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Of the four species in the genus Cadlina present in the northwestern Pacific region, C. japonica has been the only species recorded from South Korea. For the purpose of investigating Cadlina in Korean waters, specimens were collected from the Korean East Sea (Sea of Japan) by scuba diving. The radula and morphology of these specimens were examined by stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Based on morphology, three species were identified in Korean waters, including the new species, Cadlina koreanasp. nov., C. umiushi (first record in South Korea), and C. japonica. Cadlina koreanasp. nov. somewhat resembles C. umiushi but differs in both its morphology as well as the structure of its radula. The background color of Cadlina koreanasp. nov. is translucent white, tubercles on the dorsum are opaque white and the yellow marginal band is absent. The radular formula of Cadlina koreanasp. nov. is 57 × 23.1.23 with a rectangular rachidian tooth. In addition, mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit 1 (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene sequences were generated and used for analysis of Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree. Morphological distinction and genetic analyses confirm that three Cadlina species are present in Korean waters of which Cadlina koreana is a new species.

With the complexity of the family Phyllidiidae and the problems of identification in the Indo-West Pacific, the story of the Red Sea species continues to unfold. One new species and one new record are added to the Red Sea fauna, both belonging to the genusPhyllidiella.Phyllidiella amphitritesp. nov.is described from a single specimen from the northern Red Sea and clearly differs from all species ofPhyllidiellain having pale yellow pigment on the tubercles.Phyllidiella zeylanicais newly recorded from the Red Sea with five specimen records and several photographed individuals; other than this, it has a western Indian Ocean distribution.Phyllidia schupporumwas collected for the first time since its original description; because its distribution is now extended to the Persian Gulf, it is no longer considered endemic to the Red Sea. The distribution of the Red Sea endemicPhyllidia dautzenbergiis extended northwards to Hurghada, Egypt. A small specimen of the endemicPhyllidiopsis sinaiensiswas found at 214–237 m depth just at the mouth of the Red Sea, which is a bathymetrical range extension from its previous shallow coral reef records. The identifications of other species are revisited. A new species ofParadorisis described asParadoris hypocritasp. nov., differing from the well-known but localised West PacificP. lituratawhich also resembles a phyllidiid. This new species was recorded many years ago by published photographs, and it is relatively common in the Red Sea, evidenced by several specimens and additional photographs. It is described herein, and is considered a Red Sea endemic, differing from both the unnamed Indian Ocean species and the named Pacific species.

Stomach contents of Kalinga ornata and Plocamopherus tilesii (Nudibranchia: Doridacea: Polyceridae) were investigated using a light microscope to reveal their natural diets. Ossicles of ophiuroids were found in the stomachs of four out of 29 specimens of K. ornata. In contrast, both zooecia of Bryozoa and ossicles of ophiuroids were found in the stomachs of P. tilesii specimens. This is only the second record of a nudibranch species feeding on ophiuroids.

The last review of the genus Actinocyclus consider only two valid species for the genus: Actinocyclusverrucosus Ehrenberg, 1831 (type species of the genus) and Actinocycluspapillatus (Bergh, 1878), both with a geographical distribution in the Indo-Pacific. The anatomy of these species is still unknown, except for some scanty anatomical information. A detailed anatomical study of Actinocyclusverrucosus is performed, including inedited structures such as digestive system, odontophore muscles and circulatory system, beyond complementary information on the commonly studied structures, in order to clarify the taxonomy and distribution.

A new species of the genusOnchidorisis described from the south-western Atlantic, on the coast of Brazil, in the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. To date, the genusOnchidorisis known almost exclusively from the northern hemisphere, especially the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. The single previous record from the southern hemisphere isOnchidoris maugeansis, described from Australia. This is the first record of the family Onchidorididae from the coast of Brazil.Onchidoris brasiliensissp. nov. is very similar toOnchidoris depressa, from England and the northern coast of Spain, but is distinguished by the presence of a triangular protuberance on the edge of the inner lateral radular tooth and a wide closed branchial circle with tubercles inside. Furthermore, the egg mass of O.brasiliensissp. nov. contains a single row of eggs, whereas that ofO. depressahas multiple rows.Onchidoris brasiliensissp. nov. has lecithotrophic development, the first record of this type of development in the genus. There is a relationship betweenO. brasiliensissp. nov. and the bryozoanParasmittina protecta.

