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Après des travaux montrant un déficit d’inhibition des détails et un traitement peu spontané de la structure globale chez des enfants dyslexiques de surface (DS) monolingues français, ce déséquilibre des analyses visuo-attentionnelles globale/locale est étudié chez 15 enfants dyslexiques bilingues français-arabe (7 DS, 8 dyslexiques phonologiques (DP)) et des contrôles. Des lettres arabes hiérarchisées complètent les lettres latines et les dessins hiérarchisés du test initial. Les résultats confirment chez les enfants bilingues DS les deux anomalies étudiées, particulièrement avec les dessins et les lettres arabes hiérarchisées. Chez les enfants DS, ce déséquilibre global/local est corrélé au déficit en lecture des mots irréguliers, caractéristique de la DS, et à l’efficacité en lecture de mots réguliers. Chez les enfants DP, l’inhibition des détails, moins déficitaire, est néanmoins corrélée aux difficultés avec les mots irréguliers, révélant un déficit cognitif sous-jacent à prendre en considération pour la dyslexie. Un fait nouveau apparaît : une dominance intense de l’analyse globale chez les enfants DP bilingues, corrélée à leurs difficultés avec tout type de mot. Cette particularité visuo-attentionnelle pourrait entraver l’identification des lettres, entrainant des confusions pour les mots irréguliers et affectant le choix des règles graphème-phonème pour lire et écrire les mots réguliers.

L’épreuve de répétition de non-mots LITMUS-NWR-FR (Ferré & Santos, 2015) a été élaborée afin d’évaluer essentiellement le domaine phonologique chez l’enfant monolingue ou bilingue. L’objet de notre étude est de s’assurer que LITMUS-NWR-FR remplit cet objectif en s’intéressant à la contribution respective des variables suivantes dans les performances à ce test : la mémoire à court terme verbale (MCTv) et la similarité phonologique, la flexibilité cognitive, le niveau socio-économique (NSE) et le bilinguisme. 193 enfants tout-venant âgés de 3;10 à 5;0 ans ont été évalués à l’aide d’épreuves cognitivo-langagières et de questionnaires parentaux. Les résultats ne révèlent aucun effet du bilinguisme sur les performances à LITMUS-NWR-FR, et le NSE ne présente pas de lien substantiel avec ces performances. La MCTv explique une part non négligeable de la variance des scores à LITMUS-NWR-FR (35%). Toutefois, la part expliquée par l’ensemble des variables étudiées demeure modérée. Ce résultat conforte notre hypothèse selon laquelle ce test mesure principalement la phonologie.

L ’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer le dédeveloppement lexical, précoce chez les enfants bilingues et d’explorer le lien possible entre la, taille du vocabulaire et les fonctions exécutives. Nous avons testé 15,bilingues français-portugais (7 de 16 mois et 8 de 24 mois). Leur, développement langagier a été évalué avec l'Inventaire du développement, communicatif français et portugais (adaptations du CDI MacArthur-Bates, Fenson et al., 2007). Des questionnaires parentaux ont été utilisés pour,évaluer la dominance linguistique (PaBiQ, Tuller, 2015), les stades de, développement (ASQ-3™, Squires et al., 2009) et les fonctions exécutives,(BRIEF-P, Gioia, Aspy, … Isquith, 2003). Nous avons calculé la taille du, vocabulaire dans chacune des langues, le vocabulaire total et le vocabulaire, conceptuel total et comparé avec les normes des monolingues. Presque, tous les participants ont un vocabulaire total dans chacune des langues,(français ou portugais) et un vocabulaire conceptuel total similaire à celui, des monolingues portugais et français. Leur vocabulaire total,(français+portugais) est par contre supérieur à celui des monolingues. Il, existe une corrélation entre la taille du vocabulaire et la mémoire de travail,(Stokes & Klee, 2009), mais aucune avec l'inhibition. Ces résultats donnent, un meilleur aperçu du processus de développement du langage bilingue.

