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'There is no doubt that the first appearance of the mammal, with his unexplained need to push his testicles out of their proper home into the air, made a mess [...]

Background: India performed 7936 kidney transplantation operations in 2018 with living donor as the source in 85%. Identifying a living kidney donor (LKD) is difficult due to medical, social, and regulatory barriers. In addition, only a proportion of patients who volunteer may be able to donate eventually. Despite living donors being the predominant source, there are very few studies addressing the factors influencing living donor kidney donation in India. Methods: We analyzed data from our prospective LKD registry between July 1, 2011 and June 31, 2018. Demographic details, medical history, serum creatinine, and measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR), blood pressure and the eventual outcome of LKD evaluation, including reason for noneligibility were collected. In a prospective cohort of 12 LKDs, renal functional reserve was studied using protein loading and dietary protein intake was measured from urine urea nitrogen excretion. Results: Over a period of 81 months, 316 LKDs were enrolled in our program. On 101 instances factors related to recipients prevented transplantation and on 92 occasions donor related factors precluded donation. Among 182 medically eligible LKDs with no evidence of CKD, only 33% had mGFR >90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Based on our institutional criteria, 22% of LKDs with mGFR 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Eight LKDs with mGFR

Mitrofanoff operation or vesico-appendicostmy is a continent conduit operation performed for intractable incontinence. The long-term complications reported in the literature are related to the stoma. Pelvic organ prolapse among women who have undergone this surgery is not reported earlier. A woman of 27 years of age presented with uterovaginal prolapse. She had sustained bladder neck transection following a road traffic accident at 16 years of age. The same was primarily repaired but incontinence had remained. Many standard operations for incontinence were performed. Finally, Mitrofanoff operation was carried out 9 years back because of persisting intractable incontinence. She got married and had two uneventful vaginal deliveries 5 and 2 years back. There was supravaginal elongation of the cervix with a rectocele. After counseling Fothergills operation with laparoscopic ligation was performed. The challenges and details of the management of the case are highlighted.

There is huge gap between patients requiring organ transplantation and the available organ donor pool. Various strategies are being pursued to expand the organ donor pool. Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the donor is considered a contraindication for organ donation. However, HBV infection is endemic in some regions, and a significant number of donors may harbor chronic HBV infection. Safe transplantation from donors with chronic HBV infection may allow significant expansion of the donor pool in such areas. We report the first instance in India of successful organ harvesting and kidney transplantation from a deceased donor with chronic HBV infection with no evidence of transmission of infection for 1 year after transplantation, and we briefly review the relevant literature.

The article discusses a study which attenuated and subjected to trials two infectious bronchitis virus isolates in broiler chicks. Topics discusses include information on the virus strains, which were obtained from nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (IB) outbreaks, and the failure of the attenuated isolates to completely protect the chicks from homologous challenge.

The article focuses on a study about the molecular characterization of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates taken from broiler chickens in two locations in South India. It notes that while existing vaccines only provide immunity against the homologous serotype, other serotypes are believed to be circulating among chickens in the country. It states that findings of prevalent IBV strains with few modifications in conserved regions suggest an emergence of variant IBV.

The article discusses a study which examined the effect on immunogenicity of chicken embryo fibroblast adapted avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine. In the cross haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, it is shown that a homologous antisera of different subtypes of IBV Mass serotypes had higher HI titers than a heterologous condition. In the serum neutralization (SN) test, there were reportedly no significant variations in SN titers in embryonated chicken eggs and tissue culture.

The article presents information on a study which offered a pathogenic assessment of the effect of serial passages of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) mass serotype chicken embryo adapted vaccines in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture (CEFCC). It provides an overview of the impact of infectious bronchitis on the poultry industry. It details the materials and methodology used in the study, such as the propagation of freeze dried live vaccine viruses and preparation of the CEFCC monolayers. It describes specific lesions in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) and the response of all the five subtypes of IBV mass serotype vaccine to rapid plate haemagglutionation (HA).

