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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protium heptaphyllum fruit essential oil (PHEO) on the physiology of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) during anesthesia and recovery, through studying echocardiograms, oxidative status, and metabolic parameters. Three experiments were performed: (1) 50 silver catfish juveniles were submitted to anesthesia and recovery tests with 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 mg L -1 of PHEO. (2) Echocardiogram analysis was performed in anesthetized and non-anesthetized fish. (3) Biochemical parameters were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min of recovery after being anesthetized for 3 min with 600 mg L -1 PHEO. Times to sedation and deep anesthesia were reduced with PHEO increasing concentrations. The echocardiogram showed a higher cardiac rate in anesthetized fish. Plasma glucose levels increased in control fish through recovery time, but anesthetized fish showed lower levels than controls at 120 min of recovery. Metabolic parameters such as plasma and hepatic glucose did not show changes considering the recovery time of up to 120 min. Hepatic glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides reduced their levels over recovery times. Fish anesthetized enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels but decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels at 30 min compared to controls. After 60 min, GSH values were significantly higher in anesthetized fish than in controls. These results suggest that PHEO at 600 mg L -1 is an effective anesthetic for the rapid handling of silver catfish, providing stable metabolic parameters and enhanced antioxidant responses during recovery. Echocardiogram analysis confirms the anesthetic effect, supporting PHEO as a viable and efficient option for fish anesthesia in aquaculture. The use of PHEO in aquaculture can enhance fish welfare by reducing stress during handling and transportation, potentially leading to improved growth, health, and survival rates., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethical approval This study was approved by the Ethic Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Santa Maria-Brazil (CEUA/UFSM) by number 1668061020. Consent for publication All authors consent to manuscript publication. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The trend toward using plant-based ingredients in aquafeeds has raised important concerns for aquaculture owing to the negative impacts of mycotoxins on fish health; with emphasis for contamination by fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ). The brain is an important target of FB 1 ; however, study of the pathways linked to brain damage is limited to an analysis of histopathological alterations. Reports have demonstrated the protective effects of dietary supplementation with diphenyl diselenide (Ph 2 Se 2 ) in the brains of fish subjected to several environmental insults; nevertheless, its neuroprotective effects in fish fed with diets contaminated with FB 1 remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative damage may be a pathway associated with FB 1 -induced neurotoxicity, as well as to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with Ph 2 Se 2 prevents or reduces FB 1 -mediated brain oxidative damage in silver catfish. Brain reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LOOH) and protein carbonylation increased on day 30 post-feeding in animals that received FB 1 -contaminated diets compared to the control group, while brain antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) levels and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were lower. Diphenyl diselenide dietary supplementation avoid increases in brain ROS levels, as well minimizing the augmentation of LOOH levels. Furthermore, Ph 2 Se 2 prevented impairment of brain ACAP levels, as well as GPx and GST activities elicited by FB 1 -contaminated diets. These data suggest that dietary supplementation with 3 mg/kg Ph 2 Se 2 prevented FB 1 -induced brain damage in silver catfish, and this protective effect occurred through avoided of excessive ROS production, as well as via prevention of brain lipid damage. Furthermore, Ph 2 Se 2 exerted its neuroprotective effects via ameliorative effects on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, and may be an approach to prevent FB 1 -induced brain oxidative stress; however, is not an alternative to prevent the impairment on performance caused by FB 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of BMI and waist circumference change on the cumulative incidence of high blood pressure levels (HBP) among adults., Methods: Prospective longitudinal study in Southern Brazil, with a sample evaluated in 2009 (n = 1720) and 2012 (n = 1213). The incidence of HBP was estimated using measured values of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (≥140/90 mmHg)., Results: The prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m) was 47.3% in 2009 and 55.0% in 2012. The incidence of HBP was 32.0%. Being overweight or having an elevated waist circumference (top quartile) in the two waves increased the incidence of HBP [odds ratio 3.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.10; 5.53) and 5.42 (95% CI 2.65; 11.08), respectively] compared with those always eutrophic. Being overweight in either wave also increased the risk of HBP, whereas reducing waist circumference was a protective factor. When the annual BMI and waist circumference change were evaluated (conditional to the baseline measurements, age, and sex) the adjusted predicted incidence of HBP was 46.5% (95% CI 36.9; 56.1) among individuals with an annual BMI change more than +1.0 kg/m, and 45.1% (95% CI 36.7; 53.4) among those with an annual waist circumference change more than +3.0 cm. Among those who reduced their BMI and waist circumference, the incidence of HBP were 25.9 and 23.8%, respectively., Conclusion: Being overweight (in any wave), maintaining an elevated waist circumference, or having an annual rise of these measurements above the expected values, all increased the incidence of HBP. Reducing the waist circumference showed greater benefits for the prevention of HBP than BMI changes.