Dans cet article, nous rendons compte de l’utilisation de trois tâches dites LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) pour distinguer des enfants bilingues avec trouble spécifique du langage oral (TSL) et des enfants bilingues à développement typique (DT) en France, notamment une tâche de répétition de non mots (LITMUS-NWR-French), une tâche de répétition de phrases (LITMUS-SR-French), ainsi qu’un questionnaire parental (LITMUS-PABIQ). Les 82 enfants bilingues évalués, âgés de 5 à 8 ans, étaient exposés au français et soit à l’arabe, au portugais ou au turc. Ils ont été recrutés à travers des établissements scolaires et des cabinets d’orthophonie puis divisés en deux groupes à partir des informations obtenues à travers le questionnaire parental ainsi que de leurs scores à des épreuves langagières standardisés dans leurs deux langues. Nous avons ainsi obtenu un groupe d’enfants bilingues à développement typique (Bi-DT, n = 61) et un groupe d’enfants bilingues avec TSL (Bi-TSL, n = 21). Des enfants monolingues appariés en âge et servant de groupes témoins ont également participé à cette étude : 17 enfants avec TSL et 38 avec DT. Les enfants du groupe Bi-DT ont obtenu des résultats significativement supérieurs à ceux du groupe Bi-TSL à chacune des tâches de répétition. La même tendance a été observée pour les groupes Mo-TD et Mo-TSL. De plus, différents facteurs extra-linguistiques liés au contexte d’apprentissage des enfants bilingues n’ont eu qu’un impact minime sur la performance à ces épreuves.

The search for alternatives to certain antibiotics in animal nutrition has propelled the study of encapsulated essential oils and organic acids considering their potential to generate beneficial effects in animal organisms. The objective of this study was to compile and discuss scientific findings published between 2013 and July 2024 from two databases related to the usage of encapsulated essential oils and organic acids in the supplementation of poultry and swine feeds. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology, covering the PubMed and Web of Science databases, which initially yielded 115 selected articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 relevant articles were selected for comprehensive analysis. The studies demonstrate that the encapsulation of essential oils and organic acids is an alternative to reduce the utilization of conventional antibiotics, as encapsulation has the potential to maintain the properties of these compounds while ensuring greater stability and controlled release within the animal organism. The selection of appropriate encapsulation technologies, encapsulating agents, and zootechnical additives is crucial to maximizing the effectiveness of these compounds in animal nutrition. Despite the identification of gaps in the analyzed studies regarding specific details of the techniques used and regulatory considerations, encapsulated essential oils and organic acids show potential to reduce the need for antibiotics in animal production along with other added benefits. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, aiming to guide and contribute to future research efforts., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The ability of an organism to respond to nutritional stress can be a plastic character under the action of natural selection, affecting several characteristics, including life history and energy storage. The genus Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae) presents high variability regarding natural resource exploration. However, most works on this theme have studied the model species D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830 and little is known about Neotropical drosophilids. Here we evaluate the effects of three diets, with different carbohydrate-to-protein ratios, on life history (viability and development time) and metabolic pools (triglycerides, glycogen, and total soluble protein contents) of three Neotropical species of Drosophila: D. maculifrons Duda, 1927; D. ornatifrons Duda, 1927, both of the subgenus Drosophila Sturtevant, 1939, and D. willistoni Sturtevant, 1916 of the subgenus Sophophora Sturtevant, 1939. Our results showed that only D. willistoni was viable on all diets, D. maculifrons was not viable on the sugary diet, while D. ornatifrons was barely viable on this diet. The sugary diet increased the development time of D. willistoni and D. ornatifrons, and D. willistoni glycogen content. Thus, the viability of D. maculifrons and D. ornatifrons seems to depend on a certain amount of protein and/or a low concentration of carbohydrate in the diet. A more evident effect of the diets on triglyceride and protein pools was detected in D. ornatifrons, which could be related to the adult attraction to dung and carrion baited pitfall as food resource tested in nature. Our results demonstrated that the evolutionary history and differential adaptations to natural macronutrient resources are important to define the amplitude of response that a species can present when faced with dietary variation., (© 2024. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and trunk bark of a specimen of Ocotea aciphylla collected in the southern portion of the Amazon forest led to the isolation of an oxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane-type neolignan and 15 bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid neolignans, 14 of which are unreported compounds ( 2 - 15 ), including one with an unusual oxidation pattern of the side chain at C-1' and two rare 7.1',8.3'-connected bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid derivatives. Their structures and relative configurations were determined by extensive spectrometric analysis based on 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS data, while their absolute configurations were unambiguously assigned using electronic and vibrational circular dichroism data assisted by density functional theory calculations. Additionally, known sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, and phytosterols were also isolated.

