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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) typically have either an edge-emitting or surface-emitting structure, each requiring different techniques for coupling into optical fibers. This division is most evident in the context of fiberoptic [...]

The article offers information on the role of the small-diameter fiber-based illumination systems in the biomedical applications. Topics discussed include information on the importance of the conventional fiber-optic illumination system in mechanical housing with passive or active cooling and electronics. It mentions the challenges by using fiber-optic illumination systems with traditional lamps.

A new paraxial ray-tracing method based on the paraxial optical-direction cosines is presented. The method is discussed in general terms, with emphasis given to the spherical and spheroidal distributions of the refractive index.

A paraxial ray-optics formalism proposed for designing radially symmetric variable-index lenses is extended to the case of lenses of elliptical symmetry of the index profile.

Focuses on the development of easily fabricated cylindrical microlenses to cure beam astigmatism for diode lasers. Features of cylindrical microlenses; Advantages of the method; Applications.