1, the SDS of group B POD2 and the SAS and SDS of group C POD2 were both reduced (P<0.05). At T3 moment, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of group B and group C were lower than those of group A(P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomitting in group B and group C were lower than that in group A P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative dizziness and delaye of recovery in group A and group B were lower than that in group C(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in resortification period restlessness and respiratory depression in three groups(P<0.05). Conclusion: The clinical effect of 0.25 mg/kg esketamine on reducing postoperative pain, reducing the dosage of opioids and improving negative emotions in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the study is to present an assessment report of radon concentration in the underground water of Bokaro district, Jharkhand, India. Water samples were collected from tube-wells at 100 different locations scattered throughout the district. The radon (222Rn) concentration level varies widely between 3.5 and 598.9 Bq/l with an average value of 145.8 Bq/l. In this paper, total annual effective dose of the samples and associated excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were estimated also to assess the health risk due to the consumption of the radon rich water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure buildup factors in concrete and lead for a point isotropic and flat unidirectional photon source in the energy range from 10 to 50 MeV were determined using Monte Carlo simulation "FLUKA" software. The exposure buildup factors were also obtained for different material thickness up to 40 mpf. The calculations were done in a barrier geometry where the contributions of all photon-matter interactions were taken into account in the performed calculations. Amendments for the barrier-geometry effect for both materials under study were deduced. The results showed that barrier-effect amendments were independent of the material thickness, material type, and energy of the photon source [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although soybean is economically one of the main agricultural products in the national and world scenario, it is still needed to increase its grain yield. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying mixed organomineral fertilizer (OMF) at different doses and at two phenological stages on soybean yield. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal University of Jataí, in the state of Goiás, and was installed under a no-till system (NTS). The experimental design used was randomized blocks arranged in a 4 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, consisting of four doses of OMF, applied at two phenological stages and one additional control. The following OMF doses were evaluated: 0.5 kg ha-1, 1 kg ha-1, 1.5 kg ha-1, and 2 kg ha-1, at two reproductive stages: R3 and R5, and the additional control. The experiment consisted of three blocks. Each plot had a useful area of 16.2 m². The agronomic parameters assessed were plant height (m), first pod insertion height (m), number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000-grain mass (g), and grain yield (kg ha-1). The application of OMF as a biostimulant to soybean crops led to an increase in the first pod insertion height and the number of pods per plant; it did not lead to higher yields; however, when applied at phenological stage R5, higher yields were observed compared to application at R3.

The balance between growth and crop yield can be manipulated by exploiting nutrient and retardant interactions. This study is aiming to assess the effects of various combinations of NPK 16-16-16 fertilizer in different doses, along with the application of multiple concentrations of paclobutrazol on the growth and yield of hanjeli. This experiment was carried out in the experimental field of Ciparanje, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang from February 2021 to August 2021. This research was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of 200 kg/ha (n1), 250 kg/ha (n2), and 300 kg/ha (n3). The subplot consisted of 2000 ppm (p1), 3000 (p2), and 4000 ppm (p3). The results show that there were interaction effects between different doses of NPK fertilizer and paclobutrazol concentrations on plant height and 100-grain weight. The best combination came from the application of 200 kg/ha NPK fertilizer with 3000 ppm of paclobutrazol, which gave higher results in plant height and 200 kg/ha NPK fertilizer with 2000 ppm of paclobutrazol on 100-grain weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The results of a vegetative experiment on the establishment of the joint effect of the biological preparation Rhizotorphin and N-fertilizer (doses N0.05, N0.10, N0.15, N0.20, N0.25) on the formation of vegetative mass and the yield of seed pea grain when cultivated on poorly and medium cultivated sod-podzolic soil are presented. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer from N0.05 to N0.25, an increase in the yield of green mass of peas was observed by 3.4–22.2 g/vessel (on poorly cultivated) and by 10.3–35.5 g/vessel (on medium cultivated soil). The increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizotorphin in the experiment was 1.31 and 1.66 g/vessel on poorly and medium cultivated soil, respectively, on average. The application of N-fertilizer in medium cultivated soil conditions increased the responsiveness of seeded peas to inoculation to 1.70‒1.87 g/vessel. When using Rhizotorphin and applying N-fertilizer, the accumulation of N in pea grain increased by 0.22 and 0.18% by the degree of cultivation of the soil. When using Rhizotorphin, N was accumulated in the roots, which positively affected the preservation of their activity and functioning at later stages of development and the intake and accumulation of N in the forming grain. The biological preparation of Rhizotorphin influenced the accumulation and distribution of consumed N between the main and by-products of pea plants. Due to this, in the budding phase–the beginning of flowering, the dose increased to 0.83‒0.88, and 38.0–65.5 mg N/vessel was additionally accumulated in the pea grain. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer over 0.05 g/kg on poorly and 0.20 g/kg on medium cultivated soil, the process of forming a symbiotic apparatus on the root system of peas was completely suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the radiation dose using XR-QA2 and the image quality of the dual-energy subtraction mammography technique on an in-house phantom. The analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of targets/filters on dose value and image quality using an in-house phantom made of PLA + as an object representing compressed breasts. All irradiation parameters were performed in the craniocaudal position with manual mode. Mean glandular dose (MGD) was recorded, followed by the calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and modulation transfer function (MTF) for image quality assessment parameters. The results showed that the image quality was accepted at dose levels within the IAEA and BAPETEN tolerance limit for 60 mm equivalent compressed breast using dual-energy mammography. Furthermore, the target/filter (W/Rh) reduced the dose by 1.03 mGy compared to the Mo/Mo and Mo/Rh with an enhancement in image quality. This