The differential exploration of natural resources by Drosophila species has effects on fitness, with changes in life history and metabolic traits. There is a lack of research on the variation in these characters in different environments in Neotropical species of Drosophila . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the profile of life history traits, including viability, development time, and dry weight (as a measure of size), as well as the metabolic pools of triglyceride, glycogen, and protein, in populations from the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil of four Neotropical Drosophila species: D. willistoni , of the Sophophora subgenus, and D. mercatorum , D. maculifrons , and D. ornatifrons , which belong to the Drosophila subgenus. Life history and metabolic traits showed interpopulational variation in at least one species. When significant differences in life history parameters occurred, species of the same subgenus presented similar profiles, i.e. , southern populations were larger, less viable, and showed longer development time. This was also observed for triglyceride. However, for the other two metabolic pools (glycogen and total proteins), D. maculifrons and D. ornatifrons presented inverse patterns to the other two species, with the highest values in southeastern populations and the lowest in southern populations. These populational variations indicate plasticity of the examined life history traits, which allows distinctive responses to different environmental conditions shared by speciesof the same subgenus. Nevertheless, interspecific comparisons did not reflect phylogenetic relationships, with the highest viability being found for D. willistoni and D. mercatorum , which is probably correlated to the ability of these species to explore a broader variety of habitats. On the other hand, the storage capability of metabolic pools seems to be species specific, determined by the adaptive history to the quality and availability of resources, with D. mercatorum (low) and D. ornatifrons (high) having opposing capacities to store metabolites from their diets.