The epidemiological literature has been limited by the absence of a theoretical framework reflecting the complexity of causal mechanisms for the occurrence of health phenomena / disease conditions. In the field of oral epidemiology, such lack of theory also prevails, since dental caries the leading topic in oral research has been often studied through a biological and reductionist viewpoint. One of the most important consequences of dental caries is dental pain (odontalgia), which has received little attention in studies with sophisticated theoretical models and powerful designs to establish causal relationships. The purpose of this study is to review the scientific literature on the determinants of odontalgia and to discuss theories proposed for the explanation of the phenomenon. Conceptual models and emerging theories on the social determinants of oral health are revised, in an attempt to build up links with the bio-psychosocial pain model, proposing a more elaborate causal model for odontalgia. The framework suggests causal pathways between social structure and oral health through material, psychosocial and behavioral pathways. Aspects of the social structure are highlighted in order to relate them to odontalgia, stressing their importance in discussions of causal relationships in oral health research.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease in Brazilian adults and to test its association with skin colour after controlling for socio-demographic variables., Methods: The periodontal status of 11,342 Brazilian adults was informed by a nationwide oral health survey. Socio-demographic variables included skin colour, gender, schooling, per capita income, age and geographical region. The association between periodontal disease and skin colour was tested by a logistic regression model, adjusting for covariates. Interactions between skin colour and socio-demographic variables were tested., Results: The prevalence of periodontal diseases was 9.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.6-10.3]. Lighter-skinned black people (pardos) and dark-skinned black people (pretos) presented higher levels of periodontal disease when compared with white people [odds ratio (OR)=1.5; 95% CI 1.2; 1.8; OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.2; 2.1, respectively] even after controlling for age, gender, schooling, per capita income and geographic region. No interactions were statistically significant., Conclusion: Skin colour was significantly associated with periodontal disease among Brazilian adults after adjustment for socio-economic and demographic covariates.

Purpose: To estimate dental caries prevalence and severity among all 12- and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in a public school in 2005 and to establish comparisons with the results of studies previously conducted in the same school in 1971, 1997 and 2002., Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 190 children was carried out. A single calibrated examiner collected the clinical data according to the World Health Organization (1997) criteria., Results: The response rate was 90.0%. Between 1971 and 2005, the observed reduction in caries prevalence was 58.2%, whereas the mean DMFT Index declined from 9.2 to 0.8, which corresponds to a reduction of 91.3%. The significant caries index (SiC) reduced from 3.4 (CI 95% 3.0-3.8) in 2002 to 2.2 (CI 95% 1.8-2.5) in 2005., Conclusion: This study indicates an actual decline in dental caries prevalence and severity among the schoolchildren during the studied period, even though different diagnostic criteria were used.

The aim of this study was to assess dental pain prevalence and its association with dental caries and socioeconomic status in 18-year-old males from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample (n = 414) selected from the Brazilian Army conscription list in 2003. Dental pain during the 12 months prior to the interview was recorded as the outcome. Socioeconomic data were obtained through a questionnaire. Dental caries experience was registered according to the DMFT Index. Analyses included simple and multiple non-conditional logistic regression following a hierarchical approach. Response rate was 95.6%. High rates of inter-examiner agreement were achieved (kappa > 0.83). Dental pain prevalence was 21.2% (95%CI: 17.3-25.1). After adjustment, individuals with one or more untreated caries were 3.2 times more likely (95%CI: 1.7-5.8) to have dental pain compared to caries-free subjects. Conscripts with low family income were 1.8 times more likely (95%CI: 1.0-3.3) to have dental pain than those with higher income.

The objective of this study was to assess the relation between dental pain, dental caries and socioeconomic status among 12- and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in a public school in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil in 2002. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 181 schoolchildren. Dental pain experience was the dependend variable analyzed. Socioeconomic data of the children's families were obtained through a questionnaire. Dental caries experience was registered according to the DMFT index (WHO, 1997). The field workteam consisted of an examiner and a recorder. The statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the non-conditional multiple logistic regression. The response rate was 93.4%. The intraexaminer agreement measured on a tooth by tooth basis was high (kappa > 0.73). Dental pain prevalence was 33.7% (CI95% 26.0-42.0). The multiple regression analysis, adjusted by sex and other variables, showed that children with DMFT > 1 presented 2.9 (OR CI95% 1.4-6.1, p < 0.01) more chances of having dental pain when compared with those with DMFT < or = 1. Children whose mother's schooling level was equal or less than 4 years presented 2.5 (OR CI95% 1.2-5.6, p = 0.02) more chances of having dental pain when compared with others whose mothers had more than 5 years of schooling and, finally, children whose family income was up to U$ 67.00 showed 3.2 (OR CI95% 1.2-8.4, p = 0.02) more chances of having dental pain when compared with the ones whose families had higher income. High levels of caries attack, low mother schooling level and low family income were associated to dental pain.

The goal of this study was to identify dental caries prevalence and severity among all 12 and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in a public school in 2002 and to establish comparisons with the results of studies conducted previously in the same school in 1971 and 1997. A cross-sectional study involving 181 children was performed. Clinical data were collected by one examiner under World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The examiner had been through calibration training. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University in Santa Catarina. The response rate was 93.8%. Intra-examiner agreement, on a tooth-by-tooth basis, was high (Kappa> or =0.73). The prevalence rates for dental caries were 98%, 93.7% or 80.0%, and 57.4% in 1971, 1997, and 2002, respectively. The mean DMF-T index was 9.2 in 1971, 6.2 or 3.0 in 1997, and 1.4 in 2002, taking both ages as a whole. The first value from 1997 was recorded under the Klein & Palmer diagnostic criterion and the second according to the WHO criterion. Between 1971 and 2002 there was a real reduction in caries prevalence and severity among the schoolchildren, even though different diagnostic criteria were used.