indicated that the target/filter (W/Rh) combination was optimal due to the image quality improvement obtained with lower MGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of southern Romania, on a chernozem type soil, without irrigation, for 3 years, 2 isogenic lines of wheat, M1 and M2, with different biological yield potential were analyzed. The analyzed factors were: Nitrogen fertilization doses, Phosphorus fertilization doses and sowing density. Concerning the influence of nitrogen on yield, all calculated average values differ significantly from each other, both for M1 and for M2, the highest average values being recorded at a dose of N150 kg a.s./ha. Regarding the influence of phosphorus on seed yield, both for M1 and M2, no significant differences are recorded between the two averages values calculated for the analyzed graduations. Related to the influence of density on seed yield, the average value recorded at 700 g.s./m², records significant differences compared to the value averages recorded at the density of 500 g.s./m², between the value averages recorded on 600 g.s./m² and the other value averages, no statistically differences being recorded. Concerning the trend models between Nitrogen doses and wheat yield, all the models are mathematically correct, what differs is the regression coefficient. The regression coefficient is higher under phosphorus fertilization and on high sowing density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An indigenous Saharan species called Ephedra alata can be found in Algeria, North Africa, and other places. It has a wide range of applications in conventional medicine all around the world. So, the objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the safety of Ephedra alata's ethanolic extract (EEEA) through subacute oral toxicity in Swiss female mice. Mice received daily oral doses of the EEEA ranging from (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. To assess the toxicity, the blood, as well as the primary organs (kidney, liver, brain, and heart), were collected and examined. No mortality or any clinical signs of intoxication were observed in treated mice. There were also no significant differences (p > 0.05) in body, kidney, brain, and heart weights, the majority of hematological parameters (HB, HT, RBC, WBC..), and biochemical parameters (PROT, CRE, URE, and TC). Furthermore, a significant (p > 0.05) decrease in liver weight, an increase in ALT, AST, LDH, and some histological alterations (with no hepatocyte necrosis) were observed in mice administrated relatively high doses of EEEA. This finding suggests a possible hepatotoxic effect of the EEEA particularly at high doses. From the study, EEEA can be used as a complementary treatment that helps to raise the antioxidants, as a stage that is used in the treatment of cancerous diseases. [Display omitted] • There are several therapies for breast cancer with adverse effects. • The use of natural sources became extremely important in cancer treatment. • Ephedra alata is an endemic Saharan species that grows in Algeria. • Evaluation of the sub-acute toxicity of EEEA is important for antioxidant study. • Oral administration of EEEA is safe at 1000 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the coagulant power of cassava starch to clarify the water of the Malambo-Atlántico swamp and compare the results with the chemical substance most used for water treatment, aluminum sulfate. The simulation of this process was realized through the jar test, for which two coagulant solutions were prepared at 1% and doses of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L of each natural and chemical substance were used. The test started with a rapid agitation of 120 rpm for 1 minute, then shook slowly at 30 rpm for 20 minutes; finally the water was allowed to settle for 15 minutes. It was determinate that 20 mg/L of the chemical coagulant reduces the turbidity of the water from 39.1 to 1.80 NTU while 10 mg/L of the natural coagulant decreases it to 11.3 NTU. It was concluded that cassava starch represents a viable option to replace aluminum sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of studies on the use of the new macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin in veterinary medicine. The information is presented according to the species of domestic animals, dis-eases, doses and shemes for therapy and metaphylaxis. The first section includes data for cattle and calves affected by respiratory diseases, caused by M. haemolytica, M. bovis, H. somni and P. multo-cida, and keratoconjunctivitis caused by M. bovis. The second one shows data for swine and pigs affected by the respiratory pathogens A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida, H. parasuis, B. bronhisep-tica and M. hyopneumoniae. A third group presents information about small ruminants with mani-fested respiratory diseases caused by M. haemolytica, P. multocida, Mycoplasma spp., Pseudomonas spp. and hoof diseases from Dehelobacter nodosus. Fourth group includes the first test results of Rhodococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Theileria equi, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, causing diseases in horses. The fifth section includes reports of treated rabbits most com-monly suffering from P. multocida respiratory infections. Finally, data from new studies on the use of tulathromycin in exotic animals and cases of some tropical diseases are listed. The provided informa-tion gives proof for the high sensitivity of the tested pathogens to tulathromycin and high clinical and economical effect that is efficient in single dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Compared to other antibacterial agents there is no resistance according to data available so far. Local accumulation and prolonged persis-tence of the drug in lung tissues, that result in a treatment regime with a single low-volume dose (2.5 mg/kg), are associated with positive clinical outcome in domestic animals: large ruminants, pigs, small ruminants and rabbits with respiratory diseases caused by M. haemolytica, H. somni, P. multo-cida and M. bovis; A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, P. multocida, H. parasuis and M. hyopneumoniae; S.aureus, C. pseudotuberculosis and Streptococcus spp. and P.multocida.

Even if many countries are against it since vaccinations are not readily available, industrialized countries continue to make some vaccines designated under the World Health Organization's emergency use listing mandatory for entry into their countries. The first half of 2021 has seen the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in several countries, after the exceptional speed of vaccine development and testing in 2020. Using keywords in online databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase, this systematic search was carried out. The findings were collected into a report. We were unable to do an adequate human study because we included so many different kinds of vaccinations. A look at current vaccination-controlled trials and actual facts on immunization success is also presented. The efficacy of new vaccines is continually being tested in ongoing vaccine trials. Increasing the alternatives for global vaccine production to manufacture sufficient vaccine shots for international usage and to enhance the statistics for the potential utility of various vaccination platforms in forthcoming pandemics are also a result of this.