Amid the devastating effects caused by the pandemic of the new Coronavirus (COVID-19), health leaders around the world are adding efforts to search efficient and effective responses in the fight against the disease. Conventional health centers, such as hospitals and emergency departments have been registering an increase in demand and atypical patterns due to the high transmissibility of the virus. In this context, the adoption of Temporary Hospitals (THs) is effective in trying to relieve conventional hospitals and direct efforts in the treatment of suspected and positive patients for COVID-19. However, some requirements should be considered regarding the processes performed by THs to maintain the health and safety of patients and staff. Based on the literature, we evaluated aspects related to patient safety in THs, especially linked to biosafety of medical facilities, and patient transport and visit. We highlight the analysis of flows and layouts, hospital cleaning and patient care. We described two case studies to demonstrate the proposed approach. As result, simulation tests improved safety metrics, such as waiting time for procedures, movement intensity in each area, length of stay and TH capacity. We conclude that the approach allows us to provide better THs that prevent cross-contamination, provide suitable care, and meet the demand., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Developing anionic receptors is a huge challenge, especially those using hydrogen bonds to interact with the analytes. Azobenzene-derivative selective chemosensor has been evaluated for anion recognition properties. 2‑(4‑Hydroxiazobenzene)benzoic acid (HABA) has two hydrogens groups available for interaction; one is the phenol group and the other is the carboxylic acid group, enabling interaction with cations and anions. Subsequently titrations of chromophore 2‑(4‑hydroxiazobenzene) benzoic acid were performed with cations and anions; however, only the interactions with fluoride, acetate, and phosphate were significant. These data demonstrated the sensitivity of the ligand HABA by these anions, characterized by the displacement of the absorbance bands at 372nm to 491nm in acetonitrile. The association constants found to fluoride, acetate, and phosphate were 1.56×10 4 ±0.28, 1.25×10 4 ±0.60, and 1.90×10 4 ±0.67mol -1 dm 3 respectively. 1 H NMR titrations data confirmed association constants values in agreement with those of UV-Vis, besides showing evidence of the analyte interaction by the hydrogen-bonding of the carboxylic acid group. Overall, UV-Vis limit of detection data for fluoride (1.05×10 -7 moldm -3 ), acetate (3.77×10 -8 moldm -3 ) and phosphate (3.00×10 -8 moldm -3 ), support that HABA can detect low concentration of these anions., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: There is a need to find an effective treatment against reperfusion injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of the ischemic postconditioning and statin to prevent renal reperfusion injury., Design and Setting: An experimental study developed at Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp., Methods: A total of 41 Wistar rats were distributed into 5 groups: ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), ischemic postconditioning (IPC), postconditioning + statin (IPC + S), statin (S), and sham. In the sham group, the infrarenal abdominal aorta was dissected and isolated; all others were submitted to aortic clamping for 70 min (ischemia) and posterior removal of the clamp (reperfusion, 70 min). In the IPC and IPC + S groups, postconditioning was performed in ischemia and reperfusion phases by 4 cycles of reperfusion and ischemia lasting 30 sec each. In the IPC + S and S groups, preceding the surgical procedure, atorvastatin was administered 3.4 mg/day for 7 days by gavage. After the procedure, the left kidney was removed for histological study., Results: The mean renal lesion was 4 in the I/R group, 2.44 in the IPC group, 1.22 in the IPC + S group, 1.11 in the S group, and 1 in the sham group. The I/R group had a higher degree of tissue injury when compared to the others (P < 0.001) and the IPC + S and S groups improved protection against IPC alone (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Ischemic postconditioning and atorvastatin can minimize renal remote reperfusion injury., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) is a new tool that can be used to investigate processes of interaction between metal ions and organic matter (OM) in soils, providing a specific analysis of the structure and dynamics of macromolecules. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in the literature reporting the use of this technique applied to whole/non-fractionated soil samples, making it a potential method for use in future studies. This work describes the use of TRFS to evaluate the fluorescence lifetimes of OM of whole soils from the Amazon region. Analysis was made of pellets of soils from an oxisol-spodosol system, collected in São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Amazonas, Brazil). The fluorescence lifetimes in the oxisol-spodosol system were attributed to two different fluorophores. One was related to complexation of an OM fraction with metals, resulting in a shorter fluorophore lifetime. A short fluorescence lifetime (2-12 ns) could be associated with simpler structures of the OM, while a long lifetime (19-66 ns) was associated with more complex OM structures. This new TRFS technique for analysis of the fluorescence lifetime in whole soil samples complies with the principles of green chemistry.

Context Siolmatra brasiliensis (Cogn.) Baill (Cucurbitaceae) is a climbing plant widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus symptoms. Objective This work evaluates the antidiabetic activity of an extract of S. brasiliensis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and promotes the phytochemical investigation to isolate the major compounds of the same extract. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were divided into normal (N) and diabetic rats (DC) treated with water; diabetic rats treated with 3U insulin (DI) or with 250 (DSb250) or 500 mg/kg (DSb500) of hydroalcoholic extract of the stalks of S. brasiliensis, via oral gavage, for 21 days. Physiological and biochemical parameters classically altered in diabetes were monitored. The triterpenoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction under silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex-LH20 methods and their structures were determined by NMR, HR-ESI-MS and DC analysis. Results When compared with DC, DSb250 rats showed a reduction in the hyperglycemia (DC: 26.46 ± 0.69 versus DSb250: 19.67 ± 1.06 mmol/L) and glycosuria (DC: 43.02 ± 3.19 versus DSb250: 28.46 ± 2.14 mmol/24 h) and increase in hepatic glycogen (DC: 14.44 ± 1.26 versus DSb250: 22.08 ± 4.26 mg/g). Three known cucurbitacins were isolated from a hydroalcoholic extract of S. brasiliensis, i.e., cayaponosides A1, B4, D, and a new dammarane saponin 3-O-β-d-gentiobiosyl-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20-hydroxydammar-24-ene. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral data analysis of the natural products and their acetyl derivatives. Discussion and conclusion The known cucurbitacins and/or the new identified saponin may be related with the antidiabetic activity of S. brasiliensis.