The opisthobranch fauna of the SE Kamchatka peninsula (NW Pacific, Russia) has been intensively investigated for the first time resulting in 21 species found, and six new records for Kamchatka. A unique onchidoridid species with a well defined, closeable gill pocket into which gills can be fully retracted, and which does not fit with any existing genus is described as Onchimira cavifera gen. et sp. nov. in anatomical detail. Onchimira cavifera is remarkable in that it combines characteristic features of cryptobranch dorids with those of phanerobranch onchidoridids. Its role as a missing link and new evidence for evolutionary reduction of the gill cavity within phanerobranch dorid lineages is discussed. In addition, two new species of the genus Adalaria, A. slavi sp. nov. and A. olgae sp. nov., are described based on numerous newly collected specimens showing little intraspecific variations, but clear differences to all previously described Adalaria species. A review of the presently known Adalaria species including SEM data of the radula and labial cuticle is presented in order to highlight differences among the newly discovered taxa. A new species of the nudibranch genus Onchidoris, O. macropompa sp. nov., is described. A comparative table of all presently known Onchidoris species is presented.

The genus Bathydoris Bergh, 1884 (Gnathodoridacea) in the phylogenetic system of the Nudibranchia (Opisthobranchiu, Gastropoda) The position of the genus Bathydoris Bergh, 1884 in the phylogenetic system of the Nudibranchia is discussed. Doridoxa Bergh, 1900, a genus which is assigned to the taxon Gnathodoridacea together with the genus Bathydoris, is taken out from this taxon, lacking snapomorphies. Doridoxa is considered to be a sister grou of the Euctenidiacea, with the transrormation of the right digestive gland into a caecum as the only synaomorphy with the latter. The Gnathodoridacea with the one enus Bathydoris is removed from the taxon Doridacea and considered to be the sister group or the latter. Gnathodoridacea and Doridacea form the taxon Euctenidiacea with the synapomorphy “dorsomedial position of anus and nephroproct”.

Two new species of dorid nudibranchs of the genus Tambja are described from the Indo-Pacific and the temperate waters of the western Atlantic. Tambja haidari sp. nov. is only known from the type locality in Senegal. This species has dark blue ground colour with yellow bands and sky-blue spots, which become real tubercles along the tail. The internal features are typical of species of the genus, with rachidian teeth that lack denticles and with a prostate slightly differentiated from the rest of the vas deferens. Tambja blacki sp. nov., from Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia, has yellow-green or green colour with black blotches. There are two large blotches on the head continuing from the inner side of the base of the rhinophores towards the rear. The notal margin is elevated and joins behind the gill in a well-developed hump. The reproductive system of this species is very characteristic because it has some features more typical of species of Nembrotha than of Tambja (i.e. vaginal gland absent, prostate spread over the bursa copulatrix and wide and elongate vagina). These descriptions bring the number of species of Tambja found around the world to 31.