Ultraviolet treatment increases the shelf life of plant products. It inhibits the changes in the quality indicators of raw materials that are responsible for storage capacity. The research objective was to establish qualitative indicators for champignons (Agaricus bisporus) after ultraviolet treatment. Fresh champignons were placed in plastic trays and sealed in plastic bags. The samples were treated with ultraviolet radiation in ranges A, B, and C. After that, they were stored in a refrigerator at 4 ± 2°C for 16 days, i.e., until the end of storage period. The quality indicators underwent a paired two-sample test, which defined the equality/inequality of variances in replicates and equality/inequality of means at a given error probability (α). The obtained indicators characterized the degradation of mushroom plant tissue after ultraviolet treatment during storage: texture, moisture content, weight loss, soluble solids, pH, lightness, and color. The authors developed a new approach to determine significant changes in the quality indicators and estimated probability values. For each range, they established the most effective dose at α = 0.05 and 0.1. All the indicators proved significant for range A samples at 327.8–800.0 J/m2 and α = 0.05; all indicators were significant except weight loss in the range from 219.5 to 800.0 J/m2 at α = 0.1. For range B samples, pH, color, and lightness were significant at 104.6–200.0 J/m2 and α = 0.05; all but mass loss and texture were significant at 172.2–200.0 J/m2 and α = 0.1. For range C samples, pH, color, and lightness were significant at 412.4–439.5 J/m2 and 755.9–800.0 J/m2 at α = 0.05; all indicators were significant at 363.3–486.2 J/m2 and 728.2–800.0 J/m2 at α = 0.1. The new analytical method made it possible to determine the ranges of external effect intensity, in which the changes in the indicator were significant or insignificant.

Objective: To determine the hemostatic and hemodynamic effects of two different doses of epinephrine during endoscopic sinus surgery. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Department of Otolaryngology, Teaching Hospital, D. G. Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan. Period: 1st January, 2020 to 31st December, 2020. Material & Methods: A randomized control trail was done at ENT Department, Teaching Hospital Dera Ghazi Khan. 96 subjects were included and divided into two groups. Group-A patients received lidocaine hydrochloride, 2%, with 1:100,000 epinephrine while group-B patients received lidocaine, 2%, with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Data were collected through a structured proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Numerical variables presented as mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables as frequency and percentages were calculated. Independent sample t test was used to compare the quantitative variables between both groups. Chi-square test was used to estimate the association between qualitative variables. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among 30 patients of Group-A, 60.4% were males, mean age was 39.73±10.736 years and the mean blood loss was 202.58±12.218 ml. In Group-B, 64.6% were males, mean age was 39.35±11.421 years and the mean blood loss was 176.90±5.846 ml. In Group-A, mean heart rate at 0 minute, and 5 minutes was 76.54±1.786, and 76.65±1.296 while in Group-B was 75.50±2.568, and 73.88±1.886, respectively. In Group-A, mean SBP at 0, and 5 minutes was 108.17±3.191, and 107.17±2.234 while in Group-B was 106.25±3.795, and 103.56±1.821, respectively. Conclusion: Lidocaine hydrochloride 2% with epinephrine dose of 1:200,000 is more effective during endoscopic sinus surgery than epinephrine dose of 1:100,000 with Lidocaine hydrochloride 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed resistance, indicated by increasing the level of herbicide for control, might arise due to the continuous use of similar herbicides in the long term without any herbicide rotation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the status of dominant weeds in a guava orchard to determine weed control strategies. The research was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Agribusiness Technology Park IPB, Bogor. Vegetation analysis to define dominance was carried out at 4 blocks using the square method. In each block, five sampling points were randomly selected. Seeds of C. kyllingia were collected and planted as many as 25 seedlings in polybags. Glyphosate herbicide was applied onto C. kyllingia in 3 replications using 9 doses, i.e., 0 (D0), 60.75 (D1), 121.5 (D2), 243 (D3), 486 (D4), 972 (D5), 1944 (D6), 3888 (D7), and 7776 g ha-1 (D8). C. kyllingia mortality percentages were analyzed using linear regression to obtain LD50. The results showed that the dominant weed was C. kyllingia. Block 4 showed the highest significant LD50 value at 759.11 g ha-1 with a resistance index of 2.67 (reduced sensitivity). The presence of dominant C. kyllingia was identified only at block 4, indicating the dominance could correlate with increasing resistance of the particular weed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abuse of hard drugs has become a norm for an increasing number of young people globally with methamphetamine currently the second most abused in Nigeria. The need for people to know as much as it is consumed was what inspired this research. With the oral, inhaled and intraperitoneal as the three routes of administration to be investigated, the animals were sequestered into seven groups of five each. Besides the control group, the other six were used to investigate effects of administering low and high doses of methamphetamine. Doses 0.57mg/kg and 14.28mg/kg were administered to the test animals via inhalation, oral and intraperitoneal means for 21 days while their weights were taken four times in a five day interval before sacrifice and biochemical analysis. The highest reductions in weight were recorded in groups orally administered 14.28mg/kg with a reduction percentage of 24.4% while those intraperitoneally administered 14.28mg/kg showed a 15.9% increase in weight. Groups orally and intraperitoneally administered 14.28mg/kg showed significant (p

Multiple drug classes have shown incremental benefits in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Most of these trials were designed to achieve specific doses of the investigational agent. Clinical practice guidelines recommend using the same target dosing of therapies, as tolerated. However, with the increasing number of available therapies, clinicians face the challenge of simultaneously using several drugs, achieving target doses, and managing side effects that are often overlapping. Blood pressure, renal function, hyperkalaemia, and other factors may impede achieving target doses of all medications, leaving clinicians with dilemmas as to how to sequence and dose these various classes of drugs. The guideline-directed eligibility for certain drugs and devices requires stability on maximally tolerated doses of background therapies. However, significant variability exists in dosing achieved in clinical practice. We discuss the existing background data regarding the doses of heart failure medications in clinical trials and in practice, and provide recommendations on how to navigate this complex therapeutic decision-making.

ObjectiveConcurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) was the standard treatment for locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC). This study was performed to examine thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) parameters and their impact on adverse events (AEs).MethodsWe collected individual patient data from 3600 patients with LA-NSCLC who participated in 16 cooperative group trials of concurrent CRT. The TRT parameters examined included field design strategy (elective nodal irradiation [ENI] versus involved-field [IF] TRT [IF-TRT]) and TRT dose (60 Gy versus ≥60 Gy). The primary end point of this analysis was the occurrence of AEs. ORs for AEs were calculated with univariable and multivariable logistic models.ResultsTRT doses ranged from 60 to 74 Gy. ENI was not associated with more grade 3 or higher AEs than IF-TRT was (multivariable OR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.543-1.102, p = 0.1545). Doses higher than 60 Gy (high-dose TRT) were associated with significantly more grade 3 or higher AEs (multivariable OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.501-2.203, p < 0.0001). In contrast, ENI was associated with significantly more grade 4 or higher AEs (multivariable OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.035-1.709, p = 0.0258). Doses higher than 60 Gy were also associated with more grade 4 or higher AEs (multivariate OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.191-1.700, p = 0.0001). Grade 5 AEs plus treatment-related deaths were more frequent with higher-dose TRT (p = 0.0012) but not ENI (p = 0.099).ConclusionsFor patients with LA-NSCLC treated with concurrent CRT, IF-TRT was not associated with the overall risk of grade 3 or higher AEs but was associated with significantly fewer grade 4 or higher AEs than ENI TRT. This is likely the result of irradiation of a lesser amount of adjacent critical normal tissue. Higher TRT doses were associated significantly with grade 3 or higher and grade 4 or higher AEs. On the basis of these findings and our prior report on survival, CRT using IF-TRT and 60 Gy (conventionally fractionated) were associated with more favorable patient survival and less toxicity than was the use of ENI or higher radiotherapy doses.

Abstract Background Epidemiological research on late effects of therapy shows the necessity to aggregate chemotherapy agents to substance classes. This requires using conversion factors by substance classes. Aims The aim of this study was to identify previously used conversion factors from the literature, to present a novel approach for additional factors, and to compare these approaches. Methods and Results A literature review was performed, which identified two main principles of deriving conversion factors: effect‐equivalence and equimolar. Thirty‐five articles presenting effect equivalence‐based factors in the widest sense were found in the literature. Ten articles presented the equimolar approach which can be applied to almost all chemotherapy substances. Based on a comprehensive list of treatment protocols used in German pediatric oncology, we derived alternative conversion factors from typical doses. We compared the conversion factors using Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression. At least two types of conversion factor were available for each of the 49 substances included. The equivalent effect‐based and the typical dose‐based factors were highly correlated with a regression coefficient close to 1. The equimolar factors are independent. Conclusions For substances for which no conversion factor based on some type of effect equivalence has been published so far, a factor based on a typical doses‐approach may be used in epidemiological late effects research. Doses aggregated based on the equimolar approach may not be compatible with doses aggregated based on equivalent effects.

This article presents the results of studies on the use of the new macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin in veterinary medicine. The information is presented according to the species of domestic animals, diseases, doses and shemes for therapy and metaphylaxis. The first section includes data for cattle and calves affected by respiratory diseases, caused by M. haemolytica, M. bovis, H. somni and P. multocida, and keratoconjunctivitis caused by M. bovis. The second one shows data for swine and pigs affected by the respiratory pathogens A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida, H. parasuis, B. bronhiseptica and M. hyopneumoniae. A third group presents information about small ruminants with manifested respiratory diseases caused by M. haemolytica, P. multocida, Mycoplasma spp., Pseudomonas spp. and hoof diseases from Dehelobacter nodosus. Fourth group includes the first test results of Rhodococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Theileria equi, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, causing diseases in horses. The fifth section includes reports of treated rabbits most commonly suffering from P. multocida respiratory infections. Finally, data from new studies on the use of tulathromycin in exotic animals and cases of some tropical diseases are listed. The provided information gives proof for the high sensitivity of the tested pathogens to tulathromycin and high clinical and economical effect that is efficient in single dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Compared to other antibacterial agents there is no resistance according to data available so far. Local accumulation and prolonged persistence of the drug in lung tissues, that result in a treatment regime with a single low-volume dose (2.5 mg/kg), are associated with positive clinical outcome in domestic animals: large ruminants, pigs, small ruminants and rabbits with respiratory diseases caused by M. haemolytica, H. somni, P. multocida and M. bovis; A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, P. multocida, H. parasuis and M. hyopneumoniae; S.aureus, C. pseudotuberculosis and Streptococcus spp. and P.multocida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Prophylactic HPV vaccines are a fundamental tool to reduce infections and tumors caused by the most prevalent types of these viruses, as this review points out. Several countries have adopted immunization programs that recommend vaccination against HPV for girls and adolescents between 9 and 14 years of age and, in some of them, also for boys. The programs also contemplate the immunization of adults, particularly in the case of individuals with different immunodeficiencies. Sources of data: The available vaccines are recommended for the prevention of tumors of the uterine cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anal canal. Moreover, two of the vaccines prevent the occurrence of genital warts, having been recently indicated for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer. Data synthesis: Based on the evidence that antibody responses in girls were non-inferior after two doses when compared to three doses, several countries have decided to reduce the vaccination schedule for girls and boys up to 14 years of age from three to two doses, with an interval of six months between them. Recently, knowledge has been accumulating about the immunogenicity, duration of protection, and efficacy of a single-dose HPV vaccine regimen in girls and young women. Conclusion: Single-dose HPV vaccination could substantially reduce the incidence of pre-cancer and cervical cancer attributable to HPV, with reduced costs for vaccine delivery and simplified implementation, allowing more countries to introduce HPV vaccination or increase the adherence of the target population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of different doses of oxycodone combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia in patients undergoing radical resection of lung cancer. Methods: Used the random number table method, patients with lung cancer (n=140) who underwent radical resection of lung cancer in our hospital from March 2017 to December 2020 were divided into group A (1.0 mg/kg oxycodone) and group B (2.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1.0 mg/kg oxycodone), group C (2.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, 0.75mg/kg oxycodone), group D (2.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, 0.5 mg/kg oxycodone), 35 cases in each. Hemodynamics, immune response,satisfaction of analgesic effect and incidence of adverse reactions were observed in the four groups. Results: The heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 2 h after operation (T1) to 6 h after operation (T2) time points in the group C and group D were lower than those in the group A and group B (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in HR and MAP at T1 and T2 time points between the between group A and group B, group C and group D (P>0.05). The satisfaction of analgesic effect in the group A and group D was lower than that in the group C and group B (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the satisfaction of analgesic effect between the between the group A and group D, group C and group B (P>0.05). CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+in group C and group D were higher than those in group A and group B. CD8+was lower than that in the group A and group B (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ between the group C and group D, between the group A and group B (P>0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the group C was lower than that in the group A, group B and group D (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oxycodone combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia is used in patients undergoing radical resection of lung cancer with 0.75 mg/kg oxycodone combined with 2.