A new orbitide named [1-8-NαC]-zanriorb A1 (1) was isolated and characterized from the leaves of Zanthoxylum riedelianum using NMR and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of the amino acids was determined using Marfey's method on the acid hydrolysates. Compound 1 induced cell death by apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia T cells (IC50 218 nM).

Red-bellied piranhas (Pygocentrus nattereri) are widely caught with different intensities throughout the region of Solimões-Amazonas River by local fishermen. Thus, the management of this resource is performed in the absence of any information on its genetic stock. P. nattereri is a voracious predator and widely distributed in the Neotropical region, and it is found in other regions of American continent. However, information about genetic variability and structure of wild populations of red-bellied piranha is unavailable. Here, we describe the levels of genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-bellied piranha populations collected at different locations of Solimões-Amazonas River system. We collected 234 red-bellied piranhas and analyzed throughout eight microsatellite markers. We identified high genetic diversity within populations, although the populations of lakes ANA, ARA, and MAR have shown some decrease in their genetic variability, indicating overfishing at these communities. Was identified the existence of two biological populations when the analysis was taken altogether at the lakes of Solimões-Amazonas River system, with significant genetic differentiation between them. The red-bellied piranha populations presented limited gene flow between two groups of populations, which were explained by geographical distance between these lakes. However, high level of gene flow was observed between the lakes within of the biological populations. We have identified high divergence between the Catalão subpopulation and all other subpopulations. We suggest the creation of sustainable reserve for lakes near the city of Manaus to better manage and protect this species, whose populations suffer from both extractive and sport fishing.

Background: The abscesses and anal fistulas represent about 70% of perianal suppuration, with an estimated incidence of 1/10000 inhabitants per year and representing 5% of queries in coloproctology., Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the interesphincteric ligation technique of the fistulous tract in the treatment of anal fistula., Methods: The records of eight patients who underwent this technique, evaluating age, gender and presence of incontinence were studied. Was named technical first-step the passage of cotton thread to promote the correct individualization of the fistula and, as the second, the surgical procedure., Results: Two patients were men and eight women. The mean age was 42.8 years. Of these, seven (87.5%) had complete healing of the fistula; six were cured only with this procedure and one required additional operation with simple fistulotomy. Only one patient developed fecal incontinence which was documented by anorectal manometry. There were no deaths in this series., Conclusion: The interesphincteric ligation technique of the fistulous tract proved to be effective for the treatment of anal fistula and should not be discouraged despite the occurrence of eventual fecal incontinence.

The C cycle in the Brazilian forests is very important, mainly for issues addressed to climate changes and soil management. Assessing and understanding C dynamics in Amazonian soils can help scientists to improve models and anticipate scenarios. New methods that allow soil C measurements in situ are a crucial approach for this kind of region, due to the costs for collecting and sending soil samples from the rainforest to the laboratory. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a multielemental atomic emission spectroscopy technique that employs a highly energetic laser pulse for plasma production and requires neither sample preparation nor the use of reagents. As LIBS takes less than 10 s per sample measurement, it is considered a promising technique for in situ soil analyses. One of the limitations of portable LIBS systems, however, is the common overlap of the emission lines that cannot be spectrally resolved. In this study a method was developed capable of separating the Al interference from the C emission line in LIBS measurements. Two typical forest Brazilian soils rich in Al were investigated: a spodosol (Amazon Forest) and an oxisol (Atlantic Forest). Fifty-three samples were collected and analyzed using a low-resolution LIBS apparatus to measure the intensities of C lines. In particular, two C lines were evaluated, at 193.03 and 247.86 nm. The line at 247.86 nm showed very strong interference with Fe and Si lines, which made quantitative analysis difficult. The line at 193.03 nm showed interference with atomic and ionic Al emission lines, but this problem could be solved by applying a correction method that was proposed and tested in this work. The line at 247.86 was used to assess the proposed model. The strong correlation (Pearson's coefficient R=0.91) found between the LIBS values and those obtained by a reference technique (dry combustion by an elemental analyzer) supported the validity of the proposed method.