An evolutionary scenario incorporating recent advances in phylogenetic research begins with an opisthobranch-pulmonate common ancestor that was herbivorous and had some diet-derived chemical defense. The Nudibranchia and their closest relatives, the Notaspidea, form a lineage the ancestors of which had switched to feeding upon sponges and deriving protection from metabolites contained in them. Subsequently there have been repeated shifts in food and defensive metabolites, and trends are evident in the ability to detoxify, sequester and utilize metabolites from food, as well as to synthesize defensive compounds de novo. The Notaspidea display a minor adaptive radiation that foreshadows a more extensive one in the various lineages of nudibranchs. This review emphasizes changes that have occurred within the Holohepatica, or dorid nudibranchs (order Doridacea). Their sister-group, the Cladohepatica, consists of three other orders, Dendronotacea, Arminacea, and Aeolidiacea, in which there has been a shift from sponges to Cnidaria as food. The Dendronotacea often feed upon Octocorallia, which combine spicules, chemical defense, and stinging capsules and thereby suggest a transition from feeding on sponges. A previous diet of Octocorallia is suggested by the defensive use of prostaglandins in the dendronotacean Tethys fimbria, which eats crustaceans. A shift to bryozoans in some Arminacea is accompanied by use of different metabolites. Dorid nudibranchs evidently began as sponge-feeders, but some lineages have shifted to a variety of other food organisms, and others have specialized in the kind of sponges they feed on and how they do it. There have been shifts to bryozoans (Ectoprocta) and ascidians (Chordata: Urochordata) that track metabolites rather than the taxonomy of the food. There is a crude correlation between the genealogy and the defensive metabolites of the sponge-feeding dorids. De novo synthesis is well documented in this order and the metabolites are appropriately positioned so as to have an adaptive effect. The hypothesis that the capacity for de novo synthesis was acquired by gene transfer across lineages is rejected, partly on the basis of different chirality of metabolites in the nudibranchs and their food organisms. Instead it is proposed that there has been a preadaptive phase followed by evolution in a retrosynthetic mode, with selection favoring enzymes that enhance the yield of end products that are already present in the food.

A 400 bp region of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced in 24 dorid nudibranch species. In addition a dendronotid nudibranch and a notaspidean were sequenced for use as outgroup. The sequences were characterized with respect to spatial variation and secondary structure. The data were analysed using parsimony, exploring the effects of alignment and weighting on the optimal hypothesis, and a distance analysis was also performed. The optimal hypotheses differed between the analyses, although the clades with substantial bootstrap proportions were usually present in all cases. These clades are in general congruent with existing classifications, and correspond to relationships within family level taxa. The relationships between these clades were inconclusive and the monophyletic status of higher taxa of particular interest (e.g., Eudoridoidea, Anadoridoidea) could neither be corroborated nor dismissed.

The New Zealand dorid nudibranch Homoiodoris novaezelandiae Bergh, 1904 (originally spelt Homoiod. Nov. Zealandiae) has been rediscovered and the recently collected specimens have provided an amended and expanded description of the species. Homoiodoris novaezelandiae is wrongly named generically—it has no vaginal plates diagnostic of the genus Homoiodoris Bergh, 1881; instead it possesses two accessory reproductive glands each opening through a straight, slightly tapered, hollow stylet and an acrembolic penis armed with spines, characteristics which place it closest to Dystylodoris Odhner (in Franc, 1968). However, as using Dystylodoris is questionable this genus is set aside for the present in the generic renaming of the New Zealand species. Homoiodoris novaezelandiae is re-assigned to the next closest genus, Hoplodoris Bergh, 1880, and compared with the two congeners, Hoplodoris nodulosa (Angas, 1864) and the type H. desmoparypha Bergh, 1880. Presently it is difficult to separate H. novaezelandiae from ...

The family Discodorididae was previously represented by 11 species in Brazil; however, recently collected specimens from several localities in Rio de Janeiro, in addition to the study of material previously deposited in scientific collections, revealed the existence of 13 taxa: Diaulula greeleyi (MacFarland, 1909), Discodoris hummelincki (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963) comb. nov., Discodoris branneri MacFarland, 1909, Geitodoris pusae (Er. Marcus, 1955), Hoplodoris hansrosaorum Dominguez, Garcia & Troncoso, 2006, Jorunna spazzola Er. Marcus, 1955, Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov., Paradoris mulciber (Ev. Marcus, 1971), Platydoris angustipes (Morch, 1863), Rostanga byga Er. Marcus, 1958a, Taringa telopia Er. Marcus, 1955, Taringa iemanja sp. nov., and Thordisa diuda Er. Marcus, 1955. Discodoris voniheringi MacFarland, 1909 was previously regarded as nomen dubium, and this view is maintained in the present study. Three new records for the Brazilian coast are recognized among these 13 taxa; the previous record of Diaulula phoca (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967a) is rectified as Discodoris hummelincki comb. nov., constituting the first record of this species from Brazil; two new species, Taringa iemanja sp. nov. and Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov., are described in anatomical detail. The following taxa, which were formerly considered junior synonyms of species studied in this work, have been revalidated: Diaulula nayarita (Ortea & Llera, 1981), from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, which differs from Diaulula greeleyi in the length and width of caryophyllidia; Discodoris mortenseni Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963, from the Caribbean, which is likely to belong to Jorunna, yet differs from Jorunna spazzola in body size and coloration, radula appearance, and number of lamellae in the rhinophores; Jorunna luisae Ev. Marcus, 1976, which differs from Jorunna spazzola in the reproductive system, mainly in the size and shape of the accessory gland; and Thordisa azmani Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1989, which differs from Thordisa diuda in the presence of two accessory glands in the genital atrium and the absence of one denticle in the external surface of the inner lateral teeth. Finally, the specimens of Geitodoris pusae reported from the European coast and Mediterranean Sea show differences in general coloration and in the radula, gill, and reproductive system, thereby these specimens likely refer to different taxa.

Rich material from the Weddell Sea allows a detailed description of the morphology and anatomy of Aegires albus Thiele, 1912, an Antarctic nudibranch. Comparison of the holotypes of A. albus and A. protectus Odhner, 1934, the other Aegires from the Antarctic with the present material shows that these two species are synonymous.

From works on the anatomy and ecology of dorid nudibranchs it has been assumed that they were capable of cutaneous respiration through their dorsal mantle. The present work has shown how the oxygen uptake is depressed when the doridsOnchidoris bilamellataandArchidoris pseudoargusare exposed to air and the gills collapsed into the body surface. The effect of ligaturing the gills ofA. pseudoargusinto the branchial pocket has enabled direct measurements to be made of the mantle respiration.The effect of temperature on respiration was examined.

All the known Red Sea nudibranchs of the family Phyllidiidae are described and their taxonomic positions discussed. The genus Fryeria Gray, 1853, is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Phyllidia Cuvier, 1797, and Reyfria gen. nov. is introduced to describe those species differing from Phyllidia primarily in the position of the anus. Of 12 species described here from the Red Sea, four are new to science. Phyllidia arabica Ehrenberg, 1831, is distinguished from Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801, and Phyllidia sp. is described as the third species confused with this group. A subspecies of P. ocellata Cuvier, 1804, is described and illustrated, as are three new species: P. melanocera, P. monacha and P. multifaria.

Trapania rudmani n.sp. is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from nine congeners on the basis of colour, the body being white with a yellow line along each of the four (two pairs) of dorsolateral, finger-like processes; denticulation of the radular teeth (two short series of denticles, one each side of large cusp, the outer of up to seven graded denticles, the inner of three, uniform or graded); and shape of the penis, acrembolic and unarmed.

A total of 13 enzymes, coded by 14 loci, were successfully examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in the intertidal dorid nudibranchs Adalaria proxima (Alder & Hancock) and Onchidoris muricata (Muller). The derived genetic identity and similarity values provided estimates more typical of congeneric, than only confamilial, species. The suggestion is that these two species hold a recent common ancestry, and that Adalaria proxima (with its more advanced, pelagic lecithotrophic larva) is an evolutionary derivative of the Onchidoris muricata stock. At least three loci ( Pgm and Fum, A. proxima; Pep-2, O. muricata ) are all highly polymorphic.

Twenty-two species of Doridacea are described from the vicinity of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. None is new to science, but one species of the genus Gymnodoris was too immature to be fully identified. Ten of the 22 species are known from the Hawaiian Islands, indicating that many species of dorid occur throughout the Indian Ocean and the Pacific as far as Hawaii. One species (Jorunna tomentosa) appears to be cosmopolitan, and two may possibly be confined to the coast of Africa (Chromodoris annulata and C. vicind). Sixty-nine species of dorid have already been reported from Tanzania by Eliot. Nine species in the present collection were not found by him, so 78 are now known from the area.

The nudibranch,Glossodoris quadricolor (Doridacea) feeds on the red spongeLatrunculia magnifica, which grows in the reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. The ichthyotoxic substance from the sponge, latrunculin B, was also indentified in the mucous secretion of the mollusk by TLC, indicating the use of this substance as defense allomone.