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine has the best effect, can obtain better satisfaction with analgesic effect, stabilize hemodynamics, reduce immunosuppression, and which is safe and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of different dosage of bone cement in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) in percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) . Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of bone cement leakage. Methods: The clinical data of 120 patients with OVCF who underwent PKP in the Department of Orthopedics in our hospital from July 2019 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into low-dose group (2~3 m L cement, n=39), medium-dose group (3~6 m L cement, n=41) and high-dose group (6~7 m L cement, n=40) according to different cement filling doses. The surgical effect of bone cement filling at three different doses were compared. The general data of all patients were collected and the bone cement leakage was recorded, all patients were divided into leakage group (n=25) and non-leakage group (n=95) according to the occurrence of postoperative bone cement leakage. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of bone cement leakage. Results: The visual pain analogue scale (VAS) and Oswerstry Disability index (ODI) scores of the three groups at 1 year after operation were lower than those before operation (P<0.05) . 1year after operation, the vertebral anterior edge height of the three groups was higher than that before operation, and the kyphotic Cobb angle was lower than that before operation (P<0.05). The bone cement leakage rate of the high-dose group and medium-dose group was higher than that of the low-dose group (P<0.05). Bone cement leakage was related to the preoperative height of anterior vertebral body, the damage of perivertebral wall, the amount of bone cement injection, the degree of vertebral compression, the intercommunication of vertebral base venous foramen, bone mineral density, the timing of bone cement injection, and fracture sign (P<0.05). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that degree of vertebral compression ≥50%, damage of perivertebral wall, timing of bone cement injection in congee stage, and excessive amount of bone cement injection were risk factors for bone cement leakage (P<0.05). Conclusion: Different doses of PKP are effective in the treatment of OVCF, but the bone cement leakage rate is lower of the low-dose group. At the same time, the risk factors of bone cement leakage also include the amount of bone cement injection, the damage of perivertebral wall, the degree of vertebral compression, and the timing of bone cement injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if many countries are against it since vaccinations are not readily available, industrialized countries continue to make some vaccines designated under the World Health Organization's emergency use listing mandatory for entry into their countries. The first half of 2021 has seen the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in several countries, after the exceptional speed of vaccine development and testing in 2020. Using keywords in online databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase, this systematic search was carried out. The findings were collected into a report. We were unable to do an adequate human study because we included so many different kinds of vaccinations. A look at current vaccination-controlled trials and actual facts on immunization success is also presented. The efficacy of new vaccines is continually being tested in ongoing vaccine trials. Increasing the alternatives for global vaccine production to manufacture sufficient vaccine shots for international usage and to enhance the statistics for the potential utility of various vaccination platforms in forthcoming pandemics are also a result of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic fertilizers are one of the alternatives within the group of products used in sustainable agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) with the application of two organic fertilizers (poultry manure and compost in the Pangua Canton, the doses used were: 2 kg, 4 kg and 6 kg per square meter. The study was carried out at the San Luis Farm belonging to the Corazón Parish of Pangua Canton, the research had a duration of 90 days for the establishment of the trial and experimental work. The evaluation of the data was carried out at three ages: 30, 60 and 90 days, a completely randomized block design was used, with a factorial arrangement of A*B + a control (without fertilizer) with seven treatments, three replications and 20 plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem diameter, cabbage diameter, cabbage weight and yield per hectare. The results showed that the application of the compost organic fertilizer yielded better results, while the other treatments reported inferior results. The results at field level showed the best effect where compost was applied. The agronomic behavior of the cabbage showed an adequate response to the application of organic fertilizer and adaptability to the climatic conditions of the area with the best results for the 6 kg dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID‐19 remains a life‐threatening infectious disease worldwide. Several bio‐active agents have been tested and evaluated in an effort to contain this disease. Unfortunately, none of the therapies have been successful, owing to their safety concerns and the presence of various adverse effects. Various countries have developed vaccines as a preventive measure; however, they have not been widely accepted as effective strategies. The virus has proven to be exceedingly contagious and lethal, so finding an effective treatment strategy has been a top priority in medical research. The significance of vitamin D in influencing many components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is examined in this study. This review aims to summarize the research on the use of vitamin D for COVID‐19 treatment and prevention. Vitamin D supplementation has now become an efficient option to boost the immune response for all ages in preventing the spread of infection. Vitamin D is an immunomodulator that treats infected lung tissue by improving innate and adaptive immune responses and downregulating the inflammatory cascades. The preventive action exerted by vitamin D supplementation (at a specific dose) has been accepted by several observational research investigations and clinical trials on the avoidance of viral and acute respiratory dysfunctions. To assess the existing consensus about vitamin D supplementation as a strategy to treat and prevent the development and progression of COVID‐19 disease, this review intends to synthesize the evidence around vitamin D in relation to COVID‐19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vitamin D, including all its vitamers, being a food substance, does not belong to drugs, it can specifically cure those diseases that were caused by its deficiency in the diet. Vitamin D may be officially registered as a dietary supplement or medicine. In both cases, it is intended for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency as well as for the treatment of profound deficiency and its consequences. Doses of vitamin D in them are strictly regulated; they are strictly controlled before being imported and placed on the market. In relation to monovitamins and vitamin complexes registered as dietary supplements, especially for children, increased requirements are imposed on the doses of micronutrients, their forms, auxiliary components Due to the high doses of micronutrients they contain, the presence of auxiliary components that are not permitted for use in baby food, many monovitamins and vitamin complexes simply cannot be registered as dietary supplements and, as a result, are registered as medicines. However, this does not mean that they are more effective. Food supplements in their composition are closer to food products, which confirms the validity of their assignment to the category of specialized products. The effectiveness of vitamin D depends not on the form of state registration, but on the dose, its form and the initial supply of the organism. In order to prevent alimentary deficiency of vitamin D, it is advisable to use dietary supplements, the doses in which are close to the physiological need.