Aim: The influence of psychological disturbances in oral lichen planus (OLP) still bears some controversy. This study aimed at assessing levels of anxiety and depression in OLP patients and control subjects, using a self-report scale questionnaire., Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 91 consecutive OLP patients (71 female and 20 male; mean age 52.9 years) and 87 subjects as a control group (69 female and 18 male; mean age 52.7 years). Data collected of both groups included age, sex, race, medical records and systemic disease. Anxiety and depression levels were assessed using, respectively, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests as appropriate, and by Logistic regression analysis., Results: No statistically significant difference was found when the level of anxiety and depression was compared between the OLP and control using Chi-square and Fisher's tests (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the score in 2 out of 20 items of the STAI-T scale (but none of the CES-D) was significantly higher in OLP patients (P<0.05). The analysis by gender showed that the female and male OLP patients presented a significantly higher score for one item in the STAI-T scale (respectively question 4 and 20) but none in the CES-D scale, as compared with that of the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Our findings do not support that either anxiety or depression has any role in the development of OLP lesions.

Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb - C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1&#95;24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2&#95;25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3&#95;18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate whether daily systemic and/or topical medication contributes to the development of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions., Study Design: The study involved 110 OLP patients and 76 control subjects, matched by age, race and sex. The analyzed data included medical records, drug intake and topical medication. Criteria for analysis of drug intake included: (1) ATC-code drug classification; (2) number of different drugs used daily in the categories of monopharmacy (1 drug), minor polypharmacy (2-4 drugs), and major polypharmacy ( > 5 drugs); and (3) drugs implicated in lichenoid reactions (DILRs)., Results: Sixty (54.5%) of the 110 OLP patients reported daily medication (prior to the appearance of the OLP lesion) compared to 52 (68.4%) of the 76 control subjects. No statistical difference was found between the two groups in terms of systemic diseases, number of medicated individuals in the categories of mono- and polypharmacy, nor use of DILRs (P > 0.05). Regarding the clinical forms and site of involvement, a statistically significant difference was only found for the clinical erosive form of OLP, seen more frequently in non-DILR (P = 0.04) and nonmedicated OLP patients (P = 0.02) than in DILR OLP patients. Daily use of topical oral medication was reported by 2 (1.8%) OLP patients and 1 (1.3%) control subject., Conclusions: It seems that the use of systemic medication does not lead to a significant increase in the incidence of OLP lesions. For their part, lichenoid drug reactions are likely to occur only in a very low percentage of patients.

Objective: To assess the preconditioning and postconditioning effect on intestinal mucosal lesions in rats undergone mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion procedure., Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were studied and divided into three groups: Group A, 10 rats undergone mesenteric ischemia (30 minutes) and reperfusion (60 minutes); Group B, 10 rats undergone mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion preceded by ischemic preconditioning for three cycles of ischemia and reperfusion for two minutes each; Group C, 10 rats undergone mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion and, preceding the beginning of reperfusion, ischemic postconditioning was performed for three cycles of reperfusion and ischemia for two minutes each. Then, a segment of small intestine was resected for histological analysis. We assessed the results by Chiu et al. score and the statistical analysis was performed., Results: According to Chiu et al. score, the means of lesion degree were: In the group A, 3.5; Group B, 1.2; Group C, 1. The difference between group A with the groups B and C was considered statistically significant (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Ischemic pre- and postconditioning were capable of minimizing - in a similar intensity - the tissue injury on the intestinal mucosa of rats undergone mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion process.