1. Further delineation of Malan syndrome
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Ann Sophie Kaiser, Fowzan S. Alkuraya, Trevor Cole, Paul A. Mulder, Pablo Lapunzina, Inge B. Mathijssen, Jan Liebelt, Claire G. Salter, Pierre Sarda, Jill A. Fahrner, Manuela Priolo, Dorothee Neubauer, Nursel Elcioglu, Denny Schanze, Katrin Tatton-Brown, Sarah F. Smithson, Jair Tenorio, Thomas E. Neumann, Charles Shaw-Smith, Letizia Pintomalli, Shane McKee, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Sally J. Davies, Sue Price, Rajesh V. Thakker, Noelia García González, Rita Valdez, Sally Ann Lynch, Nataliya Di Donato, Arie van Haeringen, Astrid S. Plomp, Inés Hernández Acero, Ilka Huber, Marcela Zollino, Laura Bernardini, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, Martin Zenker, Mohnish Suri, Mabel Segovia, Johanna M. van Hagen, Ghayda Mirzaa, Leonie A. Menke, Kreepa Kooblall, Arveen Kamath, Christine Coubes, I. Dapia, Corrado Mammì, Alison Foster, Tara Montgomery, Pedro Arias, Fernando Santos-Simarro, Maria Iascone, Maria Antonietta Pisanti, Saskia M. Maas, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Graduate School, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Human Genetics, Paediatric Genetics, General Paediatrics, APH - Quality of Care, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Human genetics, and Pediatric surgery more...
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Pediatrics ,Developmental Disabilities ,phenotype-genotype ,Craniofacial Abnormalities ,Epilepsy ,Marshall–Smith syndrome ,Septo-Optic Dysplasia ,Intellectual disability ,Child ,Genetics (clinical) ,Research Articles ,biology ,Sotos syndrome ,Exons ,NFIX ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Chromosome Deletion ,Hand Deformities, Congenital ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Prominent forehead ,phenotype‐genotype ,Adolescent ,phenotype ,Mutation, Missense ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Intellectual Disability ,Genetics ,medicine ,Congenital Hypothyroidism ,Humans ,Abnormalities, Multiple ,Malan syndrome ,Weaver syndrome ,Bone Diseases, Developmental ,Macrocephaly ,medicine.disease ,Marshall-Smith syndrome ,Megalencephaly ,NFI Transcription Factors ,030104 developmental biology ,Marshall‐Smith syndrome ,biology.protein - Abstract
Malan syndrome is an overgrowth disorder described in a limited number of individuals. We aim to delineate the entity by studying a large group of affected individuals. We gathered data on 45 affected individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis through an international collaboration and compared data to the 35 previously reported individuals. Results indicate that height is > 2 SDS in infancy and childhood but in only half of affected adults. Cardinal facial characteristics include long, triangular face, macrocephaly, prominent forehead, everted lower lip and prominent chin. Intellectual disability is universally present, behaviorally anxiety is characteristic. Malan syndrome is caused by deletions or point mutations of NFIX clustered mostly in exon 2. There is no genotype-phenotype correlation except for an increased risk for epilepsy with 19p13.2 microdeletions. Variants arose de novo, except in one family in which mother was mosaic. Variants causing Malan and Marshall-Smith syndrome can be discerned by differences in the site of stop codon formation. We conclude that Malan syndrome has a well recognizable phenotype that usually can be discerned easily from Marshall-Smith syndrome but rarely there is some overlap. Differentiation from Sotos and Weaver syndrome can be made by clinical evaluation only. This article is protected by copyright. more...
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- 2018
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