Objectives: Prophylactic HPV vaccines are a fundamental tool to reduce infections and tumors caused by the most prevalent types of these viruses, as this review points out. Several countries have adopted immunization programs that recommend vaccination against HPV for girls and adolescents between 9 and 14 years of age and, in some of them, also for boys. The programs also contemplate the immunization of adults, particularly in the case of individuals with different immunodeficiencies. Sources of data: The available vaccines are recommended for the prevention of tumors of the uterine cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anal canal. Moreover, two of the vaccines prevent the occurrence of genital warts, having been recently indicated for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer. Data synthesis: Based on the evidence that antibody responses in girls were non-inferior after two doses when compared to three doses, several countries have decided to reduce the vaccination schedule for girls and boys up to 14 years of age from three to two doses, with an interval of six months between them. Recently, knowledge has been accumulating about the immunogenicity, duration of protection, and efficacy of a single-dose HPV vaccine regimen in girls and young women. Conclusion: Single-dose HPV vaccination could substantially reduce the incidence of pre-cancer and cervical cancer attributable to HPV, with reduced costs for vaccine delivery and simplified implementation, allowing more countries to introduce HPV vaccination or increase the adherence of the target population.

Fertilizers contain a certain level of radioactivity and thus can affect the exposure of workers to radiation during production. The activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were determined using the gamma spectrometry method for 36 samples of chemical fertilizers used in Serbia. Average values of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are 213 ± 37 Bq kg− 1, 51 ± 10 Bq kg− 1, 12 ± 2 Bq kg− 1, 3671 ± 436 Bq kg− 1, respectively. The values of radium equivalent index (Raeq), absorbed gamma dose rate (DR), annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), alpha dose equivalents for radon exposures (HE), and radon mass exhalation rates (EM) were estimated. The obtained values were compared with the results of similar research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study assessed the hepatoprotective potential of flavonoid-rich extracts from Gongronema latifolium Benth on diabetes-induced type 2 rats via Fetuin-A and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TnF-α). Methods: In a standard procedure, the flavonoid-rich extract was prepared. For experimental rats, streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally (45 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes mellitus. Following this, rats were given 5% of glucose water for 24 h. Hence, the animals were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each, consisting of non-diabetic rats, diabetic controls, diabetic rats treated with low and high doses of flavonoid rich-extracts from Gongronema latifolium leaf (FREGL) (13 and 26 mg/kg, respectively), and diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg of metformin glibenclamide orally for 3 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were sacrificed, blood and liver were harvested to evaluate different biochemical parameters, hepatic gene expressions and histological examinations. Results: The results revealed that FREGL (especially at the low dose) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activities, lipid peroxidation level, as well as relative gene expressions of fetuin-A and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Furthermore, diabetic rats given various doses of FREGL showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes and hexokinase activity, as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4), and glycogen levels. In addition, histoarchitecture of the liver of diabetic rats administered FREGL (especially at the low dose) was also ameliorated. Conclusion: Hence, FREGL (particularly at a low dose) may play a substantial role in mitigating the hepatopathy complication associated with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in Sudan which played a leading role in the local and foreign trade. Research has been conducted in two sites in Sugarcane Research Center Farm in Guneid-Sudan from 5/7/2019 to 5/9/2020. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of potassium sulphate fertilizer doses on the growth, yield, and quality of sugarcane. The variety tested was Co 6806. The treatments consist of five doses of potassium sulphate (SOP) fertilizer which contains (50% K2O and 18% S); K1: 0.0, K2: 40, K3: 80, K4: 120, and K5: 160 kg SOP kg ha-1 arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. The results obtained showed that there was a significant effect on plant growth due to the application of different levels of potassium sulphate fertilizer in the two sites. Statistically, the treatment K3: (80 SOP kg ha-1 ) significantly recorded the highest cane and sugar yield values compared to the other potassium sulphate levels and the control in the two different experimental sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: No consensus exists about the doses of analgesics, sedatives, anesthetics, and paralytics used in critically ill neonates. Large-scale, detailed pharmacoepidemiologic studies of prescription practices are a prerequisite to future research. This study aimed to describe the detailed prescriptions of these drug classes in neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) from computerized prescription records and to compare prescriptions by gestational age. Materials and Methods: We included all neonates requiring intensive care in 30 French level III units from 2014 through 2020 with a computerized prescription for an analgesic, sedative, anesthetic, or paralytic agent. We described frequencies of prescription, methods of administration, concomitant drug prescriptions, and dosing regimen, and compared them across gestational ages. Results: Among 65,555 neonates, 29,340 (44.8%) were prescribed at least one analgesic (acetaminophen in 37.2% and opioids in 17.8%), sedative (9.8%), anesthetic (8.5%), and/ or paralytic agent (1%). Among preterm infants born before 28 weeks, 3,771/4,283 (88.0%) were prescribed at least one of these agents: 69.7% opioids, 41.2% sedatives, 32.5% anesthetics, and 5.8% paralytics. The most frequently prescribed agents were sufentanil (in 10.3% of neonates) and morphine (in 8.0% of neonates) for opioids, midazolam (9.3%) for sedatives, ketamine (5.7%) and propofol (3.3%) for anesthetics. In most neonates, opioids and sedatives were prescribed as continuous infusion, whereas anesthetics were prescribed as single doses. Opioids, sedatives and paralytics were mostly prescribed in association with another agent. Doses varied significantly by gestational age but within a limited range. Gestational age was inversely related to the frequency, cumulative dose and duration of prescriptions. For example, morphine prescriptions showed median (IQR) cumulative doses of 2601 (848–6750) vs. 934 (434–2679) µg/kg and median (IQR) durations of 7 (3–15) vs. 3 (2–5) days in infants born <28 vs. ≥ 37 weeks of gestation, respectively (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: The prescriptions of analgesic, sedative, anesthetic, or paralytic agent were frequent and often combined in the NICU. Lower gestational age was associated with higher frequencies, longer durations and higher cumulative doses of these prescriptions. Dose-finding studies to determine individualized dosing regimens and studies on long-term neurodevelopmental outcome according to received cumulative doses are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the potential radiological impact of a class 3 landfill as a disposal facility of the final tin slag from the tin industry in Bangka Island. Tin slag that contains TENORM (Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) with activity concentrations above exemption level limits should be stored safely and securely. The radiological impact analysis of storing TENORM waste was carried out before and after the construction of a landfill facility. RESRAD OFFSITE version 3.2 software was used to simulate dose and cancer risk, and analyze the contribution of exposure pathways. Radionuclide concentration, landfill facility specifications, hydrogeological data, climatological data, and food and water consumption data were used as input parameters of RESRAD. The receptor was a resident farmer who lives 100 meters from the facility, grows his own food, and consumes water from his land. The total dose before and after the construction of the landfill were 3.13 mSv/year and 1.84×10-2 mSv/year while cancer risks were 5.69×10-3 and 6.50×10-5, respectively. The exposure pathways from inhalation of radon become a major contributor to dose acceptance and cancer risk. Based on these results, the landfill facility is effective in reducing the potential impact of radiological hazards from dose acceptance and cancer risk.

Objectives: No consensus exists about the doses of analgesics, sedatives, anesthetics, and paralytics used in critically ill neonates. Large-scale, detailed pharmacoepidemiologic studies of prescription practices are a prerequisite to future research. This study aimed to describe the detailed prescriptions of these drug classes in neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) from computerized prescription records and to compare prescriptions by gestational age.Materials and Methods: We included all neonates requiring intensive care in 30 French level III units from 2014 through 2020 with a computerized prescription for an analgesic, sedative, anesthetic, or paralytic agent. We described frequencies of prescription, methods of administration, concomitant drug prescriptions, and dosing regimen, and compared them across gestational ages.Results: Among 65,555 neonates, 29,340 (44.8%) were prescribed at least one analgesic (acetaminophen in 37.2% and opioids in 17.8%), sedative (9.8%), anesthetic (8.5%), and/or paralytic agent (1%). Among preterm infants born before 28 weeks, 3,771/4,283 (88.0%) were prescribed at least one of these agents: 69.7% opioids, 41.2% sedatives, 32.5% anesthetics, and 5.8% paralytics. The most frequently prescribed agents were sufentanil (in 10.3% of neonates) and morphine (in 8.0% of neonates) for opioids, midazolam (9.3%) for sedatives, ketamine (5.7%) and propofol (3.3%) for anesthetics. In most neonates, opioids and sedatives were prescribed as continuous infusion, whereas anesthetics were prescribed as single doses. Opioids, sedatives and paralytics were mostly prescribed in association with another agent. Doses varied significantly by gestational age but within a limited range. Gestational age was inversely related to the frequency, cumulative dose and duration of prescriptions. For example, morphine prescriptions showed median (IQR) cumulative doses of 2601 (848–6750) vs. 934 (434–2679) µg/kg and median (IQR) durations of 7 (3–15) vs. 3 (2–5) days in infants born

Norepinephrine is the first-line vasopressor used in acute cardio-circulatory failure. At the bedside, its dose is critical as it serves to determine the severity of patients, to compare the patients between different studies, and to start specific interventions. Recently, several investigators underlined differences in the expression of norepinephrine doses according to countries and manufacturers. For various reasons, all norepinephrine products are processed to a salt formulation thereby generating a stable and soluble conjugated acid in a slightly acidic solution. Depending on the salt used, the total weight will differ, but the weight of pure norepinephrine base is the same. This results in at-risk situations with large variations in terms of practices, evaluation and treatment. In this technical note, we summarized the evidence and provided a few suggestions to improve the practices at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deinking paper sludge (DPS) soil amendments have potential as a climate change mitigation strategy. Understanding how DPS application affects carbon mineralization in different soil textures is crucial but has not been well investigated. We performed a 120 days incubation experiment to evaluate the effect of soil texture and DPS amount on CO2 emissions. Three different textures were tested: silty clay, sandy-silt and sandy with three DPS doses: 0, 30 and 60 t.ha-1. Results showed that DPS mineralization without soil seemed very rapid with a high mineralized carbon amount (more than 2.500 gC.kg-1DPS), but did not reach the stable phase. For amended soils, soil texture effects are marked at the end of incubation. The cumulative carbon mineralization depended significantly on soil texture and DPS doses with a significant interaction. Among all soils with different dose application, the highest cumulative carbon mineralization was revealed for silty-clay soil by applying 30 t.ha-1 as well as 60 t.ha-1 of DPS. However, the lowest values occurred for sandy soil. Only this latter achieved the stabilization phase after 120 days and therefore stopped CO2 emission. The