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DICKEY-LINCOLN SCHOOL LAKES HYDROTHERMAL MODEL STUDY Hydraulic Laboratory Investigation by Mark S. Dortch, Bruce Loftis Darrell G. Fontane, Steven C. Wilhelms Hydraulics Laboratory U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station P. O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 December 1976 Final Report Approved For Public Release; Distribuiron Unlimited TA 7 .W34t H-76-22 1976 Prepared for U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England Waltham, Massachusetts 0 2 154 libra p v J\PR2 ' ' Bureau of Reclam; Destroy this report when no longer needed. it to the originator. Do not return 'Y A / , ’ ' 1 _ IREAU OF l> * Unclassified LAMATION DENVER LIBRARY 920 67264 S ECU RITY CLASS IF IC AT ION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) 7 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. RE PO RT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. Technical Report H-76-22 3. R E C IP IE N T 'S CATALOG NUMBER 4. T IT L E (and'Subtitle) * DICKEY-LINCOLN SCHOOL LAKES HYDROTHERMAL MODEL STUDY; Hydraulic Lahoratory Investigation 5. T Y P E OF RE PO RT ft PERIOD COVERED ^Final report)^ 6. PERFORMING ORG. RE PO RT NUMBER 7. A U T H O R S J Mark S. Dortch^K^ Darrell G. Fontane Bruce Loftis Steven C. Wilhelms 8. CO NTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERfsJ 9. PERFORMING O RG ANIZA T IO N NAME AND ADDRESS U. S.^Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Hydraulics Laboratory P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT , PROJECT , TASK AREA ft WORK U N IT NUMBERS 11. CO NTRO L L ING O F F IC E NAME AND ADDRESS U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England h2b Trapelo Road Waltham, Massachusetts 0215^- A2. REPORT DA TE 1 December 19764 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 72 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME ft ADDRESS ( i f different from Controlling O ffice) 15. SECU RITY CLASS, (o f thia report) Unclassified 15«. DECLASSI FI CATION/DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUT IO N S TATEMENT (o f this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUT IO N S TA TEM EN T (o f the abatract entered in Block 20, i f diffe

ERDC/EL TR-17-7 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Evaluation of Uncertainty in Constituent Input Parameters for Modeling the Fate of IMX-101 Components Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch and Billy E. Johnson May 2017 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) ERDC/EL TR-17-7 May 2017 Evaluation of Uncertainty in Constituent Input Parameters for Modeling the Fate of IMX-101 Components Billy E. Johnson Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Mark S. Dortch Limno Tech, Inc. 501 Avis Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under Project ER201435, “Field Demonstration and Validation of TREECS™ and CTS for the Risk Assessment of Contaminants on DoD Ranges” ERDC/EL TR-17-7 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization Sys-tem (TREECS™) was applied to a groundwater site and a surface water site to evaluate the sensitivity of the uncertain input properties (degrada-tion rates and water-to-soil and water-to-sediment adsorption partitioning distribution coefficients, or Kd values) on the fate of three emerging con-stituents (EC): DNAN, NTO, and NQ. These three EC are components of the new insensitive munitions ex

