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Introduction and objective: Obesity has become an important public health issue in Poland. Furthermore, it is one of the most common preventable causes of diseases and mortality. Pharmacological methods of treating obesity have been developing significantly in recent years. Tirzepatide is a new dual incretin receptor agonist that activates both GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptors. The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of this medication in reducing body weight. Current state of knowledge: According to data from the Central Statistical Office (GUS) in Poland, 65% of men and 49% of women are struggling with the issue of excessive body weight [1]. Obesity in Polish society is steadily increasing in every age group. However, it affects most significantly children aged 7-13 years and adolescents. In 2022, the novel dual GLP and GIP-1 agonist has been registered for the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is not satisfactorily controlled. It can be also used together with diet and physical activity in patients diagnosed with obesity (BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more) or who are overweight (BMI 27-30 kg/m2) and have weight-related health problems such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, dislipidaemia and diabetes mellitus [2]. Summary: The increasing prevalence of obesity leads to a dynamic search for the most effective pharmacological methods of treating obesity. The combined activation of GLP-1 and GIP receptors by Tirzepatide has been shown to have additional benefits beyond satisfying glucose control. The biological mechanism of action of this medication additionally causes decreased food intake, slowed gastric emptying and enhanced insulin secretion, all of which can contribute to weight reduction. Overall, Tirzepatide represents a promising option for individuals struggling with obesity, offering the potential for significant weight loss in conjunction with lifestyle modifications such as diet and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anticoagulants have been discovered and developed over past 100 years. At the beginning unfractionated heparin found its applications, just later to fade into the background of newer and more effective drugs. Patients have been treated with more and more progressive medications -- Low-Molecule-Weight Heparin (LMWH), Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) and Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOAC). All of them have many indications but most importantly they are used in prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Scientists and physicians have been working for years to come up with the perfect drug that has fewer contraindications, side effects and doesn't need continuous anticoagulant monitoring. As for today, deemed a turning point in anticoagulant therapy are inhibitors of factor XI. It is a ground-breaking innovation as it ensures high prevention of thrombotic episodes and guarantees intact physiological hemostasis. Current State of Knowledge: The coagulation cascade and molecules part taking in that have been discovered and described extensively and in detail. Historically, the demand for anticoagulants was always a burning subject. A huge progress has been made in the last one hundred years. Treatment which clinicians are using currently is a combination of drugs used in the past and the novel forms. Unfractionated heparin is the oldest out of all and despite its simple action mechanism and adverse effects, is still a requested drug. Its lighter form, low-molecule-weight-heparin (LMWH) is an enhancement to the previous treatment due to its higher bioavailability and fewer side effects. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are widely spread in medical environment thanks to their expanded mechanism of action, oral administration and reversibility of their overdose, as well as their well-developed anti-side effect therapy. Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) have been introduced to the market about 10 years ago. In spite of NOACs short period of clinical use, they were a huge change to the previous treating methods. No need of constant checking the coagulation times was a great convenience to both patients and doctors. Currently, the newest innovation in anticoagulant therapy are inhibitors of factor XI. Even though it still undergoes clinical trials, the outcome is promising for the future. Summary: The present article discusses history of anticoagulant drugs, their mechanism of action and usage but also focuses on the recent perspectives and developments as new anticoagulant drugs are being put to the test in therapeutic trials. The review underlines the importance and a big demand for improvements in old therapeutic methods and exploring the new, more suitable ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]