highest potential mineralization rate (C0) was achieved for silty-clay soil by applying the two DPS doses. The mineralization rate (C0*k) was two times higher for this soil than the sandy soil. The kinetic deviation of carbon mineralization applying the highest DPS doses (60 t.ha-1) is similar for the four studied soils because of C-decomposition blockage. These findings highlight the necessity to consider the combined effects of the DPS amount and soil texture for assessing C release in DPS-amended soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation from radioactive materials/radionuclides in the environment enhanced by anthropogenic activities is presently of a great concern globally. The objective of this study is to determine the radiometric and dosimetric parameters from soil samples collected randomly from the study area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The samples were prepared using standard methods and analyzed with a high resolution Hyperpure Germanium Detector configuration (HPGe). The results showed the clay samples to have higher activity concentration to the sands samples with activity concentration of clay samples ranging between 68.99±9.05 -189, 42±21.11Bq/kg and the sand samples with activity concentration range of 17.95±5.87 - 38.59±7.43Bq/kg. The activity concentration spatial distribution map in clay lithologies showed 2 peak values trending north-west, while the sand lithology showed a single peak central distribution. The result also showed the values of the absorbed doses with the 8 clay samples values ranging between 59.09 - 155.25nGy/h and sand samples values between 17.90 - 33.92nGy/h. The spatial distribution of the dose showed 2 peak central distribution in clay samples and north-east trending distribution of high peak values for samples with sand lithologies. In addition, the results showed an effective absorbed dose of range of 0.235-0.0616mSv/y for samples with clay lithology and 0.0071-0.0135mSv/y for samples with sand lithology The activity concentration of all the samples studied are below the 1000Bq/kg international reference limit for Radium 226, Thorium 232, uranium 238 and 10,000Bq/kg for potassium 40. The absorbed dose rate and annual effective absorbed dose are also below the international reference limits published by ICRP, 2007 and UNSCEAR, 2000 publications. Also, effective activity maximum limit of 370Bq/kg for input raw materials for public building is not exceeded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional study, with the objective of describing alcohol consumption and identifying the factors associated with binge drinking among women in the municipalit of Vilhena. The instruments for investigation were a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale. It was identified that 78.4% (n = 236) consume low-risk alcoholic beverages or abstinence, 14.9% (n = 45) make use of risk, 3% (n = 9) use of high risk and 3.7% (n = 11) probable dependence. Of those surveyed, 57.4% (n = 135) consumed three or more drinks of alcohol on the same occasion. Binge was associated with young adults, single, paid work and income less than three minimum wages, elementary and high school education and non-exercisers. The study showed a high and worrying alcohol consumption among women who practiced binge drinking, and it is important to early detect risk groups and develop policies to prevent abuse and dependence on these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methadon maintenance therapy is one of the substitution therapies needed as an approach to harm reduction or the reduction of the adverse effects of drug abuse. This study aims to fix the infinitive relationship doses with retention of drug dependence patients on methadon maintenance therapies program (PTRM) in Kramat Jati Primary Health Care in 2009-2018. A cross-sectional study is conducted using secondary data from medical records subsequently significance analysis. This research involves 136 patients who were included in the inclusion criteria. Results shown mean initial doses received is 27,65 mg (10-40 mg), after 2 weeks of therapy mean doses received are 51,6 mg (range 22,5 – 85 mg). Average lowest and highest maintenance dose which received is 30,9 mg (range 0,25-115 mg) dan 84,39 mg (range 7,77-126,92 mg). This research shows the retention value 1 year or more reaches 64,71%. Maintenance doses 2 weeks (P=0,005), lowest maintenance doses (P=0,000), average maintenance doses (P=0,004), and history misses doses (P=0,000) have significance with retention. The conclusion that the more optimal maintenance doses received, even more in methadone maintenance therapies. Otherwise, lower missed doses frequency better to patients retention in methadon maintenance therapies.

Radiation from radioactive materials/radionuclides in the environment enhanced by anthropogenic activities is presently of a great concern globally. The objective of this study is to determine the radiometric and dosimetric parameters from soil samples collected randomly from the study area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The samples were prepared using standard methods and analyzed with a high resolution Hyperpure Germanium Detector configuration (HPGe). The results showed the clay samples to have higher activity concentration to the sands samples with activity concentration of clay samples ranging between 68.99±9.05 –189, 42±21.11Bq/kg and the sand samples with activity concentration range of 17.95±5.87 – 38.59±7.43Bq/kg. The activity concentration spatial distribution map in clay lithologies showed 2 peak values trending north-west, while the sand lithology showed a single peak central distribution. The result also showed the values of the absorbed doses with the 8 clay samples values ranging between 59.09 - 155.25nGy/h and sand samples values between 17.90 – 33.92nGy/h. The spatial distribution of the dose showed 2 peak central distribution in clay samples and north-east trending distribution of high peak values for samples with sand lithologies. In addition, the results showed an effective absorbed dose of range of 0.235-0.0616mSv/y for samples with clay lithology and 0.0071-0.0135mSv/y for samples with sand lithology The activity concentration of all the samples studied are below the 1000Bq/kg international reference limit for Radium 226, Thorium 232, uranium 238 and 10,000Bq/kg for potassium 40. The absorbed dose rate and annual effective absorbed dose are also below the international reference limits published by ICRP, 2007 and UNSCEAR, 2000 publications. Also, effective activity maximum limit of 370Bq/kg for input raw materials for public building is not exceeded.