The effect of vaccination of chickens with different inactivated vaccines against experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale challenge was investigated. Eight different vaccines, with different inactivating substances (Formalin and thiomersal) and with or without adjuvant (mineral oil, alum and aluminium hydroxide gel), were produced. Following vaccination of experimental chickens at week 8 with formalin-inactivated mineral oil adjuvant bacterin, the mean O. rhinotracheale antibody titres rose to 5.88 2log 21 days after primary vaccination and enhanced to a titre of 6.59 2log 21 days after booster vaccination. The bacterin in mineral oil adjuvant induced the highest serologic response and a significant decrease of lesions such as air sacculitis and pneumonia in vaccinated birds compared with the unvaccinated challenge control birds. The bacterin in either alum or aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant induced a moderate serologic response and a decrease of lesions compared with the unvaccinated challenge controls. The study showed that vaccination of layer chicken at the eighth week followed by a booster dose at the 12th week of age can effectively protect against O. rhinotracheale infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the phenotypic and antigenic characteristics of Mycoplasma gallisepticum using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six polypeptides were observed in fractionation of proteins of the field isolates and referral strain. Molecular weights of various polypeptides of the isolates were mentioned. A 150 kilodalton band was seen only in Mg4 isolate.

The article discusses a study which investigated the pathogenicity and protectotyping of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates with commercial vaccines. It is stated that heterologus serotypes emerges by changes in the IBV genome and vaccination does not ensure complete protection. Chicks were used to determine the clinical signs of infection and mortality up to 21 days after inoculation.

The article presents a study on the histopathology of the right overduct in the layer chicken. The researchers studied the oviduct abnormalities in 6,572 birds of more than 20 weeks of age based on gross lesions that were recorded at postmortem exam. They processed tissues from the left and right oviduct of the females for histopathological exam. They found that sufficient levels of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) were produced by the left and right ovaries in the female embryo, which led to the regression of the fetal Mullerian duct.

The article discusses a study which evaluates the maternally derived antibody level (MDA) and its decay pattern against infectious bursal disease (IBD) in commercial layer chicks reared under field condition. In order to estimate the MDA levels, a quantitative agar gel precipitation test (QAGPT) was conducted in 30 serum samples that were collected randomly from eight commercial layer poultry farms. The article states several factors that may have contributed to the variation in the maternal antibody level in chicks such as age of vaccination/infection.

The article discusses a study which looks at the effectiveness of preponement of infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccination using inactivated IBD vaccines in chicks. The vaccines were prepared from antigens taken from infected embryo fluids and bursal IBD virus antigen of local IBD virus isolates. This study, which was to verify the effect of preponement of IBD vaccination on 7th day of age in chicks, was carried out in two poultry pens.

Day care surgery has generated a lot of interest, among both surgeons and the common people. This study aims to explore the management and advantages, including the cost benefits and cost effectiveness, of day care surgery in a government hospital setting. A prospective, single-center, single-unit study was carried out over 1 year from August 2006 to January 2008. The total number of patients studied was 327. Surgeries for hernia, hydrocele, fibroadenoma, fissure in ano, and phimosis were included. Patients were admitted on the day of surgery and were discharged the same day or evening. Patients were analyzed with respect to failure to discharge, wound infection, duration of stay in the ward, cost benefits, cost effectiveness, and postoperative pain. A total of 157 patients were treated for hernia, 61 for hydrocele, 52 for fibroadenoma, 34 for fissure in ano, and 23 for phimosis. Day care surgery is a fast growing and well accepted way of providing care to patients. Most of the patients studied had a favorable impression of the day care surgical procedure compared with inpatient care. In a country like India, in spite of problems of financial constraints and insufficient grants for health care, we are able to enjoy all the advantages of day care surgery, even in a government hospital setting.

Thyroid cancer commonly present with a thyroid nodule, a few with cervical lymphadenopathy or metastases. Total of 1320 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) managed in Surgical department, Government General Hospital, Chennai, India for a period of 11 years (1990-2001) were analyzed and 600 patients followed up for a mean of 5.5 years (range, 1-11 years). Aim was to discuss the advantage of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in increasing the preoperative pick up of DTC, Papillary microcarcinoma, advantages of total thyroidectomy as the initial operation for DTC and management of thyroid remnant by completion thyroidectomy or radioiodine I 131 ablation. McNemer's test used for estimating efficacy of ultra sound guided (USG) FNAC, Kaplan-meier survival analysis to calculate mortality and Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis for disease free survival were used in the study.