ERDC/EL TR-17-8 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) User Guidance for Application of TREECS™ and CTS for Environmental Risk Assessment of Contaminants on Department of Defense (DoD) Ranges Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch, Eric J. Weber, and Billy E. Johnson June 2017 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) ERDC/EL TR-17-8 June 2017 User Guidance for Application of TREECS™ and CTS for Environmental Risk Assessment of Contaminants on Department of Defense (DoD) Ranges Billy E. Johnson Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Mark S. Dortch LimnoTech, Inc. 501 Avis Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Eric J. Weber Exposure Methods and Measurements Division USEPA National Exposure Research Laboratory 960 College Station Road Athens, GA 30605-2700 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under ESTCP Project ER-201435, Field Demonstration and Validation of TREECS™ and CTS for the Risk Assessment of Contaminants on Department of Defense (DoD) Ranges ERDC/EL TR-17-8 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) was developed for the Army to forecast the fate of and risk from munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC/TN-EQT-16-3 December 2016 Re-evaluation Application of the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) to Small Arms Firing Ranges, Fort Leonard Wood, MO by Mark S. Dortch PURPOSE: This U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Technical Note (TN) documents a re-evaluation application of the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) to small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) located at Fort Leonard Wood (FLW), MO. The TREECS™ was applied previously at FLW to demonstrate and evaluate the capability to predict stream concentrations of lead that is transported off-range and into the receiving stream, Falls Hollow. The present application was conducted to further validate the model against more recently observed lead concentrations in Falls Hollow and to better understand the sensitivity of various model inputs. This TN documents the results of this re-evaluation application. BACKGROUND: The TREECS™ was previously applied to SAFRs 20–22 at FLW and the downstream receiving stream, Falls Hollow, to simulate the fate of lead. That application, which was documented by Dortch (2013), was conducted using only one observed grab sample value of lead. This sample was collected from the stream at the Falls Hollow highway bridge, about 3.2 km downstream of the ranges, and measured total lead concentration in the water column of 0.027 mg/L (27 parts per billion, ppb). There were no measurements conducted for the stream benthic sediment concentrations of lead. Subsequently, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected stream benthic sediment samples in Falls Hollow during the summer of 2014 and analyzed these samples for total and dissolved pore-water lead concentrations. The present application of TREECS™ to this site was conducted to re-evaluate the model given the 2014 sediment lead sample results. Additionally, the USGS measured stream total suspended sediment (T

ERDC/EL TR-16-7 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Flexible Reactive Berm (FRBerm) for Removal of Heavy Metals from Runoff Water ESTCP ER-1213 Treatability Study Environmental Laboratory Steve L. Larson, W. Andy Martin, Mark S. Dortch, Catherine C. Thomas, Chris S. Griggs, and Catherine C. Nestler June 2016 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) ERDC/EL TR-16-7 June 2016 Flexible Reactive Berm (FRBerm) for Removal of Heavy Metals from Runoff Water ESTCP ER-1213 Treatability Study Steve L. Larson, W. Andy Martin, Chris S. Griggs, and Catherine C. Thomas Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Rd. Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Mark S. Dortch Los Alamos Technical Associates 999 Central Avenue, Suite 300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Catherine C. Nestler Applied Research Associates 119 Monument Place Vicksburg, MS 39180 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under ESTCP Project ER-1213, “A Flexible Permeable Reactive Barrier for Protection of Wetland Sediments from Heavy Metals in Runoff Water” ERDC/EL TR-16-7 ii Abstract Small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) located on Department of Defense (DOD) facilities are, in many cases, constructed next to wetland areas. These wetlands represent a potential point of reg

ERDC/EL TR-15-7 Modules for Modeling Firing Range Best Management Practices within TREECS™ Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch and Jeffrey A. Gerald July 2015 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. ERDC/EL TR-15-7 July 2015 Modules for Modeling Firing Range Best Management Practices within TREECS™ Mark S. Dortch Los Alamos Technical Associates 999 Central Avenue, Suite 300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Jeffrey A. Gerald Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL TR-15-7 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) was developed for Army firing and training ranges. TREECS™ contains varying levels of capability to forecast the fate and risk of munitions constituents (MC), such as metals and high explosives (HE), located within firing and training ranges and transported to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS™ is to provide environ-mental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess military range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. TREECS™ can be used to assess best management practices (BMPs) for military ranges to avoid, r

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC/EL TN-15-2 July 2015 Evaluation of Uncertainty in Constituent Input Parameters for Modeling the Fate of RDX by Mark S. Dortch ABSTRACT: The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) was reapplied for a previously validated model of Demolition Area 2 of the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) on Cape Cod. The purpose of the exercise was to evaluate the importance of chemical-specific model input parameters, the impacts of their uncertainty, and the potential benefits of having improved estimates from the Environmental Fate Simulator (EFS). RDX migration to groundwater was the focus of the modeling. There were two chemical-specific inputs for RDX that were determined to be sensitive with relatively high uncertainty: these included the soil-water linear partitioning distribution coefficient (Kd, L/kg) and the half-life, which is related to the degradation rate. Testing revealed that results were only sensitive to Kd and half-life for the vadose zone. Results indicated that RDX degradation is very slow for the aerobic media of this site, resulting in half-life on the order of 100 years. The EFS does not presently have the capability to estimate degradation rates. Results also indicated that the organic carbon-to-water partitioning coefficient Koc can be used to estimate Kd, and log Koc of RDX is on the order of 1.0. The EFS can provide estimates of Koc for organic chemicals. The EFS values provided for log Koc of RDX were 1.72 and 1.95. OBJECTIVE: TREECS™ (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) was developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for the Army. TREECS™ has varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), metals, and other contaminants found within and transported from firing/training ranges (and other types of source zones) to surface water and groundwater. The overa

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) uses average annual hydrologic conditions as inputs for multi-media fate and transport models. This simplification reduces model complexity and data input requirements while providing the capability to conduct long-term predictions of the fate of munitions constituents (MC) as well as other contaminants. TREECS was recently modified to allow the option of using time-varying (daily) hydrology for forcing input conditions. This report summarizes the results of testing this new feature. MC fate predictions with daily hydrology are compared with those using average annual hydrology. Results show that the use of average annual hydrology produces more conservative results (i.e., higher media concentrations) than using daily hydrology. A validation application for lead downstream of small arms firing ranges is also presented in this report. The daily hydrology feature will be most useful for applications involving short periods (year or less) to evaluate the effects of variable precipitation and flow on MC concentrations in streams., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc., Los Alamos, NM.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) is currently under development by the Army with varying levels of capability. TREECS forecasts the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), within firing/training ranges; it also forecasts the risk of MC transport from surface water to groundwater. The overall objectives are to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies for protecting human and environmental health. The MC fate models within TREECS require hydrologic information as input. A hydrology model was developed to estimate these inputs. This model has been revised several times during the course of TREECS development. Although portions of several reports have documented parts of this hydrology model, this report was needed to consolidate the latest version of the model within a single report. The model uses a modified version of the Soil Conservation Service curve number method to compute daily runoff using daily rainfall. Snow build-up and melt is accounted for by using daily precipitation and daily average and maximum air temperatures. Potential evapotranspiration is computed using the Thornthwaite Method. Infiltration is computed from a water balance., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc., Los Alamos, NM.

ERDC/EL TR-14-2 Hydrology Model Formulation within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation Characterization System (TREECS™) Environmental Laboratory Billy E. Johnson and Mark S. Dortch February 2014 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. ERDC/EL TR-14-2 February 2014 Hydrology Model Formulation within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) Billy E. Johnson Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Mark S. Dortch Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. 999 Central Avenue, #300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL TR-14-2 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) is currently under development by the Army with varying levels of capability. TREECS™ forecasts the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), within firing/training ranges; it also forecasts the risk of MC transport from surface water to groundwater. The overall objectives are to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to evaluate range management strategies for protecting human and environmental health. The MC fate models within TREECS™ require hydrol

ERDC/EL CR-14-3 Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) Research Program Evaluation of Time-Varying Hydrology within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch August 2014 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) ERDC/EL CR-14-3 August 2014 Evaluation of Time-Varying Hydrology within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) Mark S. Dortch Contractor for Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. 999 Central Avenue, #300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL CR-14-3 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) uses average annual hydrologic conditions as inputs for multi-media fate and transport models. This simplification reduces model complexity and data input requirements while providing the capability to conduct long-term predictions of the fate of munitions constituents (MC) as well as other contaminants. TREECS™ was recently modified to allow the option of using time-varying (daily) hydrology for forcing input conditions. This report summarizes the results of testing this new feature. MC fate predictions with daily hydrology are compared with those using average annual hydrology. Results s

Geotextile tubes filled with sand are being evaluated for filter treatment of runoff containing lead and other metals stemming from firing small arms on military training ranges. Such filter tubes trap total suspended sediment (TSS) in the runoff, thus removing most of the metals, which are adsorbed to the sediment. Mathematical models were developed within two Excel workbooks to assess sand filter performance for a cascade of filters capturing runoff from the impact area of small arms firing ranges. One of the workbooks assesses filter cascade characteristics for a single design storm, while the other workbook assesses filter characteristics for a continuous, steady rainfall so that the useful life of the filters, as impacted by clogging, could be estimated. Model computations include the approach depth of flow, including filter over-topping, and the flow rate through each filter over time for specific storm events. The time history of effluent TSS concentration and the TSS trapped within each filter are also computed, as well as the TSS removal coefficient and hydraulic conductivity of each filter. The models provide useful general performance information. In order to provide more specific performance information, laboratory experiments with site-specific sand filter material and runoff TSS are required to determine three filter parameters that can be used as part of the model input., The original document contains color images.

This technical note (TN) documents application of the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) to small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) located at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. This application provided an opportunity to further evaluate the utility of TREECS; it also provided forecasting information to the installation regarding the fate of lead in bullets deposited on these ranges. This TN also provides guidance about the application of TREECS. TREECS was developed by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). TREECS has varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives and metals, within firing/training ranges. TREECS also evaluates the likelihood of MC transport from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to evaluate range management strategies for protecting human health and the environment. Although TREECS was developed for fate of MC on firing ranges, it has applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. The primary objective in this TN is to document the application of TREECS to predict the fate of lead from rounds fired on small arms ranges 20-22 located at Fort Leonard Wood (FLW), MO. The secondary objective of this TN is to provide guidance on the application of TREECS to other users of this software.

Iron has been used to reduce organic contaminants including high explosives (HE) such as Research Department Explosive (RDX). Work is ongoing at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to develop guidelines for using iron bed reactors to remove RDX in surface water runoff from the impact areas of firing ranges. As part of this work, a mathematical model was developed to gain a better understanding of the experimental results and to provide information for design and operation of these reactors. This model and its application results are described within this technical note (TN). Following additional validation against field data, this model will be implemented within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) (http://el.erdc.usace. army.mil/treecs/). TREECS was developed by ERDC for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as HE and metals, within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Although TREECS was developed to forecast the fate of MC on firing ranges, it has general applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS(trademark) is being developed for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of and risk from munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. TREECS(trademark) can also be used to assess best management strategies (BMPs) for ranges to avoid, reduce, and remediate MC migration to receiving waters. This report describes how TREECS(trademark) can be used to assess range BMPs. New TREECS(trademark) modules are being developed to address some of the BMP assessments. The formulation, testing, and TREECS(trademark) implementation strategies of these new modules are also presented in this report.

ERDC/EL TR-13-6 Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) Research Program Modeling Firing Range Best Management Practices with TREECS™ Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch, Billy E. Johnson, and Jeffrey A. Gerald June 2013 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) Research Program ERDC/EL TR-13-6 June 2013 Modeling Firing Range Best Management Practices with TREECS™ Mark S. Dortch Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. 999 Central Avenue, #300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Billy E. Johnson and Jeffrey A. Gerald Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL TR-13-6 ii Abstract The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) is being developed for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of and risk from munitions constituents (MC), such as metals and high explosives (HE), within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. TREECS™ can be used t

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC TN-EQT-13-1 September 2013 Modeling RDX Reduction within Iron Bed Reactors by Mark S. Dortch and Heather M. Smith PURPOSE: Iron has been used to reduce organic contaminants including high explosives (HE) such as Research Department Explosive (RDX). Work is ongoing at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to develop guidelines for using iron bed reactors to remove RDX in surface water runoff from the impact areas of firing ranges. As part of this work, a mathematical model was developed to gain a better understanding of the experimental results and to provide information for design and operation of these reactors. This model and its application results are described within this technical note (TN). Following additional validation against field data, this model will be implemented within the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) (http://el.erdc.usace. army.mil/treecs/). TREECS™ was developed by ERDC for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as HE and metals, within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS™ is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Although TREECS™ was developed to forecast the fate of MC on firing ranges, it has general applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. BACKGROUND: Munitions containing HE fired into impact areas can infrequently experience low-order detonations that result in unexploded MC residue. MC residues that build up over time can be transported with water to off-range receiving water, potentially resulting in concentratio

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC TN-EQT-13-2 December 2013 Application of TREECS™ to Small Arms Firing Ranges at Fort Leonard Wood, MO by Mark S. Dortch PURPOSE: This technical note (TN) documents application of the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) to small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) located at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. This application provided an opportunity to further evaluate the utility of TREECS™; it also provided forecasting information to the installation regarding the fate of lead in bullets deposited on these ranges. This TN also provides guidance about the application of TREECS™. BACKGROUND: TREECS™ was developed by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). TREECS™ has varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives and metals, within firing/training ranges. TREECS™ also evaluates the likelihood of MC transport from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS™ is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to evaluate range management strategies for protecting human health and the environment. Although TREECS™ was developed for fate of MC on firing ranges, it has applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective in this TN is to document the application of TREECS™ to predict the fate of lead from rounds fired on small arms ranges 20-22 located at Fort Leonard Wood (FLW), MO. The secondary objective of this TN is to provide guidance on the application of TREECS™ to other users of this software. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY SITE: FLW is located in South-Central Missouri, approxi-mately 120 miles southwest of St. Louis and 85 miles northeast

ERDC/EL CR-13-3 Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) Green Range Research Program Modeling the Performance of Sand Filters for Removing Runoff Suspended Sediment Environmental Laboratory Mark S. Dortch November 2013 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Environmental Quality and Installations (EQI) Green Range Research Program ERDC/EL CR-13-3 November 2013 Modeling the Performance of Sand Filters for Removing Runoff Suspended Sediment Mark S. Dortch Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. 999 Central Avenue, #300 Los Alamos, NM 87544 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL CR-13-3 ii Abstract Geotextile tubes filled with sand are being evaluated for filter treatment of runoff containing lead and other metals stemming from firing small arms on military training ranges. Such filter tubes trap total suspended sediment (TSS) in the runoff, thus removing most of the metals, which are adsorbed to the sediment. Mathematical models were developed within two Excel workbooks to assess sand filter performance for a cascade of filters capturing runoff from the impact area of small arms firing ranges. One of the workbooks assesses filter cascade characteristics for a single design storm, while the other workbook assesses filter characteristics for a continuous, steady rainfall so that the useful life of the filters, as impacted by cl

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) is being developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for the Army. TREECS will have varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC) (such as high explosives (HE) and metals) found on firing/training ranges, as well as those subsequently transported to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Although TREECS was developed for the fate of MC from ranges, it has general applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. TREECS was applied to the Borschi watershed near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine. At this site, TREECS was used as a modeling tool to predict the fate of radionuclides. This application also provided an additional validation test case for the TREECS Tier 2 soil model. This Technical Note (TN) describes the input data and results of this application.

This report was developed to provide a user guide and tutorial for applying the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS(TM)). The purpose of TREECS(TM) is to provide the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of and environmental risk from munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), present in and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide Army environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. Tier 1 consists of screening-level methods that assume highly conservative, steady-state MS loading and fate. Tier 2 provides time-varying analyses. This report provides information to assist the user in learning how to apply TREECS(TM) for Tier 1 and 2., The original document contains color images.

ERDC/EL TR-12-16 User Guide for Applying the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) Environmental Laboratory Jeffrey A. Gerald, Billy E. Johnson, and Mark S. Dortch August 2012 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC/EL TR-12-16 August 2012 User Guide for Applying the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) Jeffrey A. Gerald, Billy E. Johnson, and Mark S. Dortch Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/EL TR-12-16 ii Abstract This report was developed to provide a user guide and tutorial for applying the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™). The purpose of TREECS™ is to provide the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of and environmental risk from munitions constituents (MC) — such as high explosives (HE) — present in and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and ground-water. The overall objective is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. Tier 1 consists of screening-level methods that assume highly conservative, steady-state MC loading and fate. Tier 2 provides time-varying analyses. This report provides information to assist the user in learning how to apply TREECS™ for Tier 1 and 2. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC TN-EQT-12-2 August 2012 Application of TREECS™ to Strontium 90 for Borschi Watershed near Chernobyl, Ukraine by Mark S. Dortch PURPOSE: The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS™) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) is being developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for the Army. TREECS™ will have varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC) (such as high explosives (HE) and metals) found on firing/training ranges, as well as those subsequently transported to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS™ is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Although TREECS™ was developed for the fate of MC from ranges, it has general applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. TREECS™ was applied to the Borschi watershed near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine. At this site, TREECS™ was used as a modeling tool to predict the fate of radionuclides. This application also provided an additional validation test case for the TREECS™ Tier 2 soil model. This Technical Note (TN) describes the input data and results of this application. BACKGROUND: As of this writing, there are two levels of capability in TREECS™. Tier 1 consists of screening-level methods that assume highly conservative, steady-state contaminant loading and fate. Tier 1 requires minimal input data requirements and can be easily and quickly applied. Tier 2 provides time-varying analyses and solves mass balance equations for both solid and non-solid phase contaminant mass with dissolution from the solid phase. Additionally, contaminant residue loadings to soil can va

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC TN-EQT-12-1 April 2012 Estimating Solubility for Modeling the Fate of Heavy Metals with the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) by Mark S. Dortch PURPOSE: The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) is being developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE) and metals, within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Modeling the fate of heavy metals on ranges is especially challenging due to uncertainties in estimating metal dissolution from solid phase metal to the more mobile aqueous phase. Metal dissolution rate is affected by metal oxidation rate, metal oxidation products, and the solubility of the oxidation products. The purpose of this technical note is to provide guidance for estimating the solubility needed to compute heavy metal dissolution fluxes within TREECS. BACKGROUND: With Tier 2 of TREECS, each MC initially exists as a solid phase particle residue following loading to the soil area of interest (AOI), such as a range impact area or the backstop embankment of a small arms firing range. Heavy metal residue can be the result of high explosive ordnance and projectiles as well as small arms projectiles. Solid phase metal MC residues gradually corrode or oxidize, forming oxidation products that dissolve into water where they can potentially be transported from the surface soil to the vadose zone, groundwater, and surface water. TREECS contains models to represent fate/tra

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) is being developed for the Army to forecast the fate of and risk from munitions constituents (MCs), such as high explosives (HE), within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MCs into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. Tier 1 consists of screening-level methods that assume highly conservative, steady-state MC loading and fate. Tier 1 requires minimal data input and can be easily and quickly applied by environmental staff. If MC concentrations predicted with Tier 1 exceed protective health benchmarks at receptor locations, then further evaluation with Tier 2 is recommended to obtain more definitive results. Tier 2 provides time-varying analyses since it does not make the highly conservative assumptions of steady-state (time-invariant) conditions with no MC loss or degradation as used for Tier 1. Tier 2 solves mass balance equations for both solid and non-solid phase MC with dissolution. MC residue loadings to the range soil can vary from year to year based on munitions use; thus, media concentrations computed with Tier 2 should be closer to those expected under actual conditions. Media concentrations will also reflect time phasing associated with time-varying MC loading conditions and transport arrival times, which can be greatly extended for the vadose zone and groundwater. Having time as a dimension in the analysis provides a powerful tool for examining range management strategies to promote attenuation of media concentrations. This report describes the proof-of-concept application of the prototype TREECS Tier 2 modeling approach and provides recommendations for final implementation and use of those methods., Environmental Quality and Installations Research Program. The original document contains color images.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) is being developed for the Army. This system has varying levels of capability to forecast the fate and risk of munitions constituents (MC) (such as high explosives (HE)), within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide Army environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to protect human and environmental health. Tier 2 will consist of time-varying contaminant fate/transport models for soil, vadose zone, groundwater, and surface water to forecast MC export from ranges and resulting concentrations in receiving waters. Model results can be used to assess the potential for surface water and/or groundwater MC concentrations to exceed protective health benchmarks at receptor locations of interest. The Tier 2 models do not make the highly conservative assumptions of steady-state (time-invariant) conditions and no MC loss or degradation was used for Tier 1. Thus, media concentrations computed with Tier 2 should be closer to those expected under actual conditions. Media concentrations will also reflect time phasing associated with time-varying MC loading conditions and transport arrival times, which can be greatly extended for the vadose zone and groundwater. Having time as a dimension in the analysis provides a powerful tool for examining range management strategies to promote attenuation of media concentrations. The information provided in this report is sufficient to serve as design specifications for the development of models and software that will comprise Tier 2 of TREECS., The original document contains color images.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) is being developed by the Environmental Laboratory of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to provide a tool with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC) within and transported from ranges and provide the range manager with strategies to meet environmental compliance goals for human and ecological health. TREECS will be developed mainly as a web-enabled system although the more advanced analysis tiers may require the user to download analysis components that will need to be run on his/her system. TREECS initially focuses on contaminant stressors and health-based end points, but allows the addition of other stressors and environmental end-point metrics. The general approach to developing TREECS is analysis of existing tools for use in training range environmental risk evaluation and the development of innovative adaptations of those tools that are appropriate and can easily be applied to manage ranges. This technical note describes the existing tools, portals, and frameworks that are undergoing evaluation for use with TREECS and whether the underlying technology/data of those and TREECS should support linkages to one another.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) is being developed for the Army with varying levels of capability to forecast the fate and risk of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), within and transported from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall objective is to provide the range manager with tools to assess range management strategies to meet environmental compliance goals. Tier 1 will consist of screening-level methods that require minimal data input requirements and can be easily and quickly applied by range managers or their local environmental staff to assess whether or not there is potential for MC compliance concern, such as predicted surface water and/or groundwater MC concentrations exceeding protective health benchmarks at receptor locations. This report describes the Army's existing and perceived future requirements for TREECS Tier 1 tools and provides recommendations and a plan for technology developments to meet those needs. The information provided in this report is sufficient to serve as design and specifications for development of models and software that will comprise Tier 1 of TREECS. The details of the model formulations provided herein can also serve as documentation for the Tier 1 TREECS models. The highly conservative assumptions of steady-state (time-invariant) conditions and no MC degradation are used. Thus, MC loadings to the range are constant over time, and fluxes to and concentrations within receiving water media reach a constant MC concentration for comparison to protective ecological and human health benchmarks. Tier 1 will include an analytical range soil model with its computed leaching flux linked to a semi-analytical-numerical aquifer model and with its computed runoff-erosion flux linked to a numerical surface water model., The original document contains color images.

This study examined the impacts on bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) within canal reaches comprising the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW), the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO), and the Inner Harbor Navigation Channel (IHNC) resulting from various alternatives for proposed water control structures located within this system. Due to time constraints, an analytical model of reduced form was used for the analysis. Bottom water DO for each canal study reach was predicted using a steady state, fully mixed, single reactor model. August conditions were imposed for the assessment. Monthly average, bottom flushing flow rates were obtained from hourly bottom velocities output from a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and salinity model that was applied to the system during a separate study. Likewise, monthly average surface and bottom salinities were also obtained from the 3D model output. The salinity data were used to estimate vertical eddy diffusivities, which were used in the model for DO exchange between surface and bottom water. The hydrodynamic information was provided for each study reach and for each alternative scenario. The model indicated that low DO conditions should be expected within the system for the structural alternatives being considered. The model showed that several reaches for several scenarios will have DO less than the standard of 4.0 mg/L. The IHNC reach may present a special concern since bottom DO was predicted to be 0.0 mg/L for three alternatives that included structures placed within the GIWW., The original document contains color images.

This report describes the development and application of a water quality model to the Mississippi Sound region to address the impacts of various freshwater diversion alternatives. The CH3D-Sigma (sigma level vertical coordinates) model code was the hydrodynamic model that was used to provide transport fluxes for the CE-QUAL-ICM water quality model. The model domain also included Mobile Bay, the Mississippi coastal bays, Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne, Biloxi Marsh, and part of Breton Sound. The three-dimensional model had five sigma coordinate vertical layers. The model included 15 water quality variables including temperature, salinity, inorganic and total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, various forms of inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus, phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a, and underwater light extinction. The model was calibrated for the period April through September 1998. Three diversions were simulated, diversion of freshwater flow from the Mississippi River at Bonnet Carre' spillway and into Lake Borgne near Violet, LA, and diversion of all of the Escatawpa River flow into Grand Bay. Summer average salinity was decreased along the western portions of Mississippi Sound by as much as 11 parts per thousand for the Bonnet Carre' diversion. For the Violet diversion, summer average salinity reductions were as great as 6 to 8 parts per thousand in western Mississippi Sound. The Escatawpa River diversion had little effect on Mississippi Sound. The Mississippi River diversion will also result in higher concentrations of nutrients, TSS, phytoplankton, and TOC, and greater light extinction, thus, less light reaching the bottom., Contains not only the report (p1-73) but also data charts (p74-889). The orginal document contains color images.

The Contaminant Model for Streams (CMS) was developed for studies where data and resources for model application are limited. CMS can be relatively easily and quickly applied, yet it is a versatile model that can be used for a variety of conditions ranging from short-term spill modeling to multi-year simulations of contaminant fate in stream water and bottom sediments. CMS was developed to fill a gap in the Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling System (ARAMS). Before the addition of CMS, ARAMS did not have a one-dimensional contaminant transport and fate model for streams that could simulate interactions between the water column and sediment bed. CMS was developed such that it can be applied within the ARAMS framework and also can be run as a stand-alone application outside of ARAMS. The model can be used to simulate a wide range of conditions from spill simulations with time steps in seconds to long-term simulations with time steps of about a year. A variable time step is used with user options. It can be applied for both organic and inorganic contaminants, and the available fate and transport processes include advection and diffusion along the stream reach, settling, resuspension, burial, volatilization, decay or degradation, and diffusion between the water column and the sediment pore water. Suspended solids can be transported or a steady-state concentration may be input. However, the ARAMS version does not currently include solids transport. Steady-state, uniform hydraulic conditions are assumed within the modeled reach. Time-varying upstream loadings and flows can be applied, but flows are updated instantaneously throughout the reach, i.e., there is no hydraulic routing feature, thus greatly reducing model complexity. The model user interface provides an easy-to-use method for quickly setting up the model and examining results. The interface also allows the user to select the methods and parameters used for the numerical solutions., Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. The original document contains color images.

This study was conducted to evaluate potential human and ecological health risks associated with emission of pyrotechnic compounds during future training exercises at the Massachusetts Military Reservation. Air dispersion modeling was used to determine air concentrations and deposition rates for emissions. Annual average and spatially averaged air concentrations and deposition rates were used to perform the risk assessments. The Army Risk Assessment Modeling System (ARAMS) was used to conduct the human health risk assessment, which evaluated a site visitor or trespasser exposed to air and soil using air concentrations and deposition rates from the air dispersion modeling. ARAMS was also used to evaluate the time for deposited compounds to reach groundwater and the peak concentration upon contact with the water table. Of the 24 compounds evaluated, only Cr(VI), with an incremental cancer risk of 2.4 x 10(exp -6), posed a potential concern for human health with the maximum exposure and effect through the air inhalation pathway/route. None of the compounds are suspected to cause a groundwater problem. Computed soil concentrations were compared to soil screening toxicity benchmarks for the ecological risk assessment for the purpose of retaining or eliminating chemicals from the assessment. Toluene and hexachlorobenzene were the only compounds that exceeded the soil toxicity benchmarks. However, because of the slight exceedence and its nonbio-accumulating properties, toluene is not considered to be a chemical of potential concern. Although hexachlorobenzene exceeded the toxicity benchmark, uncertainties and conservative assumptions associated with the modeled soil concentrations and conservative soil benchmarks should be recognized., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.