The effect of vaccination of chickens with different inactivated vaccines against experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale challenge was investigated. Eight different vaccines, with different inactivating substances (Formalin and thiomersal) and with or without adjuvant (mineral oil, alum and aluminium hydroxide gel), were produced. Following vaccination of experimental chickens at week 8 with formalin-inactivated mineral oil adjuvant bacterin, the mean O. rhinotracheale antibody titres rose to 5.88 2log 21 days after primary vaccination and enhanced to a titre of 6.59 2log 21 days after booster vaccination. The bacterin in mineral oil adjuvant induced the highest serologic response and a significant decrease of lesions such as air sacculitis and pneumonia in vaccinated birds compared with the unvaccinated challenge control birds. The bacterin in either alum or aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant induced a moderate serologic response and a decrease of lesions compared with the unvaccinated challenge controls. The study showed that vaccination of layer chicken at the eighth week followed by a booster dose at the 12th week of age can effectively protect against O. rhinotracheale infections.

The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of adequate primary surgery in cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. We retrospectively reviewed 44 cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid treated in Government General Hospital, Chennai between 1987 and 2002. Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection were compared with those who had undergone total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment (bilateral lateral and central groups) nodal dissection. The group of total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection had a high rate of lymph nodal recurrence and persistent hypercalcitoninemia compared with the group with total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment nodal dissection. (chi square, 4.503; P > 0.05). Primary surgery with total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment dissection is superior to total thyroidectomy with central compartment dissection alone in terms of preventing nodal and local recurrences and achieving normal (basal and stimulated) serum calcitonin levels postoperatively.

To emphasize the importance of adequate primary surgery in cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, 44 cases of treated medullary carcinoma of thyroid were retrospectively reviewed in Government General Hospital, Chennai between 1987 and 2002. Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection were compared with those who had undergone total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment (bilateral lateral and central groups) nodal dissection. The group of total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection had high rate of lymph nodal recurrence and persistent hypercalcitoninaemia when compared with the group of total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment nodal dissection. (Chi square value 4.503 with p<0.05).

Salivary gland neoplasms represent the most complex and diverse group of tumors encountered by the head and neck oncologist. Their diagnosis and management is complicated by their relative infrequency. The significance of the study was to analyze the different types of salivary gland tumors, the modalities of treatment given, and their varied outcomes in relation with morbidity, prognosis, and survival rate. A total of 436 patients were treated for salivary gland neoplasm at Madras Medical College and Research Institute between 1991 and 2001, and the results were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were between 11 and 72 years of age (mean, 41.5 years), and 334 were male and 102 were female. They were from different socioeconomic groups. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was done for all patients that presented with salivary gland swelling. Univariate analysis was done, the confidence interval and odds ratio were calculated, and the significance was noted. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was estimated, and the results were analyzed. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor affecting the salivary glands. In our series, 155 patients had malignant parotid gland neoplasms, and 20 patients had cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation. Facial nerve paralysis was noted in 21 cases. The recurrence after total parotidectomy for malignant salivary gland tumors was effectively managed with external beam irradiation in 19 patients. The survival, prognosis, and the mortality rate of the malignant parotid neoplasms and their relation to the sex of the patient, histopathological type of tumor, nodal status, and size of the tumor were analyzed.

Between 1980 and 1994, 162 cases of endocrine based hypertension were diagnosed and treated surgically. Seventy-nine cases (48.7%) of phaeochromocytoma, 63 cases (38.8%) of Cushing's syndrome, and 20 cases (12.3%) of Conn's syndrome were diagnosed. In phaeochromocytoma 75% of the tumours arose from the adrenal glands and 25% arose from the extra-adrenal sites. Cushing's syndrome was caused by adenoma (45%), diffuse bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (36%), pigmented macronodular hyperplasia (9%), and adrenal carcinoma (10%). The most common cause of Conn's syndrome was adenoma (95%) which arose mainly from the left adrenal gland (60%). In the present series the success rate of surgical treatment was 100% for phaeochromocytoma, 90% for Cushing's syndrome and 96% for Conn's syndrome. Trucut biopsy of the kidneys of these patients showed hypertensive changes, the moderate hypertension could be due to renal damage.

In this study the pre-operative diagnostic procedures carried out on 100 patients with clinically solitary nodule of the thyroid experienced over a period of one year with special emphasis on the usefulness of fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNAC) was evaluated retrospectively. All of the 100 patients underwent operation except 2 patients with FNAC diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 7 patients with FNAC diagnosis of colloid goitre. Histopathological study of surgically resected specimens in 91 patients revealed 67 adenomas, one subacute thyroiditis, 3 Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 8 follicular carcinomas, 11 papillary carcinomas and one medullary carcinoma. FNAC tallied in 95% of cases. It was false positive in 2 cases (one case of subacute thyroiditis and one case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis), false negative in one case (a case of follicular carcinoma) and non-diagnostic in 2 